Chapter 1 The Paper Examples 1.

When Provisions of Laws are Cited In the text: That is why several provisions in the 1987 Constitution pertaining to the rights of indigenous cultural communities were incorporated. One of them, as had already been quoted, states that [t]he State recognizes and promotes the rights of indigenous cultural communities within the framework of national unity and development (art. II, sec. 22). However, persons elected by the people for the positions in the legislative branch of the government are not the only ones authorized to exercise legislative power. In other words, the right to exercise legislative power is not solely vested on the elected officials in the legislative branch of the government. The people themselves can also exercise legislative power (1987 Constitution, art. VI, sec. 1). Industries, which produce huge amounts of solid wastes, are encouraged to participate in the effort to achieve a sustainable solid waste management plan. Incentives are to be given to commercial entities which do exemplary efforts in developing methods for the re-use, recycle, and reduction of garbage (R.A. No. 9003, sec. 45). Except for the jury system, and federal and state law distinctions, the Philippines has a comparable rules of court with that of the United States. The Philippines Rules of Court also contains a section on discovery that governs the production or inspection of document or things (Rules of Court, rule 27, sec. 1). In the References: 1987 Constitution. Republic Act No. 9003. An Act Providing for an Ecological Solid Waste Management Program, Creating the Necessary Institutional Mechanisms and Incentives, Declaring Certain Acts Prohibited and Providing Penalties, Appropriating Funds Therefor, and for Other Purposes. January 26, 2001. [date of effectivity]. Rules of Court. The 1997 Rules of Civil Procedure. April 8, 1997. July 1, 1997. 2. When Passages from a Courts Decision are Quoted In the text: In Agan, Jr., et al. v. PIATCO, et al. (May 5, 2003), the Court said: In fine, the efficient functioning of NAIA IPT III is imbued with public interest. The provisions of the 1997 Concession Agreement and the ARCA did not strip government, thru the MIAA, of its right to supervise the operation of the whole NAIA complex, including NAIA IPT III. As the primary government agency tasked with the job, it is MIAAs

responsibility to ensure that whoever by contract is given the right to operate NAIA IPT III will do so within the bounds of the law and with due regard to the rights of third parties and above all, the interest of the public. In the References: Agan, Jr., et al. v. Philippine International Air Terminals Co., Inc., et al. G.R. No. 155001, May 5, 2003. 3. When Several Jurisprudence are Synthesized In the text: Article 448 of the Civil Code, in relation to Article 546 of the same Code, which allows full reimbursement of useful improvements and retention of the premises until reimbursement is made, applies only to a possessor in good faith, i.e., one who builds on land with the belief that he is the owner thereof (Geminiano, et al. v. CA, et al., Jul. 24, 1996; Tecnogas v. CA & Uy, Feb. 10, 1997; Pleasantville v. CA, et al., Feb. 1, 1996; Evadel Realty v. Spouses Soriano, Apr. 20, 2001). It does not apply where one's only interest is that of a lessee under a rental contract; otherwise, it would always be in the power of the tenant to "improve" his landlord out of his property. In the References: Evadel Realty and Development Corporation v. Spouses Soriano. G.R. No. 144291, April 20, 2001. Geminiano, et al. v. Court of Appeals, et al. G.R. No. 120303, July 24, 1996. Pleasantville Development Corporation v. Court of Appeals, et al. G.R. No. 79688, February 1, 1996. Republic Act No. 386. An Act to Ordain and Institute the Civil Code of the Philippines. June 18, 1949. August 30, 1950. Tecnogas Philippines Manufacturing Corporation v. Court of Appeals, and Uy. G.R. No. 108894, February 10, 1997. 4. When the Author is Not Mentioned in the Text In the text: Former Chief Justice Hilario G. Davides vision of a judiciary that is independent, effective and efficient, and worthy of public trust and confidence (p. 111) reflects this justice for all ideal (Khan, 2005). In the References: Khan, Ismael Jr. G. (2005). The Davide Watch, Reinventing the Philippine Judiciary. 31 Journal of the Integrated Bar of the Philippines. [place: institution specific unit], [pages]. 5. When the Author is Already Mentioned in the Text

In the text: Specifically, judicial corruption includes any inappropriate influence on the impartiality of the judicial process by any actor within the court system, (p. xxi) Transparency International (2007) adds. In the References: Transparency International (2007). Corruption in Judicial Systems. Global Corruption Report. [place: publisher], [pages]. 6. When the Identity of the Author is not Directly Mentioned in the Text In the text: As one writer (Samuelson, 1984) observes, the safe tone is one of measured rationality, (p. 46) which carries the invitation: let us reason together on the issue. In the References: Samuelson, Pamela (1984). Good Legal Writing: Of Orwell and Window Panes. 149 University of Pittsburgh Law Review. [place: institution specific unit], [pages]. 7. When Descriptive Phrases are Included In the text: The late Chief Justice Ruiz Castro (1976) stressed this right of free access to the courts in the following fashion, to wit: In our Constitution is the simple but solemn mandate: free access to the courts shall not be denied to any person by reason of poverty. For and between litigants in a court of justice, this constitutionally enshrined tenet seeks to minimize economic discrepancies, to dismantle social boundaries, to heal the societal wound that is poverty. It is the vinculum that aims to eliminate the inequities of circumstance, the bridge that should span the chasm of disparate fortunes. It rekindles hope where this flickers; it strengthens faith when it falters. It offers the citizenry the assurance that among them are sentinels of their rights, champions of their causes (p. 214, emphasis supplied). In the References: Ruiz Castro, Fred (1976). Making Free Access to the Courts a Reality. 4.1 Journal of the Integrated Bar of the Philippines. [place: institution specific unit], [pages]. 8. When Similarly Authored and Dated Accounts are Cited In the text: Nevertheless, a lawyer cannot imbibe this thought if he cannot find inspiration in the very nature of [his] profession and adopt a sincere outlook towards settling disputes, providing legal services and upholding the rule of law (Panganiban, 2001a: p. 123, emphasis and word in brackets supplied).

---------------------------------------------------- (Panganiban, 2001b). --------------------------------------------- (Panganiban, 2001c). In the References: Panganiban, Artemio V. (2001a). Chapter 11: E-Values for Lawyers. A Centenary of Justice. Manila: Supreme Court Press, pp. 118-129. --- (2001b). A Centenary of Justice. Manila: Supreme Court Press, --- (2001c). A Centenary of Justice. Manila: Supreme Court Press, 9. When the Sources Words are Paraphrased In the text Over the years, the Supreme Court has dismissed judges and court employees for ignorance of the law and misconduct in public office. According to reports, from January to September 2007, the Supreme Court has imposed sanctions on one hundred forty (140) court personnel, including judges, for various offenses resulting in dismissals and suspensions (Eva, 2007: p. 5). Despite this, however, the public perception of corruption in the judiciary is still alarming. Awareness of case-fixing in courts, and the rising number of judges-for-rent is widespread (Amorado, 2007: p. 17). In the References Amorado, Ronnie V. (2007). Fixing Society: The Inside World of Fixers in the Philippines. [place] Ateneo de Davao University Research and Publication Office. Eva, Jed III M. (2007). Chief Justice Reynato S. Puno, Year One: Leading a Judicial Revolution. 8.7 Benchmark. [place: institution specific unit], [pages].

Chapter 2 The Documentation Format PRIMARY SOURCES Philippine Constitution and its Records Examples: 1935 Constitution. 1973 Constitution. 1987 Constitution. Philippine Laws and Other Legislative Materials Examples:

Act No. 3815. An Act Revising the Penal Code and Other Penal Laws. December 8, 1930. January 1, 1932. Administrative Matter No. 02-1-18-SC. Rule on Juveniles in Conflict with the Law. November 24, 2009. December 1, 2009. Republic Act No. 386. An Act to Ordain and Institute the Civil Code of the Philippines. June 18, 1949. August 30, 1950. Republic Act No. 10142. An Act Providing for the Rehabilitation or Liquidation of Financially Distressed Enterprises and Individuals. lapsed into law on July 18, 2010. Rules of Court. The 1997 Rules of Civil Procedure. April 8, 1997. July 1, 1997. Rules of Court. The Revised Rules of Criminal Procedure. October 3, 2000. December 1, 2000. Senate Bill No. 2914. An Act Exempting Toll Operations from the Twelve Percent (12%) Value-Added Tax, Amending for the Purpose Sections 108 and 109 of the National Internal Revenue Code of 1997, as amended by Republic Act No. 9337, and for Other Purposes. 15th Congress, 2nd regular session. July 26, 2011. Senate Resolution No. 537. Resolution Directing the Senate Committee on Accountability of Public Officers and Investigations to Conduct an Inquiry, in Aid of Legislation, and to Exercise its Oversight Functions into the Allegations of Widespread, Systematic, Organized and Massive Poll Fraud and Election Sabotage in the 2004 and 2007 National Elections Committed particularly in the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) through Malfeasance, Misfeasance and Non-Feasance in Public Office Allegedly by No Less Than Former President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, Former COMELEC Chairman Benjamin Abalos and other Commissioners and Public Officers of the COMELEC as well as Public Officers from Various Branches and Instrumentalities of the National and Local Government. 15th Congress, 2nd regular session. July 19, 2011.

Philippine Decisions of Judicial and Quasi-Judicial Bodies Examples: In the Matter of the Charges of Plagiarism, etc. against Associate Justice Mariano C. Del Castillo. A.M. No. 10-7-17-SC, October 12, 2010. NPC Drivers and Mechanics Association, et al. v. National Power Corporation, et al. G.R. No. 156208, September 26, 2006. Republic of the Philippines, et al. v. Gingoyon, and Philippine International Air Terminals Co., Inc. G.R. No. 166429, December 19, 2005. Re: Request of Jurisconsult Samanodin L. Ampaso for Upgrading of his Position to Salary Grade 31, Equivalent to Associate Justice of the Supreme Court. A.M. No. 91-10-160, May 15, 1996. Vda. de Nazareno, and Nazareno Tapia v. Court of Appeals, et al. G.R. No. 98045, June 26, 1996.

Foreign Constitutions Examples: Constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany. Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand. Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. Constitution of the United States of America.

Foreign Laws and Other Legislative Materials Follow the second rule, if practicable. Foreign Decisions of Judicial and Quasi-Judicial Bodies Examples: Erie Insurance Exchange v. Heffernan, II, et al. 925 A.2d 636, June 13, 2007. Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, et al. 504 U.S. 555, June 12, 1992. Nnadili, et al. v. Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. 435 F.Supp.2d 93, June 1, 2006. State of Georgia v. Tennessee Copper Company, and Ducktown Sulphur, Copper & Iron Company (Limited). 206 U.S. 230, May 13, 1907.

Two or More Decisions with Identical Case Titles and Promulgation Dates Examples: Metropolitan Manila Development Authority, et al. v. Concerned Residents of Manila Bay. G.R. Nos. 171947-48, February 15, 2011a. Metropolitan Manila Development Authority, et al. v. Concerned Residents of Manila Bay. G.R. Nos. 171947-48, February 15, 2011b. (Justice Sereno, dissenting). People of the Philippines v. Genosa. G.R. No. 135981, January 15, 2004c. People of the Philippines v. Genosa. G.R. No. 135981, January 15, 2004d. (Justice Ynares-Santiago, dissenting).

SECONDARY SOURCES Two or More Books with Dissimilar Publication Dates by the Same Author Examples: Bernas, SJ, Joaquin G. (2009). Introduction to Public International Law. Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc.

--- (1995). The Intent of the 1986 Constitution Writers. Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc.

Two or More Accounts with Similar Publication Dates by the Same Author Examples: Panganiban, Artemio V. (2001a). Chapter 11: E-Values for Lawyers. A Centenary of Justice. Manila: Supreme Court Press, pp. 118-129. --- (2001b). A Centenary of Justice. Manila: Supreme Court Press, --- (2001c). A Centenary of Justice. Manila: Supreme Court Press,

Book by Two or More Authors Example: Paras, Eugene C., and Manuel T. Gatcho (2005). Fundamentals of Corporation Law. Quezon City: C&E Publishing, Inc.

Book Published in Volumes Example: Gorospe, Rene B. (2006). 2 Constitutional Law: Notes and Readings on the Bill of Rights, Citizenship and Suffrage. Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc.

Revised Edition of a Book Example: Jurado, Desiderio P. (2002). Comments and Jurisprudence on Obligations and Contracts. 11th rev. ed. Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc.

Book in an Edited or Translated Version Example: Machiavelli, Niccolo (2004). The Prince. Ed. Cynthia Brantley Johnson. New York: Simon and Schuster, Inc.

Article or Account in an Edited Collected Works Example: Putzel, James (1999). Survival of an Imperfect Democracy in the Philippines. The Resilience of Democracy: Persistent Practice, Durable Idea. Eds. Peter Burnell, and Peter Calvert. London: Frank Cass Publishers, pp. 198-223.

Chapter or Section in a Book

Example: Abad, Antonio Jr. H. (2006). Chapter VIII: Right to Self-Organization. Compendium on Labor Law. 2nd ed. Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc., pp. 63-83. Signed Newspaper Article Examples: Bautista, Dean Andy. Raising the bar (Part 1). The Philippine Star. September 5, 2009: 12. Esguerra, Christian V., and Cathy C. Yamsuan. Coronas condo unit hot topic on Day 32. Philippine Daily Inquirer. March 21, 2012: A1 +A6. Panganiban, Artemio V. Divorce, Pinoy style. Philippine Daily Inquirer. February 21, 2010: A13. Unsigned Newspaper Article Examples: Palace fires prosecutor. Headline. Philippine Daily Inquirer. April 2, 2011. Prepare for the elections. Editorial. The Philippine Star. June 7, 2011: 12.

Item in a Journal Example: Muria, Ramel C. (2008). Of Access to Courts and Effective Justice System. 39 The Far Eastern Law Review. Manila: Far Eastern University - Institute of Law, pp. 23-46. Item in a Magazine Examples: Elliott, Michael. The War that Never Ends. Time. July 7, 2003, pp. 16-19. Mendoza, Vicente V. Focus on the Legal Profession. 15.4 The Lawyers Review. April 30, 2001, pp. 1 +59.

Documentary Presentation Example: Ninoy. Storyline. Nar. Patricia Evangelista. ANC. September 1, 2010.

Radio and Television Program Examples:

Failon, Ted, and Pinky Webb. Tambalang Failon at Webb. DZMM Teleradyo. April 14, 2011. Hontiveros-Pagkalinawan, Pia. Strictly Politics. ANC. April 10, 2011. Film Example: The Lincoln Lawyer. Dir. Brad Furman. Lions Gate Films. 2011. Interview Examples: Bautista, Juan Andres. Tambalang Failon at Webb. Ints. Ted Failon, and Pinky Webb. DZMM Teleradyo. April 14, 2011. Jacinto-Henares, Kim. Punto por Punto. Umagang Kay Ganda. Int. Anthony Taberna. ABS-CBN. April 14, 2011. Martin-Paguirigan, Viviana. Personal interview. April 10, 2011. Speech and Public Discourse Examples: Lim, Alfredo S. Political Dynasty, Anathema of Democracy. Senators privilege speech. January 24, 2005. Mantes, Rosendo. The Workings of Kalayaan Municipality. Mayors presentation during the National Summit on the Kalayaan Island Group (KIG) and West Philippine Sea. August 1, 2011. Santos, Soliman Jr. M. Backgrounder on RA 9851, the IHL Law. Civil Society Initiatives for International Humanitarian Law (CSI-IHL) cofounder/convenors discourse for the Public Briefing on Republic Act No. 9851. March 3, 2010.

Electronic Material Per Se Example: Roque, Harry. Is the Resolution on Libya a Lawful Use of Force? http://harryroque.com/2011/03/24/s-the-resolution-on-libya-a-lawfuluse-of-force/. March 24, 2011. last accessed April 10, 2011.

Electronic Source Examples:

Bautista, Dean Andy. Raising the bar (Part 1). Philstar.com. September 5, 2009. available at http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=502447 &publication SubCategoryId=64. last accessed April 10, 2011. Panganiban, Artemio V. Divorce, Pinoy style. Inquirer.net. February 20, 2010. available at http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/ 20100220-254419/Divorce-Pinoy-style. last accessed April 10, 2011.