PC Hardware

Personal Computer Before the introduction of the microprocessor in the early 1970s, computers were generally large, costly systems owned by large corporations, universities, government agencies, and similar-sized institutions. A different model of computer use was foreshadowed by the way in which early, pre-commercial; experimental computers were used, where one user had exclusive use of a processor. Some of the first computers that might be called "personal" were early minicomputers such as the LINC and PDP-8, and later on VAX and larger minicomputers from Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), Data General, Prime Computer, and others. By today's standards they were very large (about the size of a refrigerator) and cost prohibitive (typically tens of thousands of US dollars), and thus were rarely purchased by an individual. However, they were much smaller, less expensive, and generally simpler to operate than many of the mainframe computers of the time. The system's CPU was constructed from a variety of discrete components, although the company had commissioned Intel to develop a single-chip processing unit; there was a falling out between CTC and Intel, and the chip Intel had developed wasn't used. Intel soon released a modified version of that chip as the Intel 8008, the world's first 8-bit microprocessor. Personal computers are normally operated by one user at a time to perform such general purpose tasks as word processing, Internet browsing, Internet faxing, e-mail and other digital messaging, multimedia playback, computer game play, computer programming, etc. The user of a modern personal computer may have significant knowledge of the operating environment and application programs, but is e-mail and other digital messaging, multimedia playback, computer game play, not necessarily interested in programming or even able to write programs for the

computer. Therefore, most software written primarily for personal computers tends to be designed with simplicity of use, or "user-friendliness" in mind. However, the software industry continuously provides a wide range of new products for use in personal computers, targeted at both the expert and the non-expert user. A laptop computer or simply laptop, also called a notebook computer or notebook, is a small personal computer designed for mobility. Usually all of the interface hardware needed to operate the laptop, such as parallel and serial ports, graphics card, sound channel, etc., are built in to a single unit. Most laptops contain batteries to facilitate operation without a readily available electrical outlet. In the interest of saving power, weight and space, they usually share RAM with the video channel, slowing their performance compared to an equivalent desktop machine. Operating System An operating system (OS) is the software that manages the sharing of the resources of a computer. An operating system processes raw system data and user input, and responds by allocating and managing tasks and internal system resources as a service to users and programs of the system. At the foundation of all system software, an operating system performs basic tasks such as controlling and allocating memory, prioritizing system requests, controlling input and output devices, facilitating networking and managing file systems. Most operating systems come with an application that provides a user interface for managing the operating system, such as a command line interpreter or graphical user interface. The operating system forms a platform for other system software and for application software. Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux are three of the most popular operating systems for personal computers.

Introduction Human mind is really amazing. It is very good at inventing things. He usually starts at making things to make the life easy. Some wonderful ideas occur to them and the inventions quickly get converted to products. Computers can no longer be termed as mere inventions they created a way we live now, is an evidence of this revolution, so mush so that it is hard to imagine a world without computers. Computer Basics introduces general computer use and terminology it describes the basic hardware components of a PC and introduces basic skills for using software programs in a windows environment. This course will address hardware and peripheral components of the computer and how to use them correctly. What is a Computer? A Computer is an electronic device that has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data, and can be programmed with instructions that it remembers. In other words, the computer is a machine that processes data according to a set of instructions are stored internally either temporarily or permanently. A computer is capable of performing computations, and making logical decisions at speeds, millions and even billions of times faster, than

human beings. Todays fastest supercomputers can perform hundreds of billions of additions per second, which is about as many calculations as hundreds of thousands people would perform in one year! And trillioninstruction- per second computers are already functioning in the research labs. Actually the original meaning of computer refers to a group of people, whose job is to perform arithmetic operations. Generations of Computers The First generation computers (1946-1954) were based on vacuum tubes, which were bulky in size and generated a considerable amount of heat. ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator), the first electronic computer, performed 5 thousand additions per second. It had no memory and consumed 150kw power The Second generation computers (1955-1964), used transistors leading to significant reduction in size and the power consumed. The high Level languages like FORTRAN, COBOL, SNOBOL, etc.. Were developed for 2nd generation computers. The Third generation computers (1965-1974), used integrated circuits. An IC consists of more than 100 transistors. Magnetic disks came into use to store the data and programs. The Forth generation computers (1975-Till date), are Microprocessors based computers, using large-scale integration (LSI) and very large scale integration (VLSI) technologies. The Fifth generation computers are artificial intelligence (AI) based computers.

Types of Computers Basing on the data processed, Computers are of three types. They are Digital Computers Analog Computers Hybrid Computer

i. Digital Computers In digital computers, mathematical expressions are finally represented as binary digits (0 and 1) and all the operation are done by using these digits at very high rate. The digital computer basically knows only how to add. Remaining operations like multiplication, division and exponentiation etc. are first converted to addition and then calculated. ii. Analog Computers Analog is a Greek word which means establishing similarities between two quantities. Analog computer refers to gradual type of change rather than changes in the form of steps, which can be counted digitally. The arithmetic operations are performed electronically using small signal amplifier blocks. The answers so obtained are then decoded into mathematical form or in form of graphs. Thus by analog computer method, it is very easy to get graphical results directly. The main advantage of this computer is that here all the calculations are done in parallel and hence it is very fast. This computer has its own limitation. Its accuracy is poor. iii. Hybrid Computer

Hybrid computer is a combination of computer using all the good qualities of both the analog and digital computers. In such a computer, some calculations are done in analog portion of the computer and some are done on digital portion of the some computer. Then it utilizes the services of the devices which convert analog signals into digital, digital signals into analog wherever necessary.

computers Classification based on Size and Shape

According Size, and Shape, Computers are classified as: Super Computers Mainframe Computers Mini Computers Micro Computers Super Computers The name shows that these are the fastest computers available at any given time and normally used to solve problem which require intensive numerical computations. Examples of such problems are numerical weather prediction; designing of super sonic aircrafts etc. super computer is built by interconnecting several high speed computers and programming them to work cooperatively to solve problems. The applications of super computers have expanded beyond scientific computing. They are now used to analyze large databases.

b. Mainframe Computers These computers are also powerful computers. These computers find usage in management of large sized commercial as well as non-commercial applications. The image of mainframe computer can be seen in the next page. Mini Computers These computers are used for commercial applications in general, and are today sufficient for management of any information that is not very mammoth.

Micro Computers Micro computers are popular computers, used for wide variety of commercial as well as personal uses. They became more powerful in these days.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF CPU WITH CONFIGURATION OF EACH PERIPHERAL

COMPONENTS IN A CPU AND ITS FUNCTIONS & THEIR IDENTIFICATION Switched Mode Power Supply (SMPS): The power supply or Switched Mode Power Supply as it is called is the unit which supplies power to all the components inside a PC. It supplies the power in the range of -12V to +12 V and -5 V and +5 V. The power supply

which we generally can has a power in the range of 250 Watts to 300 Watts. We have two kinds of power supply, AT type: this power supply has two connectors that plug into the motherboard ATX type: it has only one connector that plug into motherboard, in this fan is now mounted along the inner side of the supply, ATX power supplies are mostly used when compared to AT type power supplies as they are advanced in technology when compared to AT type power supplies. Mother Board: The Mother Board is the most important part of the CPU. All components are connected to one common place. The Motherboard is the section of the CPU which supports your processor, RAM, ROM, IDE, SCSI, Ports, etc. Power supply connector: The power supply connector is the socket on the Motherboard to which a power cable from the power supply is connected to provide necessary power to the Motherboard. Motherboards which we discuss are basically two types one is ATX type Mother Board and the other is the AT type motherboard. In order to differentiate between ATX type motherboard and AT type we can make use of the power sockets which are different in both the boards. In the ATX type motherboard the power socket contains 20 pins and the power cable has got a single 20 pin plug. In the AT type Motherboard we use an AT type power supply to supply power. The AT type power supply connector for the AT type motherboard has a dual plug cable which joined together placing the black wires in the two plugs side by side

and then connected on to the AT type motherboard. Here the socket has got only 12 pins and each connector from the AT type power supply has got 6 pins.

Processors (Central Processing Unit) and Processor characteristics: A microprocessor is a small chip which performs lots of calculations at very high speeds. Examples of the processors are Intel 8008, 8080,8086,8088,80186,80386, Pentium I to Pentium IV, Centrino, etc. Pentium IV and AMD Athlon are the processors which are currently being used in latest PCs. Characteristics of a processor are Memory & Speed of execution (Number of Instruction per Second) Cache memory chips are present on the back side of the processor. The range of the clock speeds of processor are in Gigahertz. The examples are 1GHz, 1.1GHz, 2.4GHz, etc. Random Access Memory (RAM): The RAM is the dynamic and primary memory of the CPU. This is a temporary storage device which is volatile i.e. data stored in it is lost when power goes down. The RAM basically is of two types Static RAM: It is made of flip-flops and is very fast .It is very costly when compared to other types RAMs and also are large in size when compared with equal amounts of other RAMs. Dynamic RAM: It is made of capacitors. It needs to be refreshed at regular intervals to preserve data on it. The dynamic RAMs are cheap in comparison with the SRAMs and variants of it are largely used in PCs. DRAM Types: Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) Double Data Rate RAM(DDR RAM) The RAM sizes which we usually use in a PC vary in the range of 64MB, 128MB, 256MB, 512MB depending upon your requirement and selection. RAM Slots in a Motherboard: The RAM slots in a motherboard can be divided in to two types:

SIMM (Single Inline Memory Module): The SIMM slots either have 30 pin or 70 pin architecture. The SIMM RAMs contain a single notch exactly in the middle of the RAM stick and also there will be a notch in the SIMM socket. The SIMMS are slow as only one operation(either read or write) can be performed on the RAM at any instant of time. DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Module): The Dual Inline Memory Module slots are faster when compared to SIMM as at any instant both read and write operations can be performed on the RAM. There are two types of DIMM slots, one for SDRAMS which have two notches and one for DDR RAMS which have only one notch to one side of the RAM. Both the type of slots are identical in size but are identified with the help of notches. The DIMM slots have 168 pins i.e. each DIMM compatible SDRAM has 84 pins on each side which are different from pins on the other side. Storage Devices: Components on which data can be stored permanently is known as Storage Devices. Some of the most commonly used storage media Hard Disk: It can store huge amounts of data. The size of a hard disk is measured in Gigabytes (GB).We generally use hard disk of 40 GB or 80 GB capacity. A hard disk is connected to the IDE slots on the mother board. A hard disk uses rigid rotating platters (disks). It stores and retrieves digital data from a planar magnetic surface. Information is written to the disk through write head. The information can be read back in a reverse manner with read head that passes over it. CD/DVD Drive: The CD/DVD drive is used to read the data from a CD/DVD disc. A CD/DVD is portable and can be used any where and data can be accessed from it using a CD/DVD drive. We also have CD-RW/DVD-RW drives which can write data on to CD/DVDs. Speed can be measured in Bits per Second (bps)

Floppy Disc Drive: A floppy disc drive is used to write and read floppy discs. The floppy can store data up to 1.44 MB. We have 31/2 Floopy, 51/4 Floopy. PCI & AGP Slots: PCI means Peripheral Component Interconnect. PCI is a standard for the expansion slots present on the motherboard. These slots will be available minimum three in number on a motherboard. These slots are used to add some extra cards on to your motherboard to add to some extra functionality to your PC. The examples of cards used are Network card (NIC or Ethernet), TV Tuning card(for viewing TV), Internal Modem card (Internet browsing) ,etc.There is also an AGP slot in a motherboard. AGP stands for Accelerated Graphics Port .The AGP slot is fitted with an AGP card to add the graphics properties of the PC.

Other Devices: Monitors: Monitors are screen which display the output given by the CPU. Keyboard: Keyboard is used to give input to the PC by typing Mouse: Mouse is also an input device which can be used by clicking Speakers: Speakers are connected to sound port on the mother board and they output the sound. Printers: Printers are also output devices which are used for printing data onto paper Scanners: Scanners are input devices which are used to scan documents ,images and store them on to the PC

Modems: Modems are devices through which we can connect to internet. Modems connect to the internet through a telephone line UPS: Uninterrupted Power Supply or UPS is a device which can supply power to a PC for some limited time even after a power failure. Assembling & Dissembling: The process of attaching all the hardware components of a system into single unit is known as Assembling or Installation. The reverse process i.e. separating into individual parts is known as Dissembling. Safety Precautions: Beware of Electro Static Discharge (ESD) Build your computer on a hard surface, away from carpets. Wear shoes and short-sleeved cotton wear. Use Phillips-head screwdriver Keep the components away from Moisture Avoid Using Pressure while installing. Steps for Assembling: Getting the cabinet ready Preparing to fit the components Fitting the motherboard; Fitting the RAM, processor, and cooler; Installing the PCI Cards; Fitting the hard disk and floppy drive; Installing the CD-ROM drives; Connecting the ribbon cables; Powering the drives and motherboard; Connecting the cables for the case front panel; Final check. 1) Getting the Cabinet Ready:

Check how to open the cabinet, and determine where to fix the components. Determine if the case has the appropriate risers installed 2) Preparing to fit the Components: Collect all of the hardware components those need to be installed The list of components includes: Motherboard, CPU, Heat sink / Cooler / Fan, Ribbon Cables, RAM, Screws, CD-ROM Drive, Hard Disk, Floppy Disk Drive, Network Adapter Card. 3) Fitting the Motherboard: Line up the ports on the motherboard (PS/2, USB, etc.) with the appropriate holes in the back panel I/O shield of the case. Check the points where you need to install raiser Install them and make the motherboard sit on them and fix screws if required. Motherboard Overview ATX Connectors 4) Fitting the Processor: Raise the small lever at the side of the socket. Notice that there is a pin missing at one corner, determine the direction to fit in the processor. You should not force the CPU when inserting it, All pins should slide smoothly into the socket Lock the lever back down Install the Heat Sink over it. (Different type for each processor) Heat Sink / CPU fan Fitting the RAM The RAM must be suitable for the motherboard. There are currently three types of RAM available: SDRAM, DDR SDRAM and RDRAM. The motherboard's chipset determines which type of RAM may be used Installing The PCI Cards Most of the cards are inbuilt these days NIC, sound cards etc are fitted into PCI slots

5) Fitting the Hard Disk and Floppy Drive: Place the floppy and hard disks in their slots. leave some space above HDD to prevent heat buildup Check the jumper configuration. Fix the screws 6) Installing the CD-ROM Drives: CD-ROM drive is similar to installing a hard disk. First, check that the jumper configuration is correct. Fix the screws 7) Connecting the Ribbon Cables: Attach the long end of the cable to the IDE 0 connector on the motherboard first The red stripe on the IDE cable should be facing the CD power cable. 8) Powering the Drives and Motherboard: All the power cables coming form the SMPS power connectors are connected to power pins of each and every components 9) Connecting the Cables for the Case Front Panel:

SP, SPK, or SPEAK: the loudspeaker output. It has four pins. RS, RE, RST or RESET: connect the two-pin Reset cable here. PWR, PW, PW SW, PS or Power SW: power switch, the PC's on/ off switch. The plug is two-pin. PW LED, PWR LED or Power LED: the light-emitting diode on the front panel of the case illuminates when the computer is switched on. It is a twopin cable. HD, HDD LED: these two pins connect to the cable for the hard disk activity LED. 11) Final Check: Motherboard jumper configuration: are the settings for the processor correct? Drive jumper settings: master/ slave correct? Are the processor, RAM modules and plug-in cards firmly seated in their sockets? Did you plug all the cables in? Do they all fit neatly?

Have you tightened all the screws on the plug-in cards or fitted the clips? Are the drives secure? Have you connected the power cables to all drives? Powering Up For The First Time Ensure that no wires are touching the CPU heat sink fan Plug your monitor, mouse, keyboard Plug in the power cord and switch the power supply If everything is connected as it should be All system fans should start spinning You should hear a single beep, and after about 5-10 seconds The amber light on the monitor should go green And you will see the computer start to boot with a memory check. Now check the front LEDs to see if you plugged them in correctly Check all other buttons Power off and change any wrong settings.

Windows XP Installation
Power on the computer. Press the Pause/Break key as soon as you see text on the screen. Insert XP CD into CD drive. Press ENTER to resume booting from the XP CD. (BIOS must support booting from CD and boot order must be set so CD boots before hard drive.). Press any Key to Continue Boot from CD or DVD.. 'Press Any Key" Next you will get the option to repair or enter setup, choose to enter setup. Press ENTER.

 Press F8 if you agree to the license. Press ENTER To Continue Choose the location to install. Choose the file system from this screen. If dual booting and you created the small 100 meg partition, make it a fat partition. NTFS is configured at the optimal file size during the initial setup. See this link for more on NTFS File System Press Enter to continue Setup will show a progress box and reboot when copying files is complete. When you see the "Press any Key to Reboot" do not Press any Key. If CD boots anyway, remove CD and reboot. Installing Windows . If you live outside the US, you will probably need to modify the default settings. Personalize your XP Enter your Name and Organization. Enter the Product Key. The Key is located on the back of the CD folder in the Retail versions, and on a holographic label with the OEM versions purchased with a piece of hardware. Write this key down and secure it in a safe place in case the original is misplaced or destroyed through natural causes. Choose a name for the computer; this should be a unique name for the computer, especially if it is to be connected to a network. In Pro, you are given the option of creating a password or leaving it blank. Set your Time Zone and Time and Date. If detected you will have the choice to choose a typical configuration or custom. Choose typical if you are unsure Logon to XP and apply Service Pack and Critical updates from Windows Update before installing any software or hardware. Install your anti-virus software. Install all applications and setup your email.

 Restore from Files and Settings transfer after reinstalling all applications.

Linux Installation
First put DVD in the drive and reboot the system Assuming you have a bootable DVD-Rom and have the drive enabled as a bootable drive. install Fedora

 At the boot: Line just hit <enter> to install in graphical mode. That appears that allows you to check the DVD for errors or skip and proceed with the install. Either checks your DVD or skip on to the install After graphical installer screen comes up welcoming you to the Fedora Core Click Next. Youre first choice is to select the language English Click Next. In Next step we have to select the appropriate key board type for the system Select U.S.English Click Next. After that we have to select the type of installation and select personal Desktop and Click Next. In order to install Fedora the Hard Disk is going to have to be formatted with a Linux partition. The Linux partitions created will be /(root), /boot and the swap partition If we want to install a boot loader Fedora uses the GRUB boot loader so thats what well go with We want the boot loader installed on had. So that when the mast boot record is read during system boot we are asked to boot it Linux or Windows. Select the option install default software packages and click Continue to install Fedora. We have to select to the Time Zone, Kolkata/New Delhi Click Next. Type Root Password Any Name Type Confirm Password Continue Installation process Reboot the system Welcome Click Next License Agreement, Click option YES and Click Next Date & Time Stings, Set the date and Time Click Next User Account, Click Next Sound Card, Click Next Finish Setup, Click Finish.

Internet & WWW

INTERNET:

World Wide Web The World Wide Web is a huge set of interlinked documents, images and other resources, linked by hyperlinks and URLs. These hyperlinks and URLs allow the web-servers and other machines that store originals, and cached copies, of these resources to deliver them as required using HTTP. HTTP is only one of the communication protocols used on the Internet. Web services also use HTTP to allow software systems to communicate in order to share and exchange business logic and data. Software products that can access the resources of the Web are correctly termed user agents. In normal use, Web browsers, such as Internet Explorer and Firefox access Web pages and allow users to navigate from one to another via hyperlinks. Web documents may contain almost any combination of computer data including photographs, graphics, sounds, text, video, multimedia and interactive content including games, office applications and scientific demonstrations. Internet vs. World Wide Web The Internet and the World Wide Web are not synonymous. The Internet is a collection of interconnected computer networks, linked by copper wires, fiber-optic cables, wireless connections, etc. In contrast, the Web is a collection of interconnected documents and other resources, linked by hyperlinks and URLs. The World Wide Web is one of the services accessible via the Internet, along with many others including e-mail, file sharing and others described below. The Internet protocol suite is a collection of standards and protocols organized into layers so that each layer provides the foundation and the services required by the layer above. In this scheme, the Internet consists of the computers and networks that handle Internet Protocol (IP) data packets. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) .

Depends on IP and solves problems like data packets arriving out of order or not at all. Next comes Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), which is an application layer protocol. It runs on top of TCP/IP and provides user agents, such as web browsers, with access to the files, documents and other resources of the World Wide Web. E-mail The concept of sending electronic text messages between parties in a way analogous to mailing letters or memos predates the creation of the Internet. Even today it can be important to distinguish between Internet and internal e-mail systems. Internet e-mail may travel and be stored unencrypted on many other networks and machines out of both the sender's and the recipient's control. During this time it is quite possible for the content to be read and even tampered with by third parties, if anyone considers it important enough. Purely internal or intranet mail systems, where the information never leaves the corporate or organization's network, are much more secure, although in any organization there will be IT and other personnel whose job may involve monitoring, and occasionally accessing, the email of other employees not addressed to them. Web Browsers and Surfing the Web What Is the World Wide Web? The internet is a network of computer networks worldwide The web is a tool used to retrieve information published on the internet To navigate the web we use a browser I.E. Internet Explorer, Mozilla Fire Fox etc What Is on the Web? Full text resources: books, journals, documents... Library catalogues and journal indexes Current news and information Software & other products, free and for sale

Internet Addresses: Each computer on the internet has its own address E-mail addresses discussed in e-mail classes Each document, essay, image, etc. On the WWW has its own address To find a web document, follow a link or key in a web address (URL) Hypertext Links: Highlighted words or text in a WWW document Moves you to a place within same document, or to a web page elsewhere What Is a Web Site & Home Page? The first web page you see when you access a web site Usually provides means of moving to other areas at that web site (directory, table of contents) Advantages of Using the World Wide Web: Allows you to browse a wide variety of internet sources Instantaneous connections to internet sites world wide Disadvantages of Using the World Wide Web: Connections can be slow or busy No standard methods of organization Out-of -date materials may not be removed Contents can be (maliciously) altered Sites can simply be moved/removed Information is not always free To view some pages, additional software is required (Examples. Adobe acrobat, dejavu) Different browsers may show pages differently Customizing the Web Browser: LAN Proxy Settings Bookmarks Search Toolbars Pop-up blockers Managing Plug-ins

Internet Explorer Toolbar Buttons: Proxy Server: A server that sits between a client application, such as a Web browser, and a real server. It intercepts all requests to the real server to see if it can fulfill the requests itself. If not, it forwards the request to the real server. Specifying Proxy Settings in Internet Explorer Goto Tools->Internet Options in main menu Click on the Connections tab Click on LAN Settings button Specify the proxy server address and port in the Proxy server section If you want to specify different proxies for different servers or you do not want to use proxy servers for some addresses, click on Advanced You can provide different proxy address and ports for different servers You can enter addresses for which you do not want to use proxy servers Navigating the Web Using Internet Explorer: Moving within a page; Page up/down keys Up/down arrow keys Scroll bar on the right side Clicking on hypertext links (may be text, images, URL) Using the navigation, location or menu tool bars Error Messages Do Happen: An error message can appear in a window on your screen, because The URL may be incorrect The site may have moved The communication lines may be busy SO retype the URL

OR try again later Bookmarks or Favorites Favorites: one of a browsers most useful features Save and organize sites you wish to visit often Click on the bookmarks icon: to display your bookmark links and menu commands for editing bookmarks Click on a bookmark to display that site Adding a Favorite To add a page to your list of favorite pages Go to the page that you want to add to your Favorites list. On the Favorites menu, click Add to Favorites. Type a new name for the page if you want to. To open one of your favorite pages, on the Favorites menu, click the page you want to open. As your list of favorite pages grows, you can organize them by moving them into subfolders. More on Favorites To organize your favorite pages into folders As your list of favorite pages grows, you can keep it organized by creating folders. You might want to organize your pages by topic. On the Favorites menu, click Organize Favorites. Click Create Folder, type a name for the folder, and then press ENTER. Drag the shortcuts (or folders) in the list to the appropriate folders. If the number of shortcuts or folders makes dragging impractical, you can use the Move to Folder button instead. Search Toolbar: Google Toolbar for Internet Explorer Pop-up Blocker Enabling Pop Blocker in Internet Explorer Pop-up Blocker is on by default. You should only need to turn it on if someone has turned it off. On the Tools menu, point to Pop-up Blocker.

Click Turn on Pop-up Blocker. Search Engines and Netiquette Search Engines: Software that lets a user specify search terms. The search engine then finds sites that contain those terms. Over time a search engine builds a database of searchable terms that can be matched to web sites. Search Engines (continued) Examples: www.google.com www.altavista.com www.AskJeeves.com

Query
Terms entered into a form of a search engines web page. Not necessarily phrased as a question since words such as what, a, is etc. would be ignored. Enter specific keywords. Make sure your spelling is correct. Terms Hit (match) URL returned by a search engine Relevancy score Value indicating how close of a match it was to your query. Not all search engines are the same: Entering the same search query using different search engines will not produce the same list of sites. Each search engine uses a different method when it comes to doing a search. Not all search engines are the same. As a result, you should use more than one search engine in order to do a thorough search. Read the search rules of an individual search engine. Methods of searching Use more than one word. Use quotes Use boolean queries Use + sign or - sign Use * (wild card) Boolean Query AND, OR, NOT A AND B results in sites containing both A and B A OR B results in sites containing A or B, or both A and B

Stemming: Some search engines will return results that include variations on the endings of words. computer computers computed Wild Card * Some search engines use the asterisk as a wild card to include variations on a word. kayak* would search for kayaks, kayaking, kayaker. Examples of possible search entries: shelf ice Results in URLs of pages containing the words shelf and ice, or just the word shelf or just the word ice. Results in many hits Using quotes shelf ice results in URLs of pages containing the exact string shelf ice. Using boolean queries

shelf AND ice results in URLs of pages containing the word shelf and the word ice (in any order). Using Google notebook computers notebook computers notebook OR computers Metasearch Engines = ? Results = ? Results = ? results

notebook AND computers =? results

Performs a search by using more than one search engine to do the search. www.metasearch.com www.metacrawler.com www.dogpile.com www.infind.com Used for finding individuals www.bigfoot.com www.four11.com www.whowhere.com Yellow Pages Eliminate one or more keywords Try more general keywords Use a metasearch engine Helpful Tip #1: To quickly find what you are looking for within a web page, you can do a search for a word or words within the page by doing the following: To search for a word or words within a document Go to: Edit Find in Page Enter the word or words you are searching for. Click on Find Next.

Cyber Hygiene
Types of Internet Threats: Viruses Network Worms Trojans Spyware / Adware Other Malware Other Threats Viruses: Main purpose is to spread and infect files Attach to a file and replicate when file is executed

More than 100 000 known viruses exists in the world today Several hundred new viruses are discovered every month *McAfee, 2004 Network Worms Self-replicating Viruses that reside in the active memory of a computer. Worms Send themselves out to the Internet from infected systems. Either include tiny e-mail server or search for unprotected shared network drives to unload. Trojan Programs: Programs that installs themselves stealthily via Internet & provide access for malicious use Threats enabled by (/through) Trojans DDos attacks Data stealing Distributed spam eMails Do not replicate

Spyware / Adware Cookies Track you online Browser Hijackers Changes default home page Tracking Cookies Gathers info of web usage Trickles Reinstalls spyware when deleted Keyloggers Records anything you type! Data-Mining List goes on... Other malware Dos & DDos attacks Flooders FileCryptors & PolyCryptors Nukers List goes on... Other Threats Phishing Confidential information stealing by fraud emails & web sites (author falsified) Several millions of Phishing messages have been sent world wide Fastest growing threat today SPIM Instant Messaging SPAM Estimated: 4 billion SPIM's during 2004 Diagnosing Infections Diagnosing Infections Diagnosing Infections Methods Against Threats Updating AntiVirus Software AntiSpyware Tools Firewalls etc

Updating Anti-Virus Software: Examples Norton Anti-Virus Mc Afee Anti-Virus AVG Anti-Virus AntiSpyware Tools Only Software tools exist at the moment Programs are trying to detect distinctive signs that spyware places on system Popular software Lavasoft: Ad-Aware SE Spybot: Search & Destroy Firewalls: Monitor network traffic and Block access by configured rules Software Vs. Hardware Stateful inspection Examine the headers & content of each passing network packet Content-filtering Intrusion-detection Software Close your Internet connection when not using it Make sure connection is secure when inputting for example credit card number Https:// -addresses can be trusted as secure

Microsoft Word
Introduction: Microsoft Word is the most widespread program for creating documents on the market today. Documents allow you to organize information in pages, with the added bonus of formatting fonts. Word is a well featured word processing application. Word Processing is very much useful for storing the text information in various formats of fonts and colors. Accessing: Opening Microsoft Word: To open the Microsoft Word application, navigate the following steps: Click the Start button on task bar Then go to Programs and then Microsoft Office In that double click Microsoft Office Word 2003 to open the MS word application. Making a New Blank Document: When Word is opened, a new blank document should automatically open. If not, you can go to the menu bar and select File New (Shortcut: Ctrl+N). Opening a Document: To open to view, edit, or print a document, you must first open up that file in Word. In the menu bar and select File Open (Shortcut: Ctrl+O). Closing the Document: To close the word document, navigate to the File Close If you have made any changes to your document since you saved it, you will be asked if you want to save the changes.

Exiting Word: To exit from the word, navigate to the File Exit Overview of Toolbars: The Standard Toolbar: 1. New Blank Document: To begin a new document, click on the New Blank Document icon, shaped like a blank sheet of paper. 2. Open: Clicking on this icon opens up a previously saved document on your computer. 3. Save: Clicking on the Save icon saves the document you are currently working on. If you are saving a document for the first time, you can click on this button. However, if you want to save a new file from a preexisting document, then you must go to the menu bar and select File Save As and give the file a new name. When working on any document, you should be sure to save frequently, so that you don't lose any work. 4. Permission: Microsoft has enabled Information Rights Management (IRM) within the new version of Word, which can help protect sensitive documents from being copied or forwarded. Click this for more information and options. 5. Print: Clicking on the Print icon automatically prints the document currently active in Word. If you wish to explore more print options, then go to the menu bar and select File Print. 6. Print Preview: To get an idea of the appearance of your document in print before you actually print it out, you can click on this icon to view your document from a zoom-out distance. 7. Spelling and Grammar: Clicking begins a review of your document in search of spelling and grammatical errors that may need to be corrected. 8. Copy: Copy the current selection to the clipboard, which can then be pasted elsewhere in the document, or into a completely separate program/document. 9. Paste: Clicking on the Paste button inserts the text that has been most recently added to the Clipboard (the text would have been

added there by Cutting or Copying). With Paste, you can either insert the copied text into a document or replace selected text. 10. Undo Typing: The Undo Typing button goes back and removes the last addition or change made to your document. 11. Insert Hyperlink: You may find that you want to make links to a particular web site, web page, or some other kind of online file in your Word document. Using the Insert Hyperlink button, you can turn selected text into hyperlinks. When the icon is clicked, a window will appear that will allow you to insert the URL (web address) of the web page you want to link to. You can type in the URL yourself or insert a preexisting bookmark. Once the link is inserted, the link in your Word document can be clicked and the web page will open up in a web browser. 12. Insert Table: When this icon is clicked, a small window will appear in the form of a grid of squares. Use this window as a guide to indicate how many rows and columns you would like your table to contain. Once selected, a table will automatically appear in Word. Clicking the Tables and Borders button will allow you to modify the table. To modify an aspect of the table, select, or place the cursor in, the area and apply changes such as borders and colors. The Formatting Toolbar: 1. Style: Styles in Word are used to quickly format portions of text. For example, you could use the "Normal" or "Default Paragraph Font" for the body text in a document. There are also three preset styles made for headings. 2. Font: Font is a simple but important factor in Word documents. The choice of font (the style of the text itself) can influence the way others view documents, either on the screen or in print. For example, Arial font looks better on screen, while Times New Roman is clearer in print. To apply a font to text, select desired text with your cursor, and choose a font from the font drop down menu.

3. Font Size: You may encounter times in which you need to display some text larger or smaller than other text. Selecting desired text with the cursor and choosing a font size from the drop down menu changes the size of text. 4. Bold: Places the text in bold. 5. Italic: Places the text in italics. 6. Underline: Underlines the text. 7. Align Left: Aligns the selection to the left of the screen/paper. 8. Center: Aligns the selection to the center of the screen/paper. 9. Align Right: Aligns the selection to the right of the screen/paper. 10. Justify: Aligns the selection to both the left and right of the screen/paper. 11. Line Spacing: Adjust the line spacing (single-spaced, double-spaced, etc.) 12. Numbering: Create a numbered list. 13. Bullets: Create an unordered, bulleted list. 14. Decrease Indent: Decreases the indentation of the current selection (to the left). 15. Increase Indent: Increases the indentation of the current selection (to the right). 16. Outside Border: Places a border around the current selection; click the drop-down for a wide selection of bordering options. 17. Highlight: Highlight the current selection; default color is yellow. 18. Font Color: Change the font color; the default/automatic color is black. Saving a Document: To save a new or unsaved document, you can go to the menu bar and select File save (Shortcut: Ctrl+S). A dialogue box should appear, offering you a number of options. To save the document in the desired location on your computer, locate and select the folder on your computer. Give your document a name in the file name text box. To Save As a completely new document using previously existing (and opened) text, you use the Save As option. Open the document that you

wish to save as an entirely new file, go to the menu bar, and click on File Save as. In the file name text box, give your document a new name. Using this option allows you to save multiple versions (with different file names) of a document based on one original file. Using the help & Resources:Click on Help on the menu bar. Select Microsoft Office Word Help (F1) from the pull-down menu. Help Topics dialog box appears to Search for topics. This dialog box also contains Table of Contents, Assistance etc. Horizontal Ruler:The ruler provides information about the formatting of a selected paragraph and can also be used to make changes. The margins indent positions and tab stops for any selected paragraph are shown on the ruler. The indent markers are represented by triangles and these can be moved by dragging with the mouse. Default tab stops are set at 1.27cm (0.5 inch) intervals from the left hand margin.

MS WORD TASK 1 Formatting Font: Changing the look & appearance of font as you need is known as Formatting Font. Word allows you changing the foreground color, background color, font, font Style, Size, decorations like bold, italicized or underlined. 1. Select the Format menu and click Font 2. It will display Font dialog box. 3. Select Font Tab: used to change font properties as follows Font to select the font type like Arial/Verdana/Times New Roman etc. Font Style used to apply Regular/ Italic/ Bold /Bold Italic styles Size to change size of font from 8 to 72 Font Color used to apply different colors, default is Automatic color Underline Style used to apply different types of underlines like dashed, dotted etc.

Underline Color used to apply color to underline Effects we can also apply various type of effects to the text like Strike Through, Subscript, Superscript, All Caps etc. The preview of effect will be displayed on preview area Drop Cap: Making the initial capital letter as large by dropping over the lines of the paragraph is called as Drop Cap. The first letter of paragraph will spread over a number lines dropped. 1. Select the paragraph that you want to begin with a drop cap 2. On the Format menu, click Drop Cap. 3. Click Normal / Dropped / In margin. 4. Select any other options you want like font, number of lines to be dropped etc. Applying Text Effects: Giving or putting text animation or special effects to the normal text is known as text effects. They will be used to attract or highlight the text. 1. Select the text you want to animate. 2. On the Format menu, click Font, and then click the Text Effects tab. 3. In the Animations box, click the effect you want.

Using Character Spacing: The space between the characters of a word, horizontal position of word and Scaling of word is known as Character Spacing. 1. Select the text you want to change.

2. On the Format menu, click Font, and then click the Character Spacing tab. 3. Click Expanded or Condensed in the Spacing box, and then specify how much space you want in the By box. Character Spacing Tab: used to give spacing between the characters Scale to change the width of the text in percentage Spacing to give horizontal space between the characters like Normal/ Expanded/ Condensed Positing to give vertical position of the text like Normal/ Raised/ Lowered Borders and Colors: A rectangular line surrounded the text is known as Border. Word allows Paragraph, Page borders. It also allows applying colors to the bordered area by Shadowing.

1. Select the text or paragraph or page you want to apply a border to. 2. On the Format menu, click Borders and Shading. 3. Then click the Borders tab to apply border to paragraph or Page Border tab to apply page border or Shading tab to apply background shading color or pattern. Each tab contains special Options... button, Preview Area. 4. Change the setting of borders & shading as follows: Borders Tab Options: Settings None/ Box / Shadow/ 3-D / Custom Style style of border line like dashed, dotted etc. Color color of border line Width width of the border line Page Border Tab Options:

Settings None/ Box / Shadow/ 3-D / Custom Style style of border line like dashed, dotted etc. Color color of border line Width width of the border line Art to apply artistic border to page Shading Tab Options: Fill to select the background fill color for shading/ No fill Pattern to select the pattern to be filled on the backgrounds Headers and Footers: Title information of the page included in the top of the page though out the document is known as Header. Some addition information like page numbers of page through out the document at the bottom of the page is known as Footer. They are important if we wish to include information such as page numbers and headings on every page. 1. 2. 3. On the View menu, click Header and Footer to open the Header and Footer area on a page. To create Header, enter text or graphics in the Header area. To create Footer, click Switch between Header and Footer on the Header and Footer toolbar to move to the Footer area, and then enter text or graphics. 4. 5. When you finish, click Close on the Header and Footer toolbar. Header and Footer toolbar will allow inserting page numbers, date & time etc. Using Date and Time: Word will allow inserting current date and timing at desired place on the document in desired format. They are mostly useful for letter documents.

1. Click where you want to insert the date or time. 2. On the Insert menu, click Date and Time. 3. If you want to insert the date or time in a different language format, then click the language in the Language box. 4. In the Available formats box, click a date or time format. 5. Select whether you want the date to automatically update or to remain as originally inserted. Do one of the following: To insert the date and time as a field that's automatically updated when you open or print the document, select the Update automatically check box. To maintain the original date and time as static text, clear the Update automatically check box.

MS WORD TASK 2 Formatting Styles: Applying various existing or user specified styles to the selected text are known as Formatting Styles. Word can also allow creating New Styles. 1. Select the words, paragraph, list, or table you want to change style 2. Click Format menu and then click Styles and Formatting 3. then Styles and Formatting task pane will be opened 4. Click the style you want in the Styles and Formatting task pane. If the style you want is not listed, click All Styles in the Show box. Inserting Table: A table is a collection of rows and columns of cells that you can fill with text and graphics. Tables are often used to organize and present information in a neat way. You can also use tables to create interesting page layouts, or to create text, graphics and nested tables on document.

Create a table 1. Click where you want to create a table. 2. On the Table menu, point to Insert, and then click Table. 3. Under Table size, select the number of columns and rows. 4. Under AutoFit behavior, choose options to adjust table size. 5. To use a built-in table format, click AutoFormat. Select the options you want. Drawing table: 1. Click Draw Table on the Table menu 2. Then Tables & Borders toolbar will be displayed containing table drawing tools 3. Now the cursor will looks like a pencil indicating table drawing 4. We can freely draw as we like on click and drag.

Deleting table: 1. Select the table want to delete 2. On the Table menu, point to Delete, and then click Table.

Bullets and Numbering: Giving numbers to the list of lines or points is known as Numbering. Geometric shapes those indicate list of lines or points is known as Bullets. Word will automatically give bullets & numbering when we give it to one line. 1. Select the lines to add bullets or numbering 2. Click Format menu and Click Bullets and Numbering 3. Then Bullets and Numbering dialog box will be displayed.

4.

Select Bulleted tab to give bullet types. Select Numbered tab to give 5. We can also customize numbering, sub lists like inner lists, indentation, position of bullets & numbering

numbering types.

Changing Text Direction: Changing direction of text, such that the text is displayed vertically or horizontally is known as Text Direction or Orientation. This can be possible to apply on the text box only. Text box is special boxed object which contains text fit inside. Inserting Text box: 1. Select where you want to insert a text box 2. Click on Insert menu, and Click Text Box to insert 3. Type the text you want to insert in the text box Changing text direction: 1. Click the Text Box object that contains the text you want to change. 2. On the Format menu, click Text Direction. 3. Click the orientation you want. Cell Alignment: Giving position to the text in the cell of a tale is known as Cell Alignment. By default, Word aligns text in a table to the upper left of a cell. You can change the alignment of text in a cell in both the vertical alignment (top, center, or bottom) and the horizontal alignment (left, center, or right). 1. Click the cell that contains text you want to align. 2. On the Tables and Borders toolbar, select the option for the horizontal and vertical alignment you want for example, Align Bottom Center or Align Top Right. 3. we can also change alignment by clicking Table Properties in Table menu

Footnote: Meaning or comments given for the words on the document at the bottom of page with index number of word is known as Footnotes and endnotes. They are used to explain, comment on, or provide references for text in a document. A footnote or an endnote consists of two linked parts: Note Reference Mark and Corresponding Note Text. You can add note text of any length and format note text just as you would any other text. You can customize note separators, the lines that separate the document text from the note text.

1. In print layout view, click where you want to insert the note reference mark. 2. On the Insert menu, point to Reference, and then click Footnote. 3. Click Footnotes or Endnotes. By default, Word places footnotes at the end of each page and endnotes at the end of the document. You can change the placement of footnotes and endnotes by making a selection in the Footnotes or Endnotes box. 4. In the Number format box, click the format you want. 5. Click Insert.Word inserts the note number and places the insertion point next to the note number. 6. Type the note text. 7. Scroll to your place in the document and continue typing. 8. As you insert additional footnotes or endnotes in the document, Word automatically applies the correct number format. Hyperlink:

A link or reference give to the text in the current document which will open the referenced document or file on Ctrl + Click is known as Hyperlink. Word can allow referencing internal pages of document called Internal Linking and outer files called External Linking. 1. Select the text or picture you want to display as the hyperlink 2. click Hyperlink on Insert menu 3. then Insert Hyperlink dialog box will be displayed 4. Select Link to: as Existing File or Web Page for external linking or Select Link to: as Place in this Document for internal linking and select the file location or type the location in Address text box 5. then click Ok to insert hyperlink Symbols: Symbols are special characters that don't appear on your keyboard can be displayed on your screen and printed. For example, you can insert symbols such as and , special characters such as dash ( ), ellipsis (), or non breaking space, as well as many international characters such as and . 1. Click where you want to insert the symbol. 2. On the Insert menu, click Symbol, and then click the Symbols tab. 3. In the Font box, click the font that you want. 4. Double-click the symbol that you want to insert. 5. Click Close. Spell Check: The process of finding spelling mistake according to some language (default English) is known as Spell Check. You can check spelling and grammar automatically as you type or all at once. You can also use the thesaurus to check synonyms.

1. On the Tools menu, click Options, and then click the Spelling & Grammar tab. 2. Under Spelling or Grammar, select the options you want. Track Changes: Adding comments to the specific text or paragraph with a special format is known as Track changes. You can view all track changes in your document, or you can limit the kind of change that's displayed. For example, you can use the Show menu on Reviewing tool bar to hide formatting changes and comments so that you can concentrate on insertions and deletions. Or, you can display comments and

changes for a specific reviewer. By changing this setting, you can preview a document with changes before you actually accept or reject those changes. Turn on or off change tracking

On the Tools menu, Click Track Changes. Then Reviewing tool bar will be displayed. This tool bar contains Previous, Next, Accept Changes, Reject Changes options

MS WORD TASK 3 Table of Contents: The heading of each topic in the document is represented as a table of indexes to the contents of document is known as Table of Contents. On clicking heading in this table of contents will directly goes to corresponding content page. Create a table of contents:

The easiest way to create a table of contents is to use the built-in outline-level formats or heading styles. If you are already using outline-level formats or built-in heading styles follow these steps: 1. Click where you want to insert the table of contents. 2. On the Insert menu, point to Reference, and click Index and Tables. 3. Click the Table of Contents tab. 4. To use one of the available designs, click a design in the Formats box. 5. Select any other table of contents options you want. Create a table of contents from outline levels: 1. On the View menu, point to Toolbars, and click Outlining. 2. Select the first heading that you want to appear in the table of contents. 3. On the Outlining toolbar, select the outline level that you want to associate with the selected paragraph. 4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 for each heading that you want to include in the table of contents. 5. Click where you want to insert the table of contents. 6. On the Insert menu, point to Reference, and click Index and Tables. 7. Click the Table of Contents tab. 8. To use one of the available designs, click a design in the Formats box. 9. Select any other table of contents options you want. Create a table of contents from custom styles: If you've already applied custom styles to your headings, you can specify the style settings you want Microsoft Word to use when it builds the table of contents. 1. Click where you want to insert the table of contents.

2. On the Insert menu, point to References, and click Index and Tables. 3. Click the Table of Contents tab. 4. Click Options. 5. Under Available styles, find a style you've applied to headings in your document. 6. Under TOC level, to the right of the style name, enter a number from 1 to 9 to indicate the level you want that heading style to represent. Note If you want to use only custom styles, remove the TOC level numbers for the built-in styles, such as Heading 1. 7. Repeat steps 5 and 6 for each heading style you want to include in the table of contents.

8. Click OK. 9. To use one of the available designs, click a design in the Formats box. 10. Select any other table of contents options you want.

Newspaper Columns: In the news papers text is placed in a number of columns, such a columns in the page of a document is known as Newspaper Columns 1. Switch to print layout view. 2. Click Columns on the Format menu 3. Then Columns dialog box will appears which contains Number of Columns, Width & Spacing for each column, preview of columns 4. Select required number of columns and click Ok Inserting Image form files:

1. Click where you want to insert the picture. 2. On the Insert menu, point to Picture, and then click From File. 3. Locate the picture you want to insert. 4. Double-click the picture you want to insert. Inserting Image form clipart: Clipart is a special collection of picture provided by Microsoft office clip organizer. Clip organizer provides various categories of clip arts. 1. On the Insert menu, point to Picture, and then click Clip Art. 2. At the bottom of the Clip Art task pane, click Organize clips. 3. In Clip Organizer, on the File menu, point to Add Clips to Organizer, and then click On My Own. 4. Locate the folder that contains the clip you want to add, and then select the clip. 5. Click Add to, and then select the collection you want to add the clip to, or click New to create a new folder. 6. Click Add. Drawing toolbar: When you create a drawing in Microsoft Word, by default, a drawing canvas is placed around it. The drawing canvas helps you arrange and resize the objects in your drawing. 1. Click in your document where you want to create the drawing. 2. On the Insert menu, point to Picture, and then click New Drawing. A drawing canvas is inserted into your document. 3. Use the Drawing toolbar to add any shapes or pictures that you want. Word Art:

Decorative text produced on the given input text by the Microsoft word is known as WordArt. You can create shadowed, skewed, rotated, and stretched text as well as text that have been fitted to predefined shapes. Because a special text effect is a drawing object, you can also use other buttons on the Drawing toolbar to change the effect for example, to fill a text effect with a picture.

1. On the Drawing toolbar, click Insert WordArt. 2. Click the WordArt effect you want, and then click OK. 3. 3.In the Edit WordArt Text dialog box, type the text you want. 4. Now apply the formatting text To change the font type, in the Font list, select a font. To change the font size, in the Size list, select a size. To make text bold, click the Bold button. To make text italic, click the Italic button. Formatting Images: Change the properties of picture like contrast, brightness, crop, rotate, wrapping text, compressing picture etc. is known as Formatting images. 1. Select the picture you want to change. 2. On the Picture toolbar. 3. Click the requires options to edit the picture More Contrast to increase contrast of image Less Contrast to decrease contrast of image More Brightness to increase brightness of image Less Brightness to decrease brightness of image Crop to cut the portion of image

Rotate Left to rotate the image Compress Picture to change width and height of picture Text wrapping to adjust text left side, right side, beside, backside & over of image Text Box: Text box is special boxed object which contains text fit inside. This can be used to insert wrapped text on the page with or with out border. 1. Select the page in which you want to place text box. 2. Then click Text Box form the Insert menu. 3. Then type the text you want to insert. Paragraph spacing: You can change the spacing between the lines or the spacing before or after each paragraph. We can give paragraph spacing either in manual or standard number of lines. Change line spacing: 1. Select the text you want to change. 2. On the Formatting toolbar, point to Line Spacing, and then do one of the following: To apply a new setting, click the arrow, and then select the number that you want. To apply the most recently used setting, click the button. To set more precise measurements, click the arrow, click More, and then select the options you want under Line Spacing. Change spacing of paragraphs: 1. Select the paragraphs in which you want to change spacing. 2. On the Format menu, click Paragraph, and then click the Indents and Spacing tab. 3. Under Spacing, enter the spacing you want in the Before or After box.

MS WORD TASK 4 Forms: A document that contains fill-in blanks, or form fields, in which you can enter information, is known as Form. A Form is a simple collection of Form elements like Text Form Field to enter text information Check Form Field to check or un-check the field Drop Down Form Field to select the existing information in the drop down menu of it Create form: 1. On the View menu, point to Toolbars 2. Then click Forms to open the Forms toolbar. 3. It contains all fields & options to create form on the document. Protect or Unprotect form: After completing the design of form will all fields and required data. We need to make that form as un changeable such that the fields will not allow changing. This can be done by protecting form. A protected form can be used to fill the data for the form only. 1. On the Forms toolbar click Protect Form to protect or unprotect form. Add form fields to a form You use the Forms toolbar to insert fields in a form that users can view and complete in Microsoft Word or else print and fill out. To display the Forms toolbar, point to Toolbars on the View menu, and then click Forms. 1. In the document, click where you want to insert the form field. 2. Do any of the following: Insert a fill-in field where users can enter text. Click Text Form Field.

You can specify a default entry so that users do not have to type an entry unless they want to change the response. Insert a check box next to an independent option that users select or clear. Click Check Box Form Field. You can also use this button to insert a check box next to each item in a group of choices that are not mutually exclusive that is, users can select more than one. Insert a drop-down list box that restricts available choices to those you specify. Click Drop-Down Form Field. If needed, a user can scroll through the list to view additional choices. Change the formatting of form field results: Select the form field you want to format. On the Format menu, click Font. Select the options you want. Display or remove shading: Click Form Field Shading on the Forms toolbar. Inserting objects: Word allows adding some of the installed components in the system called Objects. Inserting objects include some default collection of objects like Calendar Control, Bitmap Image, Video Control, Microsoft Equation, Microsoft Graph Chart etc. It can also used to add co-components of Microsoft office like excel, power point etc.

1. Click where you want to insert the object.

2. On the Insert menu, click Object, and then click the Create New tab. 3. In the Object type box, click required component. 4. Click OK.

Mail Merge: The process of merging or inserting data into the fields of a form with the specified data source fields data is known as Mail Merge. Steps for Mail merge: 1. Open or create a main document. 2. Open or create a data source with individual recipient information. 3. Add or customize merge fields in the main document. 4. Merge data from the data source into the main document to create a new, merged document. Open or create a main document: Select the Mail Merge tool bar on the View menu Toolbars sub menu Then click the Main Document Setup to select the document type. The options in this Main Document Type dialog box include letters, mailing labels, envelopes, directories, and mass e-mail and fax distributions. Select any one of the existing types and click Ok Select Data source for a main document: Before going to select a data source we need to create a data source first. We can give any type of data source. Ex: Creating Data Source in Microsoft Access

Open Microsoft Access application form Programs Microsoft Office 2003 Then click New form File menu, it will displays New file task pane Select Blank Database on the New file task pane Now File New Database dialog box will appears in which we need to give database name and then click Create Then it will display table creating task pane which contains options for creating tables
o o o

Create table in Design View Create table by using wizard Create table by entering data

Click on the Create table in Design View Now it will display design view of the table

After entering Field Name and Data Type Then click File Save and enter table name on the dialog box Now double click on the new table created Then enter data in that table and save Now the data source is ready for use. To select the data source for the mail merge follow the steps: 1. If the main document is not already open, open it. 2. If the Mail Merge task pane is not displayed, point to Letters and Mailings on the Tools menu, and then click Mail Merge. 3. Go to step 3 of the task pane (Select recipients) by clicking Next. 4. Click Select a different list. 5. In the Select Data Source dialog box, locate and select the data source you want, and then click Open. 6. The list of recipients appears in the Mail Merge Recipients dialog box, where you can refine the list of recipients. Add or customize merge fields in the main document:

Now we can insert the merge fields along with some other special options provided on the Mail Merge tool bar. Click Insert Address Block to insert address block text Click Insert Greeting Line to insert greeting messages Click Insert Merge Fields to insert merge fields which will be replaced with data later on merging with data source. Merge data from data source into main document for new, merged document: After preparing blue print copy of the Main Document, it is ready for merging with data source to create actual merged documents. All options required for merging are placed on the Mail Merge tool bar: Click View Merge Data to view merged document one by one on the same document Click Check for Errors to check any data merging errors with data source Click Merge to New Document will create new document containing all merged documents

Microsoft Excel
Introduction: Microsoft Excel is the most widespread program for creating spreadsheets on the market today. Spreadsheets allow you to organize information in rows and tables (which create cells), with the added bonus of automatic mathematics. Excel will keep track of numbers you place in cells, and if you define cells to refer to each other, any changes made in one cell will be reflected in these referring cells. It sounds a bit complicated, but Excel makes it all a breeze. Accessing: Opening Microsoft Excel: To open the Microsoft Word application, navigate the following steps: Click the Start button on task bar Then go to Programs and then Microsoft Office In that double click Microsoft Office Excel 2003 to open the MS excel application. Making a New Blank Workbook: When Word is opened, a new blank document should automatically open. If not, you can go to the menu bar and select File New (Shortcut: Ctrl+N). Opening a Workbook: To open to view, edit, or print a document, you must first open up that file in Word. In the menu bar and select File Open (Shortcut: Ctrl+O). Closing the Workbook: To close the word document, navigate to the File Close

If you have made any changes to your document since you saved it, you will be asked if you want to save the changes. Exiting Excel: To exit from the word, navigate to the File Exit Overview of Toolbars: The Standard Toolbar: 1. New: Create a new, blank spreadsheet 2. Open: Open a previously saved spreadsheet 3. Save: Save your current spreadsheet 4. Print: Prints the current document. 5. Print Preview: Preview the potential print of the current document. 6. Research: Microsoft has enabled Information Rights Management (IRM) within the new version of Excel, which can help protect sensitive documents from being copied or forwarded. Click this for more information and options. 7. Copy: Copies the current selection to the clipboard, which can then be pasted elsewhere in the document. 8. Paste: Takes the current clipboard contents and inserts them. 9. Undo: Undoes the last action in the document, reverting back a step in time. 10. Insert Hyperlink: Inserts a hyperlink to an Internet location. 11. AutoSum: A drop-down menu of available mathematical operations to perform. 12. Sort Ascending: Sorts the current selection in ascending order. 13. Chart Wizard: Opens the Chart Wizard, which will walk you through the creation of a chart / diagram using the currently selected information. 14. Microsoft Excel Help: Brings up the Excel Help window, which will allow you to type in a key-word for more information, or click anything on screen to directly bring up further information on that subject. 15. More Options: There are a variety of extra options you can call or add to the toolbar, such as Spell Check, Sort Descending, Cut, Redo,

etc. By clicking the triangle, you can access these options; at the same time, you can drag this toolbar outwards more to make more available space for these options directly on the toolbar. The Formatting Toolbar: 1. Size: Change the font size of the selection 2. Bold: Put the selection in bold face 3. Italics: Italicize the selection 4. Underline: Underline the selection 5. Align Left: Align the current selection to the left 6. Center: Align the current selection to the center 7. Align Right: Align the current selection to the right 8. Merge & Center: Combine two selected cells into one new cell that spans the width of both and center the contents of this new cell 9. Currency Style: Change the style in which currency is displayed 10. Percent Style: Change the style in which percents are displayed 11. Decrease Indent: Decrease the indent of a cell by approximately one character 12. Border: Add or alter the style of borders to format a cell with 13. Fill Color: Select a color to fill the background of a cell with 14. Font Color: Select a color to apply to a selection of text Saving a Document: To Save a new or unsaved work book, you can go to the menu bar and select File Save (Shortcut: Ctrl+S). A dialogue box should appear, offering you a number of options. To save the document in the desired location on your computer, locate and select the folder on your computer. Give your document a name in the file name text box. To Save As a completely new document using previously existing (and opened) text, you use the Save As option. Open the document that you wish to save as an entirely new file, go to the menu bar, and click on File Save as. In the file name text box, give your document a new name. Using this option allows you to save multiple versions (with different file names) of a document based on one original file.

Using the help & Resources:Click on Help on the menu bar. Select Microsoft Office Word Help (F1) from the pull-down menu. Help Topics dialog box appears to Search for topics. This dialog box also contains Table of Contents, Assistance etc. Navigating the Spreadsheet: You can use the "Up," "Down," "Left," "Right," to move (one cell at a time) throughout the spreadsheet. You can also simply click the cursor into a cell). The "tab" button will move one cell to the right. The "Enter" button will confirm the entered information and move one cell down. If you enter text or numbers that span further than the column allows, simply place your cursor on the line dividing two columns next to their respective letters, and drag to the right or left until the desired width is achieved. You can also double-click this dividing line to have Excel automatically choose the best width. A Simple Spreadsheet: This is what a basic spreadsheet may look like, keeping track of the grades for five students. As you'll notice, numbers automatically align to the right, while text automatically aligns to the left. Room has been allowed at the top and the left for column and row headings, which have been placed in bold. Simple Formulas: "92.67" was not entered as the contents for cell "E2." The "formula bar" has the following entered into it: =(B2+C2+D2)/3 By following the normal order of operations, the contents of the three cells in parenthesis (B2, C2, and D2) are all added to each other, and then divided by 3. This gives an average of the three grades, which is then shown in the cell "E2" (where the formula was entered). If you wanted to do the same for students 2 through 5, you would enter in similar formulas for each cell from "E3" to "E6" replacing the column and row numbers where appropriate. An easy method to replicate formulas is to select the cell which contains the original formula ("E2" in this case), click the bottom right corner of the selection box, and drag down several rows (to "E6" in this example). The

formula will be copied down in each cell, and will change itself to reflect each new row. Insert Rows & Columns: You may find that you need to insert a new, blank row where there isn't a blank row any more. To insert a new blank row, place your cursor directly below where you would like a new row. Select Insert Rows. To insert a new column, place the cursor in a cell directly to the right of where you would like the column. Select Insert Columns. MS EXCEL TASK 1 Gridlines: Guide lines or reference lines indicated to represent the width and height of a cell in excel sheet is known as Gridlines. Excel can allow showing or hiding the grid lines. If the grid lines are hidden then sheet will appears blank. Hide cell gridlines 1. Select the sheets on which you want to hide the gridlines. 2. On the Tools menu, click Options, and then click the View tab. 3. Under Window options, clear the Gridlines check box. Change the color 1. Select the sheets on which you want to change the gridline color. 2. On the Tools menu, click Options, and then click the View tab. 3. Under Window options, click the color you want in the Color box. To use the default gridline color, click Automatic Format cells: Changing the appearance of the cell is known as Format cell. it also allow changing data type of the data existing in the cell like date, number, currency etc. 1. Select the cells you want to format. 2. On the Format menu, click Cells, and then click the Number tab. 3. In the Category box, click Date, Time, or Special. 4. Then select Category to see sample formats in the Type box. 5. Select the desired number format from the Type box.

6. Click OK. Summation: Adding all the numbers in the given range of cells is known as summation. Excel has several set of function to perform various operations like mathematical, trignamatical, date & time, logical, statistical, financial, text etc. Each function has function name & a list of values for that function. Syntax:sum. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the cell in which we want to calculate the sum Click the Function on the Insert menu Then Insert Function dialog box will appear with a list of all functions Now select the SUM function in Select a function: list and click OK Then Function Arguments dialog box will appears. Enter the range of cells by selecting cells on the sheet with mouse or simple type the range notation of cells. (Range Notation: if we want to select first 5 rows and 5 columns then it can be indicated as A1:E5) 7. Then click OK to compute the sum We can also perform summation on the cell by typing the SUM () function with arguments in the Formula Bar as follows: =SUM (A1:E5) Auto fill: Filling the data automatically with the selected data on dragging the corner of the cell over the other cells is known as Auto fill. Excel will allow enabling and disabling of dragging of cells. Turn on or off drag-and-drop editing 1. On the Tools menu, click Options 2. Then click the Edit tab. 3. Select or clear the Allow cell drag and drop check box. SUM (number1, number2 ...) number1, number2are 1 to 30 arguments for which you want the total or

Fill data within a row or column 1. Select the cells you want to copy. 2. Drag the Fill Handle across the cells you want to fill, and then release the mouse button. Formatting Text: Changing the appearance of the text in the cell is known as Format cell. Excel can allow changing background, foreground colors, font, font style, size, under line styles, alignment, decorations like strike through, subscript, superscript etc. 1. Select the Format menu and click Font 2. It will display Font dialog box. 3. In which we have various types of format options: Alignment tab: to change position and direction of text Text Alignment position of text in Horizontal, Vertical Orientation percentage of degree of angle of bending of text Text direction like left to right, right to left Text Control Wrap text, Shrink to fit, Wrap text Font tab: to change font properties as follows Font to select the font type like Arial/Verdana/Times New Roman Font Style to apply Regular/ Italic/ Bold /Bold Italic styles Size to change size of font from 8 to 72 Font Color to apply different colors, default is Automatic color Underline Style to apply different types of underlines like dashed, dotted Underline Color used to apply color to underline Effects we can also apply various type of effects to the text like Strike Through, Subscript, Superscript, All Caps etc. The preview of effect will be displayed on preview area. Border tab: to change the border lines and its colors Presets to add border None, Inline, Outline Line Style to give border styles like dashed, dotted Line Color to give border color Pattern tab: to add background colors and patterns Cell shading to give background color

Pattern to give patterns to the background MS EXCEL TASK 2 Cell referencing: Giving or creating a reference name to the range of cells in the sheet is known as Cell Referencing. Excel can allow various symbolic names for various ranges of cells on the same sheet. Defining names 1. Select the range of cells for which you want to give reference name. 2. On the Insert menu, point to Name, and then click Define. 3. In the Define Name dialog box. 4. Enter reference name which you want in the Names in Workbook: text box. 5. Then click Ok These reference names can use as arguments to the functions. Formulae in excel: AVERAGE: This function is used to calculate the average or arithmetic mean of the selected rage of cells. Syntax: - AVERAGE (number1, number2...) number1, number2... are 1 to 30 numeric arguments for which you want average. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Select the cell in which we want to calculate the average Click the Function on the Insert menu Then Insert Function dialog box will appear with a list of all functions Now select the AVERAGE function in Select a function: list and click OK Then Function Arguments dialog box will appears.

6.

Enter the range of cells by selecting cells on the sheet with mouse or simple type the range notation of cells. (Range Notation: if we want to select first 5 rows and 5 columns then it can be indicated as A1:E5)

7.

Then click OK to compute the average = AVERAGE

We can also calculate average on the cell by typing the AVERAGE () function with arguments in the Formula Bar as follows: (A1:E5) STDEVA: Estimates standard deviation based on a sample. The standard deviation is a measure of how widely values are dispersed from the average value (the mean). Syntax: - STDEVA (value1, value2...) Value1, value2 ... are 1 to 30 values corresponding to a sample of a population. You can also use a single array or a reference to an array instead of arguments separated by commas. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the cell in which we want to calculate the standard deviation Click the Function on the Insert menu Then Insert Function dialog box will appear with a list of all functions Now select the STDEVA function in Select a function: list and click OK Then Function Arguments dialog box will appears. Enter the range of cells by selecting cells on the sheet with mouse or simple type the range notation of cells. (Range Notation: if we want to select first 5 rows and 5 columns then it can be indicated as A1:E5) 7. Then click OK to compute the average = We can also calculate standard deviation on the cell by typing the STDEVA () function with arguments in the Formula Bar as follows: STDEVA (A1:E5) Chart:

A graphical notation of values plotted in both X (Horizontal) and Y (Vertical) directions over the surface is known as Char. Excel will allows drawing charts very easily by giving the range of cells as input to chart. It also provides various types of charts of 2D & 3D of Standard types, Custom types. Inserting a Chart

Inserting a chart will be done 4 steps as follows: 1. After selecting the sheet in which we want to insert a chart. Click Chart form Insert menu. This will display Chart Wizard Step 1 dialog box. This is for Chart Type selection. Now select the Standard Type tab in which we can select Chart type & Chart Sub-type. After selecting chart type then click Next. 2. Step 2 will contains Data Range selection which will give input values to the chart. This is for Chart Resource Data selection. Select the range of cells on the sheet and then click Next. 3. Step 3 will contain various options those can be applied for the chart. This is for Chart Options selection. Title tab contains options for giving title for chart, X axis, Y axis Axis tab contains primary axis values information Gridlines tab contains background gridlines for the chart Legend tab contains captions to the chart at various positions Data Labels tab contains labels for various series of graphs Data Table tab allows to show or hide the data table values 4. Step 4 will contains chart location like in which sheet. After selecting the sheet in which you want to place then, click Finish to insert the chart. Rename a sheet: Currently working work sheets can also be renamed. Excel has several methods for renaming a sheet.

Right-click a sheet tab, and then click Insert. This will opens Insert dialog box to select type of work sheet ( Or ) To rename the active sheet, on the Format menu, point to Sheet and then click Rename. Type the new name over the current name. Inserting work sheet: A new work sheet can be inserted in the excel work book. Excel has several methods for inserting a work sheet Right-click a sheet tab, and then click Insert. This will opens Insert dialog box to select type of work sheet ( Or ) Click Worksheet on the Insert menu Hyperlink: A link or reference give to the text in the current document which will open the referenced document or file on Ctrl + Click is known as Hyperlink. Word can allow referencing internal pages of document called Internal Linking and outer files called External Linking. Syntax:-HYPERLINK (link_location, friendly_name) link_location is the path and file name to the document to be opened as text. friendly_name is the jump text or numeric value that is displayed in the cell. This name is displayed in blue and is underlined. If friendly_name is omitted, the cell displays the link_location as the jump text. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Select the cell in which we want to insert hyperlink Click the Function on the Insert menu Then Insert Function dialog box will appear with a list of all functions Now select the HYPERLINK function in Select a function: list and click OK Then Function Arguments dialog box will appears.

6. 7.

Enter URL of the file to which you want to link and friendly text. Then click OK to compute the average =

We can also insert hyperlink on the cell by typing the HYPERLINK () function with arguments in the Formula Bar as follows: HYPERLINK (url,friendly name) This will link the file specified in url by displaying friendly name on the cell.

Count function: This function counts the number of cells that contain numbers and also numbers within the list of arguments. COUNT can be used to get the number of entries in a number field that's in a range or array of numbers. Syntax: - COUNT (value1, value2...) Value1, value2 ... are 1 to 30 arguments that can contain or refer to a variety of different types of data, but only numbers are counted. 1. Select the cell in which we want to calculate the count 2. Click the Function on the Insert menu 3. Then Insert Function dialog box will appear with a list of all functions 4. Now select the COUNT function in Select a function: list and click OK 5. Then Function Arguments dialog box will appears. 6. Enter the range of cells by selecting cells on the sheet with mouse or simple type the range notation of cells. (Range Notation: if we want to select first 5 rows and 5 columns then it can be indicated as A1:E5) 7. Then click OK to compute the average We can also calculate count on the cell by typing the COUNT () function with arguments in the Formula Bar as follows: = COUNT (A1:E5)

MS EXCEL TASK 3 Split cells: Combining a range of cells into single cell is called as Merged cells. Merged cells will spread the content of one cell over many cells. Dividing the merged cells into individual cells is known as Split cells. Merge or Split cells: 1. Select the cells you want to merge or split. 2. Click Merge and Center on the Formatting toolbar. Or 1. Select the cells you want to merge or split. 2. then click Cells on Format menu 3. Select Alignment tab on Format Cell dialog box 4. Check the Merge Cells check box to merge cells, uncheck the same for Split cells Freeze panes: Freezing panes allows you to select data that remains visible when scrolling in a sheet by keeping row and column labels visible as you scroll. 1. To freeze a pane: if you want to freeze or fix visible The top horizontal pane Select the row below where you want the split to appear. The left vertical pane Select the column to the right of where you want the split to appear. Both the upper and left panes Click the cell below and to the right of where you want the split to appear. 2. On the Window menu, click Freeze Panes. Then the sheet will be freeze into parts as selected above. Click Unfreeze Panes to un freeze the panes Split panes: to split the working sheet in to four part such that each part will display the same copy of the sheet.

1. At the top of the vertical scroll bar or at the right end of the horizontal scroll bar, point to the split box.

2. When the pointer changes to a split pointer, drag the split box down or to the left to the position you want. ( Or ) 1. On the Window menu, click Split. Then the sheet will be split into parts. 2. Click Remove Split to remove the split cells

Group and Outline: Excel provided a special grouping option to collect a number of rows into one. In which we can hide or show the cell that are grouped. This option of excel is known as Group and Outline. Create an outline: This outline lets you show and hide the detail rows for monthly sales. 1. If your summary rows are above the detail rows, or your summary columns are to the left of the detail columns, change the direction setting.

On the Data menu, point to Group and Outline, and then click Settings. Clear the Summary rows below detail check box, the Summary columns to right of detail check box, or both check boxes.

2.

If you want to set outline styles that will be applied automatically when the outline is created, set the Automatic styles option.

On the Data menu, point to Group and Outline, and then click Settings. Select the Automatic styles check box.

3.

Decide whether to outline the worksheet automatically or manually. You can outline any worksheet manually. You can outline worksheets automatically if they have summary formulas that reference cells in the detail data. All columns containing summary formulas must be either to the right or to the left of the detail data, or rows containing summary formulas must be either below or above the detail data. If you aren't sure whether your worksheet meets these requirements, try outlining automatically, and if the results aren't as you expect, undo the operation and outline manually instead.

4.

Outline the data automatically

Select the range of cells you want to outline. To outline the entire worksheet, click any cell on the worksheet. On the Data menu, point to Group and Outline, and then click Auto Outline.

Outline the data manually

Select the rows or columns that contain detail data. Detail rows or columns are usually adjacent to the row or column that contains the summary formula or a heading. For example, if row 6 contains totals for rows 3 through 5, select rows 3 through 5. If row 8 contains a heading that describes rows 9 through 12, select rows 9 through 12.

On the Data menu, point to Group and Outline, and then click Group. The outline symbols appear beside the group on the screen.

Continue selecting and grouping detail rows or columns until you have created all of the levels you want in the outline.

3. If you didn't select automatic styles, you can apply styles now.

Select the cells that you want to apply outline styles to. On the Data menu, point to Group and Outline, and then click Settings. Select the Automatic styles check box. Click Apply Styles.

Remove an outline: No data is deleted when you remove an outline. 1. Click the worksheet. 2. On the Data menu, point to Group and Outline, and then click Clear Outline. 3. If rows or columns are still hidden, drag across the visible row or column headings on both sides of the hidden rows and columns, point to Row or Column on the Format menu, and then click Unhide. Sorting: Excel have several options for sorting of data. We can sort in ascending or descending with the given column as key. We can give addition column as keys in the

Then by text box provides. We can also extend search for months and days also by special options provided in Sort Options. 1. Click a cell in the column you would like to sort by. 2. Click Sort form the Data menu. 3. this will displays Sort dialog box which contains sorting options like

Sort by Ascending or Descending with respect which column Then by to give additional key of sorting It also contains Options button to give First key sort order for the special sorting options. It also provides orientation like sort top to bottom, left to right 4. After selecting the options of sorting then click OK

Boolean and Logical Operators: Data or expression that represents TRUE or FALSE value is known as Boolean. If an operator combines one or more Boolean values and return Boolean value is known as Logical operator. Ex: AND, OR, NOT AND: Returns TRUE if all its arguments are TRUE; returns FALSE if one or more argument is FALSE. Syntax: - AND (logical1, logical2 ...) logical1, logical2 ... are 1 to 30 conditions that can be either TRUE or FALSE. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Select the cell Click the Function on the Insert menu Then Insert Function dialog box will appear with a list of all functions Now select the AND function in Select a function: list and click OK Then Function Arguments dialog box will appears. Enter the Boolean expression or value Then click OK to compute the average = AND

We can also calculate average on the cell by typing the AND () function with arguments in the Formula Bar as follows: (condition) Here condition indicate the Boolean expression or value OR: Returns TRUE if any argument is TRUE; returns FALSE if all arguments are FALSE.

Syntax: - OR (logical1, logical2...)

logical1, logical2... FALSE. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

are 1 to 30 conditions that can be either TRUE or

Select the cell Click the Function on the Insert menu Then Insert Function dialog box will appear with a list of all functions Now select the OR function in Select a function: list and click OK Then Function Arguments dialog box will appears. Enter the Boolean expression or value Then click OK to compute the average = OR (condition)

We can also calculate average on the cell by typing the OR () function with arguments in the Formula Bar as follows: NOT: Reverses the value of its argument. Use NOT when you want to make sure a value is not equal to one particular value. Syntax: - NOT (logical) logical is a value or expression that can be evaluated to TRUE or FALSE. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Select the cell Click the Function on the Insert menu Then Insert Function dialog box will appear with a list of all functions Now select the NOT function in Select a function: list and click OK Then Function Arguments dialog box will appears. Enter the Boolean expression or value Then click OK to compute the average Here condition indicate the Boolean expression or value

We can also calculate average on the cell by typing the NOT () function with arguments in the Formula Bar as follows: (condition) Here condition indicate the Boolean expression or value Conditional formatting: If the formatting of text is automatically done depending on some conditions, then it is known as Conditional Formatting. Find cells that have conditional formats 1. To find all cells that have conditional formatting, click any cell. To find cells that have conditional formatting settings identical to the settings of a specific cell, click the specific cell. 2. On the Edit menu, click Go To. 3. Click Special. 4. Click Conditional formats. 5. To find cells with any conditional formatting, click All below Data validation. To find cells with identical conditional formats, click Same below Data validation. Add, change, or remove conditional formats 1. Select the cells for which you want to add, change, or remove conditional formatting. 2. On the Format menu, click Conditional Formatting. 3. For Adding a conditional format To use values in the selected cells as the formatting criteria, click Cell Value Is, select the comparison phrase, and then type a constant value or a formula. If you enter a formula, starts it with an equal sign (=). = NOT

To use a formula as the formatting criteria (to evaluate data or a condition other than the values in selected cells), click Formula Is and then enter the formula that evaluates to a logical value of TRUE or FALSE. Then click OK to apply conditional formatting

For Change or remove a conditional format o o o To change formats, click Format for the condition you want to change. To reselect formats on the current tab of the Format Cells dialog box, click Clear and select new formats. To remove one or more conditions, click Delete, and then select the check box for the conditions you want to delete. MS EXCEL TASK 4 Pivot table: It's a good idea to make sure your data is well organized and ready to go, as described in the following section. After you prepare the data, you can use the PivotTable and PivotChart Wizard to create a PivotTable report. Inserting pivot table: Click on the PivotTable and PivotChart Report on the Data menu. This will open PivotTable and PivotChart Wizard. This wizard will insert pivot table in three steps as follows: Step 1: Selecting Data type and Pivot type options 1. 2. This wizard contains two lists of options. Select one of the existing options for: Where is the data that you want to analyze? Microsoft Office Excel list or Database to selecting list or range of cells on the current work sheet External Data Source to select data from the external files by importing Multiple Consolidation ranges Another Pivot table report Or Pivot chart report

3.

Select one of the existing options for : What kind of report do you want? Pivot table to insert a pivot table Pivot Chart report (with pivot table) to insert a new pivot chart

4. 1. 2. 3.

Then click Next for second step of wizard Select the range of elements to be included for pivot table under Where is the data that you want to use? Field You can also import data form other files with Browse button then click Next after selecting range of cells for third step of wizard

Step 2: Selecting Data range

Step 3: Customize a PivotTable report 1. Select the options under Where do you want to put the PivotTable report? New Worksheet to insert pivot table in new work sheet Existing Worksheet to insert pivot table in the current work sheet 2. We can also select Layout of the pivot table 3. It also allow changing Options of the pivot table like Name, Format, Data options 4. Then click Finish to insert pivot table Changing Pivot table: Pivot Table tool bar will allow you to change various options of the pivot table. The operations included in this tool bar are: Format Report to change the report format associated with pivot table Chart Wizard to generate Pivot Chart form Pivot table Hide Details to hide Pivot table data Show Details to show pivot table data

Refresh Data to refresh the associated data for the pivot table Filed List to display the list of all fields in the pivot table Interactive Buttons: Importing Data: The processes of getting data form the external files or servers into the current work sheet are known as Importing data. 1. On the Data menu. 2. Point to Import External Data and then click Import Data. 3. In the Select Data Source dialog box. 4. Select the type of the Data sources in the Files of type: files. 5. Select the data source file in the system if it is file contained data base like Access etc. if it is server connected data base click New Source button for connecting to the corresponding server. 6. Then click Open. Data protection: Excel will allow protecting or making read only for the users that mean it will restrict to insert or modify the cell values on the work sheet. We can also protect the work book from inserting or deleting the work sheets. Protect Worksheet or Workbook or range of cells: 1. 2. Switch to the worksheet or open the work book you want to protect. Navigate to the Protection from Tools menu. Protecting work sheet: Click Protect Sheet on Protection sub menu to protect the sheet. Then Protect Sheet dialog box will appears. Now enter password for Password to unprotect Sheet: field which is used for un protecting sheet

Select or check the options listed in Allow all users of this work sheet to: it contains operation that will be restricted on protection.

Protecting range of cells: 3. 4. Click Allow users to Edit ranges on Protection sub menu to protect the range of cells. Then Allow users to Edit ranges dialog box. Then click New to add new range of cells Select the range of cells Enter Range Password Click Protect Workbook on Protection sub menu to protect work book. Then Protect Workbook dialog box will appears. Enter Password

Protecting Work Book:

Then click OK, will displays Re-enter Password dialog box. Now enter Password again and click Ok

Un Protect Worksheet or Workbook from all users: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. Switch to the protected worksheet or open the protected work book you want to un protect. Navigate to the Protection from Tools menu. Click Unprotect Sheet or Unprotect Workbook on Protection sub menu to un protect the sheet or workbook. It will display Unportect Sheet dialog box. Enter Password and click OK to unprotect the sheet Switch to the worksheet or open the work book you want to protect. Navigate to the Protection from Tools menu.

Un Protect Range of cells:

3. 4. 5.

Click Allow users to Edit ranges on Protection sub menu to protect the range of cells. Then Allow users to Edit ranges dialog box. In the protected ranges list select the range and click Delete to un protect

Data validation: Checking or verifying that the value entered in the cells of work sheet is valid data or not according to specific range of values is known as Data Validation. If we set the validation ranges with specific warning, error or information messages, then the message will be displayed when we enter invalid data. 1. Select the range of cells for which we need to apply data validation 2. Click on Validation on the Data menu 3. Now Data Validation dialog box will appear. 4. Select Settings tab and give Validation Criteria 5. Select Allow: list with any existing data types like Whole Number, Decimal, List, Date, Time, Text Length etc.

Select Any one to clear the Data validation. 6. Then select Data: as comparison condition like between, not between, equals to, not equals to, greater than, less than, greater than or equals to, less than or equals to etc. 7. Now enter then values for corresponding validation values. 8. Now select the Error Alert tab and enter Title of message and Error Message text to be displayed on invalid data entry. 9. Then click OK.

Microsoft Power Point

Introduction: PowerPoint is a application used for the creation of presentations. These presentations are laid out in a "storyboard" type fashion, where individual slides are created and formatted with text and images. The point of the slides in PowerPoint presentations is NOT to fit as much detailed information as you can onto a single slide. Rather, each slide should contain elements that briefly sum up the major idea(s) of what you will be presenting for the duration of the slide. Accessing: Opening Microsoft Power Point: To open the Microsoft Power Point application, navigate the following steps: Click the Start button on task bar then go to Programs and then Microsoft Office in that double click Microsoft Office Power Point 2003 to open the MS power point application.

Making a New Blank Presentation:When power point is opened, a new blank presentation should automatically open. If not, you can go to the menu bar and select File New (Shortcut: Ctrl+N). Opening a Presentation: To open to view, edit, or print a presentation, you must first open up that file in power point. In the menu bar and select File Open (Shortcut: Ctrl+O). Closing the Presentation: To close the power point presentation, navigate to the File Close If you have made any changes to your presentation since you saved it, you will be asked if you want to save the changes. Exiting Power Point: To exit from the power point, navigate to the File Exit Overview of Toolbars: The Standard Toolbar: 1. New: To begin a new presentation, click on the New Blank Presentation icon, shaped like a blank sheet of paper. 2. Open: Clicking on this icon opens up a previously saved presentation on your computer. 3. Save: Clicking on the Save icon saves the presentation you are currently working on. If you are saving a presentation for the first time, you can click on this button. However, if you want to save a new file from a preexisting presentation, then you must go to the menu bar and select File Save As and give the file a new name. When working

on any presentation, you should be sure to save frequently, so that you don't lose any work. 4.Permission: Microsoft has enabled Information Rights Management (IRM) within the new

version of Power point, which can help protect sensitive presentations from being copied or forwarded. Click this for more information and options. 4. Print: Clicking on the Print icon automatically prints the presentation currently active in Power point. If you wish to explore more print options, then go to the menu bar and select File Print. 5. Print Preview: To get an idea of the appearance of your presentation in print before you actually print it out, you can click on this icon to view your presentation from a zoom-out distance. 6. Spelling and Grammar: Clicking begins a review of your presentation in search of spelling and grammatical errors that may need to be corrected. 7. Copy: Copy the current selection to the clipboard, which can then be pasted elsewhere in the presentation, or into a completely separate program/presentation. 8. Paste: Clicking on the Paste button inserts the text that has been most recently added to the Clipboard (the text would have been added there by Cutting or Copying). With Paste, you can either insert the copied text into a presentation or replace selected text. 9. Undo Typing: The Undo Typing button goes back and removes the last addition or change made to your presentation.

10. Insert Hyperlink: You may find that you want to make links to a particular web site, web page, or some other kind of online file in your Power point presentation. Using the Insert Hyperlink button, you can turn selected text into hyperlinks. When the icon is clicked, a window will appear that will allow you to insert the URL (web address) of the web page you want to link to. You can type in the URL yourself or insert a preexisting bookmark. Once the link is inserted, the link in your Power point presentation can be clicked and the web page will open up in a web browser. 11. Insert Table: When this icon is clicked, a small window will appear in the form of a grid of squares. Use this window as a guide to indicate how many rows and columns you would like your table to contain. Once selected, a table will automatically appear in Power point. Clicking the Tables and Borders button will allow you to modify the table. To modify an aspect of the table, select, or place the cursor in, the area and apply changes such as borders and colors.

The Formatting Toolbar: 1. Style: Styles in Power point are used to quickly format portions of text. For example, you could use the "Normal" or "Default Paragraph Font" for the body text in a presentation. There are also three preset styles made for headings. 2. Font: Font is a simple but important factor in Power point presentations. The choice of font (the style of the text itself) can influence the way others view presentations, either on the screen or in print. For example, Arial font looks better on screen, while Times New Roman is

clearer in print. To apply a font to text, select desired text with your cursor, and choose a font from the font drop down menu. 3. Font Size: You may encounter times in which you need to display some text larger or smaller than other text. Selecting desired text with the cursor and choosing a font size from the drop down menu changes the size of text. 4. Bold: Places the text in bold. 5. Italic: Places the text in italics. 6. Underline: Underlines the text. 7. Align Left: Aligns the selection to the left of the screen/paper. 8. Center: Aligns the selection to the center of the screen/paper. 9. Align Right: Aligns the selection to the right of the screen/paper. 10. Justify: Aligns the selection to both the left and right of the screen/paper. 11. Line Spacing: Adjust the line spacing (single-spaced, double-spaced, etc.) 12. Numbering: Create a numbered list. 13. Bullets: Create an unordered, bulleted list. 14. Decrease Indent: Decreases the indentation of the current selection (to the left). 15. Increase Indent: Increases the indentation of the current selection (to the right).

16. Outside Border: Places a border around the current selection; click the drop-down for a wide selection of bordering options. 17. Highlight: Highlight the current selection; default color is yellow. 18. Font Color: Change the font color; the default/automatic color is black. Saving a Presentation: To Save a new or unsaved presentation, you can go to the menu bar and select File Save (Shortcut: Ctrl+S). A dialogue box should appear, offering you a number of options. To save the presentation in the desired location on your computer, locate and select the folder on your computer. Give your presentation a name in the file name text box. To Save As a completely new presentation using previously existing (and opened) text, you use the Save As option. Open the presentation that you wish to save as an entirely new file, go to the menu bar, and click on Save as. In the file name text box, give your presentation a new name. Using this option allows you to save multiple versions (with different file names) of a presentation based on one original file. Using the help & Resources: Click on Help on the menu bar. Select Microsoft Office Power point Help (F1) from the pull-down menu. Help Topics dialog box appears to Search for topics. This dialog box also contains Table of Contents,Assistance etc. MS POWER POINT TASK 1 Slide Layouts: Positioning of various components or objects that are placed on the slide is known as Slide layout. Power point allows a number of layouts with text box, images, charts etc, 1. On the Format menu, click Slide Layout.

2. 3.

On the Slides tab in normal view, select the slides you want to In the Slide Layout task pane, point to the layout you want, and

apply a layout to. then click it. Inserting Text Text box is special boxed object which contains text fit inside. This can be used to insert wrapped text on the page with or with out border. 1. 2. 3. Word Art Decorative text produced on the given input text by the Microsoft word is known as WordArt. You can create shadowed, skewed, rotated, and stretched text as well as text that have been fitted to predefined shapes. Because a special text effect is a drawing object, you can also use other buttons on the Drawing toolbar to change the effect for example, to fill a text effect with a picture. 1. 2. 3. 4. On the Drawing toolbar, click Insert WordArt. Click the WordArt effect you want, and then click OK. In the Edit WordArt Text dialog box, type the text you want. Now apply the formatting text font. size. To make text bold, click the Bold button. To make text italic, click the Italic button. To change the font size, in the Size list, select a To change the font type, in the Font list, select a Select the page in which you want to place text box. Then click Text Box form the Insert menu. Then type the text you want to insert.

Formatting Text

Changing the look & appearance of font as you need is known as Formatting Font. Word allows you changing the foreground color, background color, font, font Style, Size, decorations like bold, italicized or underlined. 1. Select the Format menu and click Font 2. It will display Font dialog box. 3. Select Font Tab: used to change font properties as follows Font to select the font type like Arial/Verdana/Times New Roman etc. Font Style used to apply Regular/ Italic/ Bold /Bold Italic styles Size to change size of font from 8 to 72 Font Color used to apply different colors, default is Automatic color Underline Style used to apply different types of underlines like dashed, dotted etc. Underline Color used to apply color to underline Effects we can also apply various type of effects to the text like Strike Through, Subscript, Superscript, All Caps etc. The preview of effect will be displayed on preview area Bullets and Numbering Giving numbers to the list of lines or points is known as Numbering. Geometric shapes those indicate list of lines or points is known as Bullets. Word will automatically give bullets & numbering when we give it to one line. 1. 2. 3. 4. Select the lines to add bullets or numbering Click Format menu and Click Bullets and Numbering Then Bullets and Numbering dialog box will be displayed. Select Bulleted tab to give bullet types. Select Numbered tab to give types.

numbering

5.

We can also customize numbering, sub lists like inner lists,

indentation, position of bullets & numbering

Auto Shapes: Power point will allow a large collection of geometric shapes for making the presentation attractive. It has several set of auto shapes including Lines simple lines, lined arrows, double ended arrows, curves etc. Connectors connected lines Basic Shapes different shapes like curb, circle, square etc. Basic Arrows different types of wider arrows Flow Charts include all flow chart shapes Stars and Banners different types of stars and banners Callouts message indication shapes 1. 2. 3. 4. Select Insert menu Click Auto Shapes on Pictures sub menu. Ten it will display Autoshapes dialog box which contains all of above options Now select any one option and drag on the slide to insert auto shape. Lines and Arrows Power point will have different types of lines and arrows. This is one of the collections of Autoshapes. 1. 2. 3. 4. Select Insert menu Click Auto Shapes on Pictures sub menu. Ten it will display Autoshapes dialog box which contains all of above options. Now select Lines icon and drag on the slide to insert auto shape.

MS POWER POINT TASK 2 Hyperlinks: A link or reference give to the text in the current document which will open the referenced document or file on Ctrl + Click is known as Hyperlink. Word can allow referencing internal pages of document called Internal Linking and outer files called External Linking. 1. Select the text or picture you want to display as the hyperlink 2. click Hyperlink on Insert menu 3. then Insert Hyperlink dialog box will be displayed 4. Select Link to: as Existing File or Web Page for external linking or Select Link to: as Place in this Document for internal linking and select the file location or type the location in Address text box 5. then click Ok to insert hyperlink Inserting Image form files: 1. Click where you want to insert the picture. 2. On the Insert menu, point to Picture, and then click From File. 3. Locate the picture you want to insert. 4. Double-click the picture you want to insert. Inserting Image form Clipart: Clipart is a special collection of picture provided by Microsoft office clip organizer. Clip organizer provides various categories of clip arts. 1. On the Insert menu, point to Picture, and then click Clip Art.

2. At the bottom of the Clip Art task pane, click Organize clips. 3. In Clip Organizer, on the File menu, point to Add Clips to Organizer, and then click On My Own. 4. Locate the folder that contains the clip you want to add, and then select the clip. 5. Click Add to, and then select the collection you want to add the clip to, or click New to create a new folder. 6. Click Add. Inserting Audio: 1. Click where you want to insert Audio. 2. On the Insert menu, point to Movies and Sounds, and then click Sound from File (or) Sound from Clip Organizer 3. This will display Insert Sound dialog box to select sound file. 4. 5. Now select the sound file and click Ok. This will displays the sound clip on the slide.

Inserting Video: 1. Click where you want to insert Audio. 2. On the Insert menu, point to Movies and Sounds, and then click Movie from File (or) Movie from Clip Organizer 3. This will display Insert Movie dialog box to select video file. 4. 5. Now select the sound file and click Ok. This will displays the sound clip on the slide.

Inserting Objects: Word allows adding some of the installed components in the system called Objects. Inserting objects include some default collection of objects like Calendar Control, Bitmap Image, Video Control, Microsoft Equation, Microsoft Graph Chart etc. It can also used to add co-components of Microsoft office like excel, power point etc. 1. Click where you want to insert the object.

2. tab. 3. 4.

On the Insert menu, click Object, and then click the Create New In the Object type box, click required component. Click OK.

Tables: A table is a collection of rows and columns of cells that you can fill with text and graphics. Tables are often used to organize and present information in a neat way. You can also use tables to create interesting page layouts, or to create text, graphics and nested tables on document. Create a table 1. Click where you want to create a table. 2. On the Table menu, point to Insert, and then click Table. 3. Under Table size, select the number of columns and rows. 4. Under AutoFit behavior, choose options to adjust table size. 5. To use a built-in table format, click AutoFormat. Select the options you want. Drawing table: 1. Click Draw Table on the Table menu 2. Then Tables & Borders toolbar will be displayed containing table drawing tools 3. Now the cursor will looks like a pencil indicating table drawing 4. We can freely draw as we like on click and drag. Deleting table: 1. Select the table want to delete On the Table menu, point to Delete, and then click Table Charts: A graphical notation of values plotted in both X (Horizontal) and Y (Vertical) directions over the surface is known as Char. Excel will allows drawing charts very easily by giving the range of cells as input to chart. It also

provides various types of charts of 2D & 3D of Standard types, Custom types. Inserting a Chart Inserting a chart will be done 4 steps as follows: 1. After selecting the sheet in which we want to insert a chart. Click Chart form Insert menu. This will display Chart Wizard Step 1 dialog box. This is for Chart Type selection. Now select the Standard Type tab in which we can select Chart type & Chart Sub-type. After selecting chart type then click Next. 2. Step 2 will contains Data Range selection which will give input values to the chart. This is for Chart Resource Data selection. Select the range of cells on the sheet and then click Next. 3. Step 3 will contain various options those can be applied for the chart. This is for Chart Options selection. Title tab contains options for giving title for chart, X axis, Y axis Axis tab contains primary axis values information Gridlines tab contains background gridlines for the chart Legend tab contains captions to the chart at various positions Data Labels tab contains labels for various series of graphs Data Table tab allows to show or hide the data table values

Step 4 will contains chart location like in which sheet. After selecting the sheet in which you want to place then, click Finish to insert the chart.

MS EXCEL TASK 3

Split cells: Combining a range of cells into single cell is called as Merged cells. Merged cells will spread the content of one cell over many cells. Dividing the merged cells into individual cells is known as Split cells. Merge or Split cells: 3. Select the cells you want to merge or split. 4. Click Merge and Center on the Formatting toolbar. Or 5. Select the cells you want to merge or split. 6. then click Cells on Format menu 7. Select Alignment tab on Format Cell dialog box 8. Check the Merge Cells check box to merge cells, uncheck the same for Split cells

Freeze panes: Freezing panes allows you to select data that remains visible when scrolling in a sheet by keeping row and column labels visible as you scroll. 2. To freeze a pane: if you want to freeze or fix visible The top horizontal pane Select the row below where you want the split to appear. The left vertical pane Select the column to the right of where you want the split to appear. Both the upper and left panes Click the cell below and to the right of where you want the split to appear.

3. On the Window menu, click Freeze Panes. Then the sheet will be freeze into parts as selected above. Click Unfreeze Panes to un freeze the panes Split panes: to split the working sheet in to four part such that each part will display the same copy of the sheet. 3. At the top of the vertical scroll bar or at the right end of the horizontal scroll bar, point to the split box. 4. When the pointer changes to a split pointer, drag the split box down or to the left to the position you want. ( Or ) 4. On the Window menu, click Split. Then the sheet will be split into parts. 5. Click Remove Split to remove the split cells

Group and Outline: Excel provided a special grouping option to collect a number of rows into one. In which we can hide or show the cell that are grouped. This option of excel is known as Group and Outline. Create an outline: This outline lets you show and hide the detail rows for monthly sales. 2. If your summary rows are above the detail rows, or your summary columns are to the left of the detail columns, change the direction setting.

On the Data menu, point to Group and Outline, and then click Settings. Clear the Summary rows below detail check box, the Summary columns to right of detail check box, or both check boxes.

2.

If you want to set outline styles that will be applied automatically when the outline is created, set the Automatic styles option.

On the Data menu, point to Group and Outline, and then click Settings. Select the Automatic styles check box.

3.

Decide whether to outline the worksheet automatically or manually. You can outline any worksheet manually. You can outline worksheets automatically if they have summary formulas that reference cells in the detail data. All columns containing summary formulas must be either to the right or to the left of the detail data, or rows containing summary formulas must be either below or above the detail data. If you aren't sure whether your worksheet meets these requirements, try outlining automatically, and if the results aren't as you expect, undo the operation and outline manually instead.

4.

Outline the data automatically

Select the range of cells you want to outline. To outline the entire worksheet, click any cell on the worksheet.

On the Data menu, point to Group and Outline, and then click Auto Outline.

Outline the data manually

Select the rows or columns that contain detail data. Detail rows or columns are usually adjacent to the row or column that contains the summary formula or a heading. For example, if row 6 contains totals for rows 3 through 5, select rows 3

through 5. If row 8 contains a heading that describes rows 9 through 12, select rows 9 through 12.

On the Data menu, point to Group and Outline, and then click Group. The outline symbols appear beside the group on the screen.

Continue selecting and grouping detail rows or columns until you have created all of the levels you want in the outline.

4.

If you didn't select automatic styles, you can apply styles now.

Select the cells that you want to apply outline styles to. On the Data menu, point to Group and Outline, and then click Settings. Select the Automatic styles check box. Click Apply Styles.

Remove an outline: No data is deleted when you remove an outline. 4. Click the worksheet. 5. On the Data menu, point to Group and Outline, and then click Clear Outline. 6. If rows or columns are still hidden, drag across the visible row or column headings on both sides of the hidden rows and columns, point to Row or Column on the Format menu, and then click Unhide.

Sorting: Excel have several options for sorting of data. We can sort in ascending or descending with the given column as key. We can give addition column as keys in the Then by text box provides. We can also extend search for months and days also by special options provided in Sort Options. 4. Click a cell in the column you would like to sort by.

5. Click Sort form the Data menu. 6. this will displays Sort dialog box which contains sorting options like Sort by Ascending or Descending with respect which column Then by to give additional key of sorting It also contains Options button to give First key sort order for the special sorting options. It also provides orientation like sort top to bottom, left to right 5. After selecting the options of sorting then click OK Boolean and Logical Operators: Data or expression that represents TRUE or FALSE value is known as Boolean. If an operator combines one or more Boolean values and return Boolean value is known as Logical operator. Ex: AND, OR, NOT AND: Returns TRUE if all its arguments are TRUE; returns FALSE if one or more argument is FALSE. Syntax: - AND (logical1, logical2 ...) logical1, logical2 ... are 1 to 30 conditions that can be either TRUE or FALSE. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Select the cell Click the Function on the Insert menu Then Insert Function dialog box will appear with a list of all functions Now select the AND function in Select a function: list and click OK Then Function Arguments dialog box will appears. Enter the Boolean expression or value Then click OK to compute the average = AND

We can also calculate average on the cell by typing the AND () function with arguments in the Formula Bar as follows: (condition) Here condition indicate the Boolean expression or value OR:

Returns TRUE if any argument is TRUE; returns FALSE if all arguments are FALSE. Syntax: - OR (logical1, logical2...) logical1, logical2... FALSE. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Select the cell Click the Function on the Insert menu Then Insert Function dialog box will appear with a list of all functions Now select the OR function in Select a function: list and click OK Then Function Arguments dialog box will appears. Enter the Boolean expression or value Then click OK to compute the average = OR (condition) are 1 to 30 conditions that can be either TRUE or

We can also calculate average on the cell by typing the OR () function with arguments in the Formula Bar as follows: NOT: Reverses the value of its argument. Use NOT when you want to make sure a value is not equal to one particular value. Syntax: - NOT (logical) logical is a value or expression that can be evaluated to TRUE or FALSE. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Select the cell Click the Function on the Insert menu Then Insert Function dialog box will appear with a list of all functions Now select the NOT function in Select a function: list and click OK Then Function Arguments dialog box will appears. Enter the Boolean expression or value Then click OK to compute the average = NOT Here condition indicate the Boolean expression or value

We can also calculate average on the cell by typing the NOT () function with arguments in the Formula Bar as follows: (condition)

Here condition indicate the Boolean expression or value Conditional formatting: If the formatting of text is automatically done depending on some conditions, then it is known as Conditional Formatting. Find cells that have conditional formats 2. To find all cells that have conditional formatting, click any cell. To find cells that have conditional formatting settings identical to the settings of a specific cell, click the specific cell. 5. On the Edit menu, click Go To. 6. Click Special. 7. Click Conditional formats. 5. To find cells with any conditional formatting, click All below Data validation. To find cells with identical conditional formats, click Same below Data validation. Add, change, or remove conditional formats 3. Select the cells for which you want to add, change, or remove conditional formatting. 4. On the Format menu, click Conditional Formatting. 3. For Adding a conditional format To use values in the selected cells as the formatting criteria, click Cell Value Is, select the comparison phrase, and then type a constant value or a formula. If you enter a formula, starts it with an equal sign (=). To use a formula as the formatting criteria (to evaluate data or a condition other than the values in selected cells), click Formula Is and then enter the formula that evaluates to a logical value of TRUE or FALSE.

Then click OK to apply conditional formatting

For Change or remove a conditional format o o o To change formats, click Format for the condition you want to change. To reselect formats on the current tab of the Format Cells dialog box, click Clear and select new formats. To remove one or more conditions, click Delete, and then select the check box for the conditions you want to delete. MS EXCEL TASK 4 Pivot table: It's a good idea to make sure your data is well organized and ready to go, as described in the following section. After you prepare the data, you can use the PivotTable and PivotChart Wizard to create a PivotTable report. Inserting pivot table: Click on the PivotTable and PivotChart Report on the Data menu. This will open PivotTable and PivotChart Wizard. This wizard will insert pivot table in three steps as follows: Step 1: Selecting Data type and Pivot type options 1. 2. This wizard contains two lists of options. Select one of the existing options for: Where is the data that you want to analyze? Microsoft Office Excel list or Database to selecting list or range of cells on the current work sheet External Data Source to select data from the external files by importing Multiple Consolidation ranges Another Pivot table report Or Pivot chart report

3.

Select one of the existing options for : What kind of report do you want? Pivot table to insert a pivot table Pivot Chart report (with pivot table) to insert a new pivot chart

4. 1. 2. 3.

Then click Next for second step of wizard Select the range of elements to be included for pivot table under Where is the data that you want to use? Field You can also import data form other files with Browse button then click Next after selecting range of cells for third step of wizard

Step 2: Selecting Data range

Step 3: Customize a PivotTable report 2. Select the options under Where do you want to put the PivotTable report? New Worksheet to insert pivot table in new work sheet Existing Worksheet to insert pivot table in the current work sheet 5. We can also select Layout of the pivot table 6. It also allow changing Options of the pivot table like Name, Format, Data options 7. Then click Finish to insert pivot table Changing Pivot table: Pivot Table tool bar will allow you to change various options of the pivot table. The operations included in this tool bar are: Format Report to change the report format associated with pivot table Chart Wizard to generate Pivot Chart form Pivot table Hide Details to hide Pivot table data Show Details to show pivot table data Refresh Data to refresh the associated data for the pivot table Filed List to display the list of all fields in the pivot table

Interactive Buttons: Importing Data: The processes of getting data form the external files or servers into the current work sheet are known as Importing data. 1. On the Data menu. 2. Point to Import External Data and then click Import Data. 3. In the Select Data Source dialog box. 4. Select the type of the Data sources in the Files of type: files. 5. Select the data source file in the system if it is file contained data base like Access etc. if it is server connected data base click New Source button for connecting to the corresponding server. 6. Then click Open. Data protection: Excel will allow protecting or making read only for the users that mean it will restrict to insert or modify the cell values on the work sheet. We can also protect the work book from inserting or deleting the work sheets. Protect Worksheet or Workbook or range of cells: 1. 2. Switch to the worksheet or open the work book you want to protect. Navigate to the Protection from Tools menu. Protecting work sheet:

 Click Protect Sheet on Protection sub menu to protect the sheet. Then Protect Sheet dialog box will appears. Now enter password for Password to unprotect Sheet: field which is used for un protecting sheet

Select or check the options listed in Allow all users of this work sheet to: it contains operation that will be restricted on protection.

Protecting range of cells: 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. Click Allow users to Edit ranges on Protection sub menu to protect the range of cells. Then Allow users to Edit ranges dialog box. Then click New to add new range of cells Select the range of cells Enter Range Password Click Protect Workbook on Protection sub menu to protect work book. Then Protect Workbook dialog box will appears. Enter Password

Protecting Work Book:

Then click OK, will displays Re-enter Password dialog box. Now enter Password again and click Ok Switch to the protected worksheet or open the protected work book you want to un protect. Navigate to the Protection from Tools menu. Click Unprotect Sheet or Unprotect Workbook on Protection sub menu to un protect the sheet or workbook. It will display Unportect Sheet dialog box.

Un Protect Worksheet or Workbook from all users:

5. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Enter Password and click OK to unprotect the sheet Switch to the worksheet or open the work book you want to protect. Navigate to the Protection from Tools menu. Click Allow users to Edit ranges on Protection sub menu to protect the range of cells. Then Allow users to Edit ranges dialog box. In the protected ranges list select the range and click Delete to un protect

Un Protect Range of cells:

Data validation: Checking or verifying that the value entered in the cells of work sheet is valid data or not according to specific range of values is known as Data Validation. If we set the validation ranges with specific warning, error or information messages, then the message will be displayed when we enter invalid data. 6. Select the range of cells for which we need to apply data validation 7. Click on Validation on the Data menu 8. Now Data Validation dialog box will appear. 9. Select Settings tab and give Validation Criteria 10. Select Allow: list with any existing data types like Whole Number, Decimal, List, Date, Time, Text Length etc. Select Any one to clear the Data validation. 10. Then select Data: as comparison condition like between, not between, equals to, not equals to, greater than, less than, greater than or equals to, less than or equals to etc. 11. Now enter then values for corresponding validation values.

12. Now select the Error Alert tab and enter Title of message and Error Message text to be displayed on invalid data entry. 13. Then click OK.