Chapter 16: Thermal Energy and Heat

16-1: Thermal Energy and Matter ______________ is the transfer of thermal energy from one object to another. Heat flows spontaneously from _______ objects to ____________ objects. _________________ is a measure of how hot or cold an object is compared to a reference point. Temperature is related to the _____________________________ of an objects particles due to their random motion through space. Thermal energy depends on the ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________. ___________________________________________ is an increase in the volume of a material due to a temperature increase. Thermal expansion occurs because particles of matter tend to move ___________________________ as temperature increases. ___________________________________ is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of a material by one degree. Q = m x c x T (Q = heat absorbed (J), m = mass (g), c = specific heat (J/goC), T = change in temperature(oC)) Work Math Lab Problems p. 477.

The lower a materials specific heat is, the more its temperature rises when a given amount of energy is absorbed by a given mass.

A _______________________ is an instrument used to measure changes in thermal energy. A calorimeter uses the principle that heat flows from a _____________ object to a _________________ object until both reach the same temperature. Quick lab: Cooling Air p. 476 Section Assessment Question 1-6 p. 476 CBL Lab: A Good Sock

16-2: Heat and Thermodynamics __________________ is the transfer of thermal energy with no overall transfer of matter. Conduction in gases is slower than in liquids and solids because the particles in a gas collide less often. A _____________________________ is a material that conducts thermal energy well. A material that conducts thermal energy poorly is called a thermal insulator. _______________________________is the transfer of thermal energy when particles of a fluid move from one place to another. Convection currents occur when fluid circulates in loops is it alternately heats up and cools down. Convection currents are important in many natural cycles, such as ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________. _______________________ is the transfer of energy by waves moving through space. All objects radiate energy. As an objects temperature increase, the rate at which it radiates energy increases.

The study of conversions between heat and other forms of energy is called ______________________. The first law of thermodynamics states that energy is ____________________. The second law of thermodynamics states that thermal energy can flow from ________________________________ only if work is done on the system. A ______________________ is any device that converts heat into work. Thermal energy that is not converted into work is called ___________ heat. The third law of thermodynamics states that absolute zero ______________ be reached. Quick Lab: Observing Convection p. 481 Section Assessment Question 1-8 p. 483

16-3: Using Heat The two main types of heat engines are the_________________ combustion engine and the __________________ combustion engine. An internal combustion engine is a heat engine in which the fuel burns inside the engine. (4-stroke engine intake stroke, compression stroke, power stroke, and exhaust stroke) A central heating system heats many rooms from once central location. Most heating systems use convection to distribute thermal energy. 4 types of heating systems include: 1._________________________________________

2._________________________________________ 3._________________________________________ 4._________________________________________ A ____________________ is a device that reverses the normal flow of thermal energy. A ___________________________________ is a fluid that vaporizes and condenses inside the tubing of a heat pump. Heat pumps much do work on a refrigerant in order to reverse the normal flow of thermal energy. Data Analysis p. 491 Section 3 Assessment Questions 1-6 p. 492 Lab: Using Specific heat to Analyze Metals p. 493