Name Matric Number Practicum Group Rahman Dairi Date Lecturer Experiment 3 Title Acid-Base Titration Objective 1. To 2. To 3. To 4.

To

Rafiqi Bin Ab Rahim MS1013510327 H1P3 Hafiez Azizan Bin Osman, Shahrul Adham Bin Abd 17 June 2010 Mr Yeoh Guan Thai

prepare a standard solution of oxalic acid standardise a NaOH solution determine the concentration of HCl solution acquire the correct techniques of titration

Introduction Titration is a technique used to determine the concentration of a solution using another solution with a known concentration. Standards in acid-base titrations One of the solutions involved in a titration is used a standard solution. The standard solution can be classified as either primary or secondary. A primary standard solution is prepared bydissolving an accurately weighed pure solid of a known molar mass in aknown volume of distilled water. A primary standard is used to determine the molarity of the other standard solution, known as a secondary standard. For example, oxalic acid, H2C2O4, and potassium hydrogen phthalate, KHC8H4O4, are two common primary standards used to determine the concentrationof bases (secondary standard). Solutions of NaOH and HCl used in titrations need to be standardized because they contain impurities. Solid NaOH is hygroscopic (it absorbs

moisture). Thus it is difficult to obtain its accurate mass. The standardized base can then be used to determine the concentration of other acids. Equivalence point and end point An Equivalence point is the point at which exact reaction occurs between the two reagents according to the stoichiometry. To detect the equivalent point an indicator which produces a change in colour is often used. The point at which the indicator changes colour is called the end point. The end point and equivalence point should ideally be the same.

Chemical equations In this acid-base titration, the neutralization reactions involved are: H2C2O2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) Procedure
(A) Preparation of standard solution

Na2C2O4(aq) + 2H2O(l) (1) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) (2)

1. 3.25g of hydrated oxalic acid had been weighed and recorded 2. The acid was placed in a 50 mL beaker and 30 mL of distilled water had been added into the content beaker 3. The solution was transfered into a 250 mL volumetric flask. The beaker was rinsed and the content was poured into the flask. Distilled water was added into the volumetric flask until achieved the graduated mark. 4. The stopper had been replaced and the flask had been shaked to obtain a homogenous solution. 5. The concentration of standard oxalic acid solution was calculated.
(A) Standardisation of NaOH solution 1. A clean burrete was rinsed with a given NaOH solution to be

standardized. 2. The NaOH solution was filled into the burette. 3. The initial reading of burette was recorded to two decimal places. 4. 25 mL of oxalic acid solution from Part(A) was pipette into a 250 mL of conical flask. Then, two drop of phenolphthalein was added into the acid.

A white tile was place underneath of the flask so that any colour change can be clearly observed. 6. The acid had been titrated with NaOH solution from the burette.During the titration, the flask was swirl continuously. 7. The titration was continued until a pale pink colour appeared and persists for more than 30 seconds.The end point had reached. 8. The final reading of burette was recorded to two decimal places. 9. The titration was repeated three times. 10. The molarity of the NaOH solution had been calculated.
5. (A) Determination of the molar concentration of HCl solution. 1. 25 mL of a given HCl solution was pipette into 250 mL conical flask.

2. Two drops of phenolphthalein was added. 3. Step 5-9 as in Part(B) was repeated. 4. The concentration of HCl was then be calculated. Precaution steps
1. Ensure that there are no air bubbles trapped at the tip of burette

during the filling of NaOH solution. 2. Avoid from make a parallex error for most of the measured content 3. The NaOH solution is titrate drop by drop when there are change colour of the acid in the conical flask.

Figure 1 Figure 2

3.25g of oxalic axid had been weighed by using an analytical balance The pale pink colour appear when the titration had reached the end point.

Results (A)Preparation of standard solution 1. Exact mass of hydrated oxalic acid = 3.25g 2. Moles of hydrated oxalic acid = 0.026 mol 3. Molarity of oxalic acid = 0.866M (A) Standardisation of NaOH solution Burette Gross 1 2 reading/mL Final reading Initial reading Volume of NaOH used 34.50 5.50 29.00 37.85 9.85 28.00 40.60 11.80 28.80

3 31.40 3.00 28.40

Average volume of NaOH used

= (28.00+28.80+28.40)/3 = 28.40 Calculate the molarity of NaOH solution =M1V1/M2V2=1/2 =(0.866)(25.00) (2)=M2(28.40) =1.525M
(B) Determination of the molar concentration of HCl solution

Burette reading/mL Final reading Initial reading Volume of NaOH used

Gross 44.20 15.50 28.70

1 31.10 3.20 27.90

2 37.00 8.60 28.40

3 40.30 12.20 28.10

Average volume of NaOH used Calculate the molarity of HCl solution (28.13)

= 28.13 mL =M1V1=M2V2 =M1(25.00)=(0.762) =0.858M

Discussion

1. Ensure that there are no air bubbles trapped at the tip of burette 2. 3.

4. 5.

during the filling of NaOH solution. Avoid from make a parallex error for most of the measured content The NaOH solution is titrate drop by drop when there are change colour of the acid in the conical flask. Each measurement must be sharply as can so that the final result being better Chemical equations In this acid-base titration, the neutralization reactions involved are: H2C2O2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na2C2O4(aq) + 2H2O(l) (1) HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) (2)

Conclusion 1. A standard solution of oxalic acid can be prepare by adding distilled water to the acid and shaking it in the volumetric flask so that the homogenous solution obtained. 2. The NaOH solution can be standardise by rinsing the burette with the solution. 3. The concentration of HCl can be determine by using the formula M1V1=M2V2 with NaOH solution. 4. The correct technique of titration can be acquire by applying the correct procedure.