Appendix 2: Footnotes In a text related to social sciences - history, for example -, it is o include footnotes (at the end of the

page) or endnotes (at the end ment, but before the bibliography) in four particular circumstances. n't use both formats in a same document; you either use footnotes or ere are the particular circumstances: necessary t of the docu But, you ca endnotes. H

Whenever you include a quote taken directly from another author's book or articl e; Whenever you include one or many statistics (kilometers for a military frontage, number of victims in a conflict, amount of money given by a government, etc.); Whenever a very precise idea or group of ideas are taken directly and literally from another author's argumentation; Whenever you include supplementary information allowing you to define or illustr ate in more details a concept included to your text. In order to include a footnote or an endnote, we must respect predefined criteri a. The criteria can change from one field of study to another. Thus, the format illustrated in this page regards, more particularly, a proper methodology for hi story papers (theses, essays, synopses, etc.). Most word processors allow their users to quickly include footnotes or endnotes to their documents. For instance, in Microsoft Word 2003, the user has to click on the "Insert" option of the menu, then on "Reference" and, finally, on "Footno te". The notes are in numerical or alphabetical order, but can be of various types as well. Some of you may want to use roman numbers while others will prefer letter s, notably. This being said, keep in mind that it is better not to include more than one reference per footnote or endnote and that each note is unique, the nex t one necessarily being an increased number or letter. The reference in regard to this first footnote must be fully written, with the e xact source: 1- Henry Bogdan, La question royale en Hongrie au lendemain de la Premire Guerre m ondiale, Louvain : Institut de recherches de l'Europe centrale, 1979, p. 24. Keep in mind that the name of the author is fully included (first name, then the family name) and that the title is written in italics; some university departme nts will underline the title instead of putting it in italics. After the title, we must indicate the city where the book was published, the name of the editor, the year it was published and, finally, the page number(s). When the reference i s about a page in particular, you shall include "p." but if it regards several p ages, you shall indicate "pp.". If it is an article, the format is different. 2- M.I. Finley, "The Silent Women of Rome", in Horizon, no 7 (1965), Tuscaloosa, Horizon Publishers, p. 64. As you can see, the title of the article must appear between quote marks, follow ed by the name of the journal or review in italics. We also must indicate the pr efix "in" before the name of the latter. Afterward, we indicate the volume numb er and/or the date when the article was first published (year, month and day, if it applies), the city where it was published, the name of the publisher and, la stly, we include the page(s) to which the reference is related. Now, when the reference is repetitive, we can use some predefined terms in order to avoid repeating the full reference over and over again: Ibid.: whenever an identical reference to the previous footnote is used; the page number can be the same or can be different (in which case, you would indicate the different page number); Idem.: whenever an identical reference to the previous footnote is used (the page number must also be the same). Some will prefer using the term "Ibid .".

Op.cit.: when a book reference has previously been stated as a footnote or an endnote, but not directly before; Loc.cit.: when an article reference has previously been stated as a foot note or an endnote, but not directly before; 3- Ibid., p. 66. This "Ibid." makes reference to page 66 of Finley's article, "The Silent Women o f Rome". 4- Idem. In this case, the reference is identical to the previous one (footnote 3): same article, same page (p.66). 5- Bogdan, op.cit., p. 45. For this fifth reference, I use op.cit. (it is a book), because Bogdan was alrea dy cited as a footnote or an endnote but not directly in the previous note (foot note 4). I also must state the page number to which it refers. If many different Bogdan books were previously included as a footnote or endnote, I would have to indicate the name of the book to avoid any confusion: Bogdan, Histoire des pays de l'Est, p. 59. 6- Finley, loc.cit., p. 25. Same explanation as for footnote 5, but I used loc.cit. instead, because it is a n article. Courtesy: http://www.imperialtometric.com/footnote.htm#styles