1.

ELECTROSTATICS
Frictional Electricity: Column I (+ve Charge) Column II (-ve Charge) Glass Wool, Flannel Ebonite Dry hair Coulombs Law: Silk Amber, Ebonite, Rubber, Plastic Polythene Comb

q1 q2 F=k r2 1 k= 40
1 4 where is the absolute electric permittivity of the dielectric medium

In vacuum,

In medium, k =

The dielectric constant or relative permittivity or specific inductive capacity or dielectric coefficient is given by e K = r = 0 In vacuum, F = 1 40 1 40r q1 q2 r2 q 1 q2 r2

In medium, F =

0 = 8.8542 x 10-12 C2 N-1 m-2

1 40

= 8.9875 x 109 N m2 C-2

or

1 40

= 9 x 109 N m2 C-2

Coulombs Law in Vector Form:

In vacuum, for q1 q2 > 0, 1 F12 = 40 q 1 q2 r2 q 1 q2 r2 F12 r21 + q1 r12 r q1q2 > 0 + q2 F21

1 F21 = 40

r12 F12

- q1

r12 r q1q2 > 0

- q2 F21

In vacuum, for q1 q2 < 0, 1 F12 = 40 q1 q2 r2 r12 & F21 = 1 40 q1 q2 r2 + q1 r21 F12 r F12 = - F21 (in all the cases) q1q2 < 0 r12 F21 - q2

1 F12 = 40

q1 q2 r3

r12

&

1 F21 = 40

q1 q2 r3

r21

Note: The cube term of the distance is simply because of vector form. Otherwise the law is Inverse Square Law only.

Dielectric Constant or Relative Permittivity:

K = r = K = r =

0 Fv Fm

Linear Charge Density:

dq d l Surface Charge Density: = = dq dS dq d

Volume Charge Density:

Electric Field:
+q + q0 F -q F + q0

q Source charge, q0 Test charge, F Force & E - Field F Lt E= q 0 q or F q0 or E= 1 40 q r2 r

E=

Density of electric lines of force: N E A

Electric field due to a point charge:

E (r) =

1 40 Y

q r
2

F + q0 r +q O Z E X P (x,y,z)

0 1 40
2

r2 q (x +y +z )
2 2 3/2

Electric Field in terms of co-ordinates:

E (r) =

( x i + y j +zk )

Superposition Principle:

F14 - q5 F15 F12 + q4 F13 - q3

+ q1

+ q2

F12 F1 F15 F13 F14

F1 = F12 + F13 + F14 + F15 Fa (ra) = 1 40

N

qa qb
b=1 ba

r a - rb ra - rb 3

Dipole and its Moment:

p p = (q x 2 l -q 2 l +q

Electric Field due to a dipole:

i) At a point on the axial line:

EP = EB - EA A -q p l l x 1 40 1 40 2px (x2 l2)2 2px (x l ) EP

2 2 2

B
O

EA P

EB

+q

EP =

EP =

2p 40 x3

If l << x, then

The direction of electric field intensity at a point on the axial line due to a dipole is always along the direction of the dipole moment.

ii) At a point on the equatorial line:

EB EB EQ EA y A -q p l 1 l p
O

EB sin Q EA sin

EB cos EA cos B +q EA
EQ

EQ =

40 ( x2 + l2 )3/2

If l << y, then

EQ

p 40 y3

The direction of electric field intensity at a point on the equatorial line due to a dipole is parallel and opposite to the direction of the dipole moment. If the observation point is far away or when the dipole is very short, then the electric field intensity at a point on the axial line is double the electric field intensity at a point on the equatorial line. i.e. If l << x and l << y, then EP = 2 EQ

Torque:

p E t = pxE

Case i: If = 0 then t = 0. , Case ii: If = 90 then t = pE , (maximum value). Case iii: If = 180 then t = 0. ,

Work done on a dipole: W = p E (cos1 - cos 2) Potential Energy U = - p E cos Note: Potential Energy can be taken zero arbitrarily at any position of the dipole.

Case i: If = 0 then U = - pE , (Stable Equilibrium) Case ii: If = 90 then U = 0 , Case iii: If = 180 then U = pE (Unstable Equilibrium) ,

Work done: B

WAB = dW = - E . dl =
A

qq0 40

[r

1 B

1 rA

Work done by electric field in a closed loop is zero. B

E . dl = 0
A Electric Potential:

WAB q0 =

q 40

[r
q

1 B

1 rA

]
WB V= _ q0

WB _0 = q

=V 40 r

Electric Potential Difference:

VB - V A

WAB = V = q0

Electric Potential due to a single point charge:

E +q r x q V = 40 r B Q

dx +q0 P

q0E

Electric Potential due to group of point charges:

q1 qn rn
+1 C P

r1 q2 r2 r3 q3 1 40
n

r4 q4

V=

1 40

i=1

qi ri

V=

i=1

qi r - ri

( in terms of position vector )

Electric Potential due to an Electric Dipole: i) At a point on the axial line:

A -q l p O l

B +q

+1 C

x 1 p

VP =

40 (x2 l2)

ii) At a point on the equatorial line:

y A -q l p O l B +q VQ = 0

Electrostatic Potential Energy:

i) Electrostatic Potential Energy of a Two Charges System:

1 40 or U= 1 40 q1q2 r12 Z q1q2 r2 - r1

Y A (q1)

U =

r1

r2 - r1 B (q2) r2

ii) Electrostatic Potential Energy of a Three Charges System:

U= 1 40 q1q2 r2 - r1 + 1 40 1 40 q1q3 + r31 + q1q3 r3 - r1 q2q3 r3 - r2 q2q3 r32

Y A (q1) r1
r3 r3 - r1

C (q3)
r3 - r2

r2 - r1

B (q2) r2 X

O Z

or

U=

1 40

[ [

q1q2 r12

iii) Electrostatic Potential Energy of an n - Charges System:

1 2 1 40
n i=1 n

U=

j=1 ij

qi qj rj - ri

Electric Flux:

d = E . dS = E dS cos =
S

E . dS = E S cos = E . S

Special Cases:

For 0 < < 90 is positive. , For = 90 is zero. , For 90 < < 180 is negative. ,

Solid Angle:
r
dS

dS cos d = r2 dS cos = d
S

r = 4 steradian
d

=
S

r2

Gausss Theorem:
E =
S

1 E . dS = 0

qi
i=1

1. Electric Field Intensity due to an Infinitely Long Straight Charged Wire:

1 E= 2 0 E= 1 4 0

r 2 r E (r) = 1 4 0 2 r r

In vector form,

The direction of the electric field intensity is radially outward from the positive line charge. For negative line charge, it will be radially inward. Note: The electric field intensity is independent of the size of the Gaussian surface constructed. It depends only on the distance of point of consideration. i.e. the Gaussian surface should contain the point of consideration. 2. Electric Field Intensity due to an Infinitely Long, Thin Plane Sheet of Charge:

E= =

2 0

In vector form,

E (l) =

2 0

The direction of the electric field intensity is normal to the plane and away from the positive charge distribution. For negative charge distribution, it will be towards the plane. Note: The electric field intensity is independent of the size of the Gaussian surface constructed. It neither depends on the distance of point of consideration nor the radius of the cylindrical surface.

If the plane sheet is thick, then the charge distribution will be available on both the sides. So, the charge enclosed within the Gaussian surface will be twice as before. Therefore, the field will be twice.

E=

3. Electric Field Intensity due to a Uniformed Charged This Spherical Shell: i) At a point P outside the shell:

E=

q 40 r2 R2 0 r2

Electric field due to a uniformly charged thin spherical shell at a point outside the shell is such as if the whole charge were concentrated at the centre of the shell.

E=

ii) At a point A on the surface of the shell:

q E= 40 R2 0
Electric field due to a uniformly charged thin spherical shell at a point on the surface of the shell is maximum.

E=

iii) At a point B inside the shell:

E=0

This property E = 0 inside a cavity is used for electrostatic shielding.

Electric Field Intensity due to a Uniformed Charged This Spherical Shell:

E Emax

Electrical Capacitance:

q C= V
Capacitance of an Isolated Spherical Conductor:

C = 40 r
Capacitance of Parallel Plate Capacitor:

C=

A 0 d A 0 r

C=

(with dielectric medium)

Series Combination of Capacitors:

C1 q V1 q

C2 q V2 V

C3

V3

1 = C

1 + C1

1 C2 +

1 C3

Parallel Combination of Capacitors:

C1

q1

C2 V q2

C3 V q3

C = C1 + C2 + C3

Energy Stored in a Capacitor:

q

q U=
0

dq

or

1 U= 2

q2 C

or

1 U= 2

C V2

or U =

1 qV 2

Energy Density:

1 U= 2 1 U= 2

C V2

But U Ad

C= 1 = 2

A 0 d 0 E2

and

V=Ed 1 U = 2

0 Ad E2

or

or

0 E2

Loss of Energy on Sharing of Charges between the Capacitors in Parallel: Total charge after sharing = Total charge before sharing

(C1 + C2) V = C1 V1 + C2 V2 V= C1 V1 + C2 V2 C1 + C2

The total energy before sharing is 1 Ui = C1 V1 2

2

1 + 2

C2 V22

The total energy after sharing is 1 Uf = 2 C1 C2 (V1 V2)2 2 (C1 + C2) (C1 + C2) V2

U i U f =

Ui Uf > 0

or Ui > Uf

Therefore, there is some loss of energy when two charged capacitors are connected together. The loss of energy appears as heat and the wire connecting the two capacitors may become hot.

Polarization of Dielectrics: The dielectric constant is given by

K=

E0 E0 - Ep

Capacitance of Parallel Plate Capacitor with Dielectric Slab:

C0 C=

[1

t d

(1 -

t K

)]

C > C0. i.e. Capacitance increases with introduction of dielectric slab. Dielectric Constant:

K=

C C0
WITH DIELECTRIC SLAB

Physcial Quantity Charge Capacitance Electric Field Potential Difference Energy stored

With Battery disconnected Remains the same Increases (K C0) Decreases EN = E0 Ep Decreases Remains the same

With Battery connected Increases (K C0 V0) Increases (K C0) Remains the same Remains the same Increases (K U0)

Van de Graaff Generator:

S P2 C2

S Large Copper sphere C1, C2 Combs with sharp points P1, P2 Pulleys to run belt HVR High Voltage Rectifier M Motor IS Insulating Stand D Gas Discharge Tube T - Target
HVR

T C1 I S

P1

KEY POINTS: Action of points in comb C1 Ionization of air Corona discharge Electric wind Induction of charges in comb C2 Hollow sphere capable of storing charges irrespective of its higher potential Neutralisation of charges at comb C2 Conveyor belt carrying the charges upward but coming down neutral; hence conservation of charges High potential on the Sphere accelerates the charges (ions) in the target tube