Professional Documents
Culture Documents
by
Ratnakar Narale
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INDEX
Lesson 1 The Urdu Alphabet (Nasta@]l&q and Naskh)
The 1st letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : alif AiLaf[ (English a Hindi A)
14
15
16
The 4th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : te tae ( English t ih>dI ta)
18
The 5th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : t<e @e ( English t> ih>dI @)
19
The 6th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : se sae ( English s ih>dI sa)
20
The 7th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : j&m jaIma ( English j ih>dI ja)
22
The 8th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : che cae ( English ch ih>dI ca)
23
25
The 10th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : khe S[ae ( English kh ih>dI S[a)
26
The 11th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : da@l daLa ( English d ih>dI d)
27
The 12th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : d<a@l DaLa ( English d< ih>dI D)
29
The 13th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : ja@l jaaLa ( English j ih>dI j[a)
30
32
The 15th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : ad<e AD[e ( English d< ih>dI D[)
33
The 16th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : jhe j[ae ( English jh, z ih>dI Ja, j[a)
The 17th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : zhe j[ae ( English z ih>dI j[ya)
The 18th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : s&n saIna ( English s ih>dI sa)
35
36
38
The 19th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : sh&n oaIna ( English sh ih>dI oa)
39
The 20th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : sua@d sauAad ( English s ih>dI sa)
41
The 21st letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : jua@d jauAad ( English xj ih>dI j[a)
42
The 22nd letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : toe taae] ( English t ih>dI ta)
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44
(English jh
ih>dI [j[a)
45
The 24th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : ain ]ena ( English e, a ih>dI ], A)
47
The 25th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : gain gaEna ( English gh ih>dI g[a)
48
49
51
The 28th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : ka@f kaf[ ( English k Hindi k)
52
The 29th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : ga@f gaaf[ ( English g Hindi ga)
53
The 30th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : la@m Laama ( English l Hindi La)
55
The 31st letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : m&m maIma ( English m Hindi ma)
56
The 32nd letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : nu@n naUna ( English n Hindi na)
57
The 33rd letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : va@o vaaAae ( Eng. v, w Hindi va, q)
59
The 34th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet : chhot>& he Cae@I he ( Eng.h Hindi h)
60
62
The 36th letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet hamza@ hmaj[aa u (English i Hindi } )
65
The 37th Urdu letter : chhot>& ye Cae@I yaee ( English y Hindi ya, })
66
68
70
73
80
85
98
102
104
Lesson 11
113
Lesson 12
117
Urdu Verbs
130
Lesson 13
131
Lesson 14
Urdu Literature
138
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LESSON 1
THE URDU ALPHABET
qdU| naama
Urdu@ name
Hind&
English
Nasta@l&q
Naskh
equivalent
equivalent
style
style
1.
AiLaf[ alif
2.
bae
be
ba
3.
pae
pe
pa
4.
tae
te
5.
@e
6.
ta
t>e
t>
sae
se
sa
7.
jaIma
j&m
ja
8.
cae
che
ca
ch
9.
baD[I he he
10.
S[ae
S[a
kh
khe
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d<a@l
laj
j[a
re
ad<e
D[
jhe
j[a
j[ae
(j[yae)
zhe
j[a, Ja
18.
saIna
s&n
sa
19.
oaIna
sh&n
oa
sh
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
daLa
da@l
1`.
DaLa
j[aaLa
re
AD[e
j[ae
d<
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d<
jh
zh
20.
sauAad
sua@d
sa
21.
jauAad
jua@d
ja
22.
taae]
toe
ta
23.
j[aae]
zoe
j[a
24.
]ena
ain
25.
gaEna
gain
za
gh
26.
f[
fe
f[
27.
k[af[
qa@f
k[
28.
kaf[
ka@f
29.
gaaf[
ga@f
ga
30.
Laama
la@m
La
31.
maIma
m&m
ma
32.
naUna
nu@n
na
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33.
34.
35.
36.
vaaAae
va
va@o
Cae@I he chhot>& he h
dae
caomaI
he
do
hmaj[aa
hamza@
chashm&
he
}
37.
38.
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LESSON 2
THE DOTS / MARKS
nauk[tae nukte
In Urdu@ many letters are recognized simply by looking at the dots (marks) attached to them.
Following are the letters which can be identified with dots or no-dots.
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LESSON 3
JOINING TWO OR MORE URDU LETTERS
dae yaa AiZak hfae|> kae jaaeD[naa_
It is important for English and Hindi knowing people to understand how the letters are truncated or
symbolozed when two, three or more letters come together. I hope you have learned previous lessons
well and you are able to read individual Urdu letters easily, if not, please go back to lesson 1.
LESSON 3.0
THE 39 URDU CHARACTERS
Nasta@]l&q Style : The 39 Urdu Characters
Naskh Style : 39 Urdu Characters
In order to understand Urdu clearly and easily, consideration of the following Three things (ppp) is
essential. (A) Character Properties; (B) Character Positions and (C) the Connector Points.
(= )
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ii. No dots :
) ( ) ( )( )( (( )( (( ) ( ((
(b) Again, unique for the Language originated from Sanskrit, Urdu is not only written Right to Left, but
the Nasta@]l&q words and letters can be stacked and compacted, vertically and/or diagonally. e.g.
Mountain pass),
nature),
(jahma, Hell),
(zar, House),
(mauhmmad, Muhammad),
(Sa>jar, Daggar),
(bacapana, Childhood),
(hnaIf[I, Religious),
(iksaIsae, To someone),
(f[ja,
(ihjjaIr, Ones
(bataS[a, Duck),
(paICe, Behind),
(s&n is written in Starting shape, be in Middle position and qa@f in End shape)
NOTE : Urdu words can start from 37 of the 39 characters shown above. Their Starting shapes are :
Nasta@]l&q style : 37 Urdu Characters in Starting position
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LESSON
The 1st letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet :
3.1
Hindi
A)
Nasta@]l&q style :
Stand Alone
End Position
Middle Position
a
Starting Positoin
Naskh style :
Stand Alone
End Position
Middle Position
a
Starting Positoin
TIP 7 : (i) No letter is connected on the LEFT SIDE of the Letter AiLaf[ alif (A a ).
(ii) alif can be connected to the letter on its right side only. Therefore, in the Middle
position and in End position, the shape of alif remains same.
Examples : Urdu@ alif
( Naskh
( )Hindi A English a )
(for the letters be and pe, please see Lessons 3.1 and 3.2 or the Back Cover of the book)
(i) Letter alif in Stand-alone position ( )
(ii) Letter alif in Starting position ( ) : Aba ab (now) = Right to Left $ ba b + A a = + =
+ =+
+=
position is attached to be, but it is detached from pe. Letter pe is written detached from alif, in Standalone shape). See TIP 5
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+ ba b + a A
+ ba b
+ aA
= aA
alif [ is written in End shape, which is same as its Middle position shape). See TIP 4
NOTE : When the AiLaf[ alif (A a ) comes after the Urdu@ letters dal () , d<al ( ), jal (
ade () , jhe (
) , re () ,
NOTE : PLEASE DO NOT GO TO NEXT LESSONS , WITHOUT DOING CURRENT LESSON PROPERLY.
LESSON
The 2nd letter of the Urdu@ Alphabet :
3.2
be bae
(English b
ih>dI
ba)
Nasta@]l&q style :
b
Stand Alone
End Position
Middle Position
Starting Positoin
Naskh style :
b
Stand Alone
End Position
Middle Position
Starting Positoin
group of the five letters that can easily be identified by looking at their dots (nukte).
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) (Hindi ba English b )
(Naskh
(for letters s and q please see Lessons 3.18 and 3.27 or see the back cover of the book)
(i) Letter be in Stand-alone position ()
(ii) Letter be in Starting position () : e.g. basa bas (Enough!) = Right to Left $ sa s + ba b =
= + =
(Naskh
(iii) Letter be in Middle position () : e.g. sabak[ sabaq (Lesson) = Right to Left $k[ q + ba b + sa s =
++ = + +=
(Naskh
= + =
(Naskh
shape).
EXERCISE :
1. Read the following Urdu@ words and write them several times (Nasta@]l&q or Naskh) :
(Nasta@]l&q)
(Naskh)
3.3
pe pae ( English p
Nasta@]l&q style :
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ih>dI
pa)
Stand Alone
End Position
Middle Position
Starting Positoin
Naskh style :
Stand Alone
End Position
Middle Position
Examples : Letter pe (
(Naskh
) Urdu@ pe
Starting Positoin
) ( Hindi pa English p )
for letters re and che please see Lessons 3.14 and 3.3, or see the back cover of the book
(i) Letter pe in Stand-alone position ()
(ii) Letter pe in Starting position () : e.g. par par (Wing) Right to Left $ r r + pa p =
+=
(Naskh
(iii) Letter pe in Middle position () : e.g. capata chapat (a slap) Right to Left $ t ta + p pa + ch ca =
+ +
= + + =
(Naskh
+ = +
(Naskh
in End shape.
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Sa kha, za gha, C chha, Ja jha, # t>ha, $ d<ha, $[ d<ha, Ya tha, Za dha, f pha, Ba
Hind&
Urdu@
bha
e.g.
Sa
za
Ja
jha = j&m
+ do chashm& he
t>ha = t>e
+ do chashm& he
d<ha = da@l
+ do chashm& he
$[
Ya
tha = te
+ do chashm& he
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Za
pha = pe + do chashm& he
Ba
bha
= be + do chashm& he
PLEASE DO NOT ADVANCE TO NEXT LESSON , WITHOUT DOING PREVIOUS LESSONS PROPERLY.
LESSON
The 37th letter :
3.37
Nasta@]l&q style :
Stand Alone
End Position
Middle Position
Starting Positoin
Naskh style :
i
Stand Alone
End Position
Middle Position
Starting Positoin
NOTE : This is the first ya y type of sound (see : baD[I yae bad[& ye 3.38)
NOTES :
(1) chhot>& ye is sometimes used as consonant ya y when comes as initial character, but mostly used as
vowel } or }| i or & when it comes after a consonant.
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(2) In itial position in a sentence, letter } i is written as a slante line (zer) drawn under the letter alif.
e.g. }Zar idhar (On this side) ) (
(3) In itial and Middle positions, chhot>& ye is recognized by the conspicuous two dots under the letter.
e.g. }|d &d
Examples : ya, } y, i
: Urdu@ chhot>& ye
(Naskh
= + =
(nask
(iii) Letter chhot>& ye in Middle position () : e.g. taIna t&n (Three) Right to Left $ na n + }| & + ta t
= +
= + + =
(nask
= +
(nask
EXERCISE :
1. Read the following Urdu@ words and write them several times (Nasta@]l&q or Naskh) :
(Nasta@]l&q)
(Naskh)
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LESSON
The 38th letter of the Urdu@ alphabet :
3.38
Nasta@]l&q style :
e
Stand Alone
End Position
Middle Position
Starting Positoin
Naskh style :
Stand Alone
End Position
Middle Position
Starting Positoin
NOTE : This is the first ya y type of sound (see : Cae@I yae chhot>& ye 3.37)
NOTES :
TIP 7 : Similar to the chhot>& ye, bad<& ye is also used as vowel ] e when comes after another vowel or
a consonant. eg. (i) yaa ya@ (chhot>& ye + alif)
(ii) saI s& (s&n + chhot>& ye)
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jyae zhe (
side. Therefore, in starting position, it is written as a Stand alone letter. e.g. maera mera@
(m&m
+ bad<& ye + re + alif)
TIP 9 : In Middle positions, sometimes chhot>& ye is used in place of the bad<& ye. and then it is easily
recognized by the conspicuous two dots under the letter.
e.g. (1) baeksa bekas
(alif + chhot>& ye +
ka@f)
TIP 10 : bad<& ye is mostly used for Masculine words and chhot>& ye for Feminine words.
Examples : ya, } y, i
: Urdu@ bad<& ye
(Naskh
( ) ih>dI ] English e )
= + + + a =
(nask
k + ] e + ba b = + +
+ = + + +
(nask
(be is in Starting shape, bad<& ye and ka@f are in Middle position and s&n is in End position).
(iv) Letter bad<& ye in End position () : e.g. Lae le (Take!) Right to Left $ ] e + La l =
= +
(nask
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position).
EXERCISE :
1. Read the following Urdu@ words and write them several times (Nasta@]l&q or Naskh) :
(Nasta@]l&q)
(Naskh)
LESSON 4
WRITING HINDI AND ENGLISH VOWELS IN URDU
ih>dI ]va> A>gaRej[aI svarae> kae qdU| mae> iLaSanaa_
(1) A (a) :
For producing the sound of Short vowel a, as the first A in the English word America AmaerIka,
or Hindi word Aba ab, please see Urdu@ letter alif in Section 3.1 above. eg. AmarIka amrika@
(America)
(i) To write the Long vowel a@ (Aa) sound at the begining of a word, like Aa a@ in the word Aaga a@g
(Fire), write the letter alif and put a tilde like sign ( ~ ) above to make it look like
(Fire)
(Naskh )
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(ii) The Long a@ sound within or at the end of the word : like Aa a@ in the the word maataa ma@ta@
LESSON 5
URDU DIACRITICAL ACCENT MARKS
maa%aa]> (]raba)
(1) Zabar j[abar
( Naskh ) :
e.g.
...etc.
French acute accent. Appearing initially, Zabar should be placed over letter alif.
It ipmarts a plain sound (like A a ) to the consonant below it.
e.g.
= (A + A, a + a)
= (ba` + A, b + a)
= (pa` + A, p +
a)
= } i,
(Naskh
...etc.
...etc.
e.g.
e.g.
):
(Naskh
(Naskh
= q u,
= bau bu, (ba` + q, b + u),
= pau pi, (pa` + q, p + u)
) : e.g.
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Am hU hu@ ) (
Is hE hai (
We hma ham ) (
To us hmae> hame (
To him qsakae us ko ) ( ,
I maE>nae mai ne (
To them qnakae un ko ) (
He-She qsanae us ne (
)
)
My maerI mer& (
To me mauJae mujhe (
My maera mera@ (
)\
Our hmaare
hama@re
In me mauJamae> mujh me (
In you Aapamae> a@p me (
In them qnamae> un me (
)
)
)
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LESSON 6
THE URDU NUMERALS
0 sifr
1 ek
2 do
3 t&n
isaf`r
One book. ek kita@b ]k iktaaba_ (
]k
dae
taIna
)
)
4 cha@r
5 pa@n~ch
6 chhah
7 sa@t
8 a@t>h
9 nau
10 das
caar
paaca
Ch
saata
Aa#
naaE
dsa
EXERCISE 13 :
(1) Read the numbers in Urdu@ :
1 7 9 4 0 3 2 8 5 6
(2) Read the following Urdu numerals :
(3) Read and Write the following Urdu@ numerals :
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LESSON 7
MAKING YOUR OWN URDU SENTENCES
Apanae Aapa qdU| jaumaLae banaanae kI maok_
1 MAKING SIMPLE SENTENCES - about a Present event, with IS (hai hE)
Key words : NOTE, The sign is a nasal tone added to the vowel under that
English
Hindi
Urdu
maE> (mai)
You
Aapa (a@p)
English Hindi
Urdu
am
hU (hu@)
) (
)(
are
hE> (hai)
vah (vah)
)(
is
hE (hai)
This, it
yah (yah)
) (
They
vah (vah)
)(
My
maera (mera@)
your
Aapaka (a@p-ka@)
) (
Our
hmaara (hama@ra@)
(
Subject
)
)
) (
is
are
maE> mai (
He, that
vah vah )(
hE (hai) (
She, that
vah vah )(
hE (hai) (
We
hma ham ) (
hE> (hai) (
You
Aapa a@p )(
hE> (hai) (
You
tauma tum ) (
hae (ho) ) (
You
taU tu@ ) (
hE> (hai) (
They
vah vah )(
hE> (hai) (
These
yah yah ) (
hE> (hai) (
hU (hu@) ) (
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), (
I am a boy
maE> LaDka hU
taU LaDka hE
He is a boy
vah LaDka hE
This is a boy
yah LaDka hE
I am a girl
maE> LaDkI hU
taU LaDkI hE
She is a girl
vah LaDkI hE
This is a girl
yah LaDkI hE
Feminine
)
IMPORTANT NOTE
BECAUSE URDU IS A DAUGHTER OF HINDI LANGUAGE, WITH ITS GRAMMAR INTACT,
ALL HINDI SENTENCES WRITTEN IN URDU SCRIPT ARE URDU SENTENCES.
Popular and difficult English words may also be used in Urdu sentences as if they were Urdu words.
EXERCISE : ) (
Translate the English sentences into Urdu (Answers are given for your help)
1. I am a man. mai a@dam& hu@. maE> AadmaI hU_ (
)
)
)
)
12. Ra@ma is a Tennis player. Ra@m tenn&s khila@d<& hai. rama @einasa iSaLaaDI hE_
(
13. My name is Ratnakar/ mera@ na@m Ratna@kar hai. maera naama rtnaakr hE_ (
)
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(Singular to Plural)
FIRST TRUTH : If the word is Masculine ending in a@ (Aa), the a@ (Aa) changes to e (]) in plural.
eg\ singular m\ Boy LaDka lad<ka@ (
SECOND TRUTH : If the word is Feminine ending in a consonant, then e (]) is added in plural.
eg\ singular f\ Book iktaaba kita@b (
THIRD TRUTH : If the word is Feminine ending in & (}|), the & (}|) changes to iya@ (}yaa) in plural.
e.g. Singular f\ Girl LaDkI lad<k& #
(kutta@)
Dog (m\)
kTaa
Cat (f\)
ibaLLaI (bill&)
Car (f\)
gaaDI
*House (m\)
( )
# Dogs
kTae
ibaiLLayaa (billiya@)
( )
(ga@d<&)
( ) # Cars
gaaiDyaa
(ga@diya@)
) (
zar
(ghar)
# Houses
zar
(ghar)
Thing (f\)
caIja
(ch&j)
( )
# Things
caIjae>
(ch&je)
) (
Cow (f\)
gaaya
(ga@y)
gaa]
(ga@e)
(usta@d)
PLURALS
) # Cows
) # Teachers qstaad
( )
# Cats
(kutte)
We are boys
ye lad<ke hai
We are girls
ye lad<kiya@ hai
EXERCISE : ) (
Translate the English sentences into Urdu (Answers are given for help)
1. We are men. ham a@dam& hai. hma AadmaI hE>_
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)
)
()
(
)
)
10. These are Urdu books. (yah Urdu kita@be hai. yah qdU| iktaabae> hE>) (
11. Those are red cars. (vah la@l ga@diya@ hai. vah LaaLa gaaiDyaa hE>) (
12. Those cars are red. (vah ga@diya@ la@l hai. vah gaaiDyaa LaaLa hE>) (
15. You are American. (a@p Amrican hai. Aapa AmarIkna hE>) (
)
)
) )
Key words: Here = yaha@ yaha) ( , There = vaha@ vaha) ( , Where = kaha@ kha (
Rich =am&r AmaIr ) (, Poor= gar&b g[arIba
(
tak(
(
Subject
I
), Up to = tak
was (m\)
maE> mai (
), Dont =mata(
was (f\)
were (m\)
were (f\)
He
vah vah )(
She
vah vah )(
Yaa tha@ ) (
YaI th&
( )
We
hma ham ) (
Yae the
( )
YaI> th&(
You
Aapa a@p )(
Yae the
( )
YaI> th&(
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You
tauma tum ) (
You
taU tu@ ) (
Yae the
( )
YaI th&
YaI> th&(
Yaa tha@ ) (
( )
They
vah vah )(
Yae the
( )
YaI> th&(
These
yah yah ) (
Yae the
( )
YaI> th&(
), (
(ii) Ending a@ (Aa) stands for masculine gender, singular subject (I, you, he)
(iv) Ending & (}|) shows a feminine singular subject (I, she)
(v) Ending e (]>) stands for masculine plural subject (we, you, they)
(vi) Ending letter & (}|>) stands for feminine plural subject (we, you, they)
* In Urdu and Hindi there is no Neuter gender, all English Neuter things are Masculine or Feminine.
Masculine :
I was
maE> Yaa
mai tha@
We were
hma Yae
ham the
You were
Aapa Yae
a@p the
He was here
) (
* It was here
I was poor
He was rich
I was
maE> YaI
mai th&
We were
hma YaI>
ham th&
)
)
Feminine :
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)
)
You were
Aapa YaI>
a@p th&
* It was here
I was poor
)
)
)
)
)
)
see - Table 3
2. I am doing
(you are doing; he, she, it is doing; we, they are doing)
3. I was doing
(you were doing; he, she, it was doing; they were doing) Table 5
(you had done; he, she, it had done; we, they had done)
Table 6
6. I used to do
(you used to do; he, she, it used to do; they used to do)
Table 7
Table 4
) TABLE 3 : Making sentences with - I do; you do; he, she, it does; we do; they do.
Doer of the action
Subject
drink
Verb Masculine
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Verb Feminine
Present tense
maE> mai (
I drink
paItaa p&ta@ (
paItaI p&t& (
hU hu@ (
)
He drinks
vah vah )(
She drinks
vah vah )(
We drink
hma ham ) (
paItae p&te (
You drink
Aapa a@p )(
You drink
paItaa p&ta@ (
hE (hai) (
paItaI p&t& (
hE (hai) (
paItae p&te (
hE> (hai) (
paItae p&te (
paItae p&te (
hE> (hai) (
tauma tum ) (
paItae p&te (
paItaI p&t& (
hae (ho) ) (
You drink
taU tu@ ) (
paItaa p&ta@ (
paItaI p&t& (
hE (hai) (
They drink
vah vah )(
paItae p&te (
paItae p&te (
hE> (hai) (
EXERCISE : ) ( 1. Present
)
)
Habitual mode
Translate the English sentences into Urdu (Answers are given for help)
1. I drink tea. mai cha@y p&ta@ (p&t&) hu@ maE> caaya paItaa (paItaI) hU (
You drink tea. a@p cha@y p&te hai. Aapa caaya paItae hE>_ (
He drinks tea. vah cha@y p&ta@ hai. vah caaya paItaa hE_ (
2. She eats hot Samosa@s vah garam samose khat& hai vah garma samaaesae SaataI hE
They drink hot tea. vah garam cha@y p&te hai. vah garma caaya paItae hE>_ (
)
3. They eat bananas. vah kele kha@te hai. vah kLae Saatae hE>_ (
4. She sleeps at 10 O Clock. vah das baje sot& hai vah dsa bajae saaetaI hE (
)
5. You write books. a@p kita@be likhte hai. Aapa iktaaba iLaSatae hE>_ (
)
6. He goes home. vah ghar ja@ta@ hai. vah zar jaataa hE_ (
(
) TABLE 4 : Use of, I am doing; you are doing; he, she is doing; we are doing; they are
doing
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I am drinking etc.
maE> mai (
hU hu@ (
)
He
vah vah )(
She
vah vah )(
hE (hai) (
hE (hai) (
hE> (hai) (
hE> (hai) (
)
hma ham ) (
We
)
You
Aapa a@p )(
)
You
tauma tum ) (
)
You
taU tu@ ) (
hae (ho) ) (
hE (hai) (
hE> (hai) (
)
They vah vah )(
* NOTE : Generally, Masculine Plural verb is used for Feminine Plural verb also.
EXERCISE : ) (
Translate the Hind& sentences into English (Answers are given for help)
Key Words :
);
1.Anjal& is coming at two O Clock. an~jal& do baje a@ rah& hai. A>jaLaI dae bajae Aa rhI hE_
(
)
2. They are not working today. vah a@j ka@m nah& kar rahe hai. vah Aaja kama nahI> kr rhe hE>_
(
)
3. Yesterday she was eating two Roties. Vah kal do rot>iya@ kha@ rah& th&. vah kLa dae raei@yaa Saa rhI YaI_
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4. What Ahmad Ali was saying yesterday? Ahmad Ali kal kya@ kah raha@ tha@. Ahmad ALaI kLa Kyaa kh
rha Yaa? (
)
5. M&ra@ was singing Urdu songs. (song = ga@na@) m&ra@ Urdu ga@ne ga@ rah& th&. maIra qdU| gaanae gaa rhI YaI_
(
6. Ra@dha@ wants a cup of tea. Ra@dha@ ek kap cha@y cha@hat& hai. raZaa ]k kpa caaya caahtaI hE_
(
7. R&ta@ is now going home. R&ta@ ab ghar ja@ rah& hai. rItaa Aba zar jaa rhI hE_
(
)
8. N&ta@ can run 10 km. N&ta@ das kilo-mitar bha@g sakt& hai. naItaa dsa ikLaae-ima@r Baaga saktaI hE_
(
)
9. You can not walk even one km. a@p ek km.bh& nah& chal sakte hai. Aapa ]k ik.maI. BaI nahI> caLa saktae_
(
)
10. Yesterday a house was burning. kal ek ghar jal raha@ tha@. kLa ]k zar jaLa rha Yaa_
(
)
11. Gopa@l has already fried the Samosa@@/. Gopa@l samose tal chuka@ hai. gaaepaaLa samaaesae taLa cauka hE_
(
)
12. Mona@ had already brought the books. Mona@ kita@be la@ chuk& th&. maaenaa iktaabae> Laa caukI YaI_
(
)
13. Masood Nabi reads at 7 O Clock. Masu@d nab& sa@t baje pad<hta@ hai. masaUd nabaI saata bajae pa$taa hE_
(
)
14. I used to drink only coffee, now I drink tea also. mai ka@f& h& p&ta@ tha@, ab mai cha@y bh& p&ta@ hu@. maE>
kafI hI paItaa Yaa, Aba maE> caaya BaI paItaa hU_
(
)
15. They had already played Chess. vah shatranj khel chuke the. vah oatar>ja SaeLa cauk Yae_
) TABLE 8 : Future actions : I will do, I will eat, I will go, ...etc.
drink
Subject
I will drink
maE> mai (
paIQ{gaa p&u@nga@
paIQ{gaI p&u@ng& (
( )
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He will drink
vah vah )(
vah vah )(
We will drink
hma ham ) (
]gaa p&ega@ (
paI]{gae p&enge
(
Aapa a@p )(
paI]gaI p&eg& (
paI]{gae p&enge (
paI]{gae p&enge (
paI]{gae p&enge
(
tauma tum ) (
paIAaegae p&oge (
taU tu@ ) (
]gaa p&ega@ (
vah vah )(
paI]{gae p&enge
(
paIAaegaI p&og& (
paI]gaI p&eg& (
paI]{gae p&enge (
*NOTE : Generally, masculine plural forms for feminine plural tenses also.
EXERCISE : ) ( Future
Events
Translate the English sentences into Hind& (Answers are given for help)
1. I will eat a mango. mai ek a@m kha@u@n[ga@ (kha@u@n[g&). maE ]k Aama> SaaQgaa (SaaQgaI)_
2. You will bring the money. a@p paise la@en[ge. Aapa paEsae Laa]gae_ (
3. He (she) will wash clothes tomorrow. vah kal kapd<e dhoega@ (dhoeg&). vah kLa kpaD[e Zaae]gaa (ZaaegaI)_
4. We will write two ham do khat likhenge. hma dae Sata iLaSae>gae_ (
5. Will they drink wine? vah shara@b p&en[ge kya@? vah oaraba paI]gae Kyaa?
(
) , (
6. What will they ask? vah kya@ pu@chhen[ge? vah Kyaa paUCe>gae? (
Whem kya@ (Kyaa) comes at the beginning or at the end of a sentence, kya@
(Kyaa) = a question mark (?). But, when kya@ (Kyaa) comes anywhere in the
sentence, then this kya@ (Kyaa) = what?
See examples 5 and 6 above.
EXERCISE : ) (
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Translate the Hind& sentences into English (Answers are given for help)
Key Words :
);
1. Neil will come home at two O Clock. Neil do baje ghar a@ega@. naILa dae bajae zar Aa]gaa_
(
)
2. Ra@n& will not work today. Ra@n& a@j ka@m nah& kareg&. ranaI Aaja kama nahI> kregaI_
(
)
3. Yesterday N&ra@ was sewing a scarf. kal N&ra@ dupt>t>a@ s& rah& th&. kLa naIra dupa@`@a saI rhI YaI_
(
)
4. What should Vijay say to Amir? Vijay kya@ kahe? ivajaya Kyaa khe? (
5. What will M&na@ say tommorrow to Razia? M&na@ raziya@ ko kal kya@ kaheg&? maInaa rij[ayaa kae kLa Kyaa
khegaI? (
)
6. Ra@ja@ will go to the farmers field sometime. Ra@ja@ kisa@n ke khet me kabh& ja@yega@. rajaa iksaana k Saeta
mae> kBaI jaa]gaa_ (
)
7. Will (should) R&kk& go home now? R&kk& ab ghar ja@ega@ kya@? rIKkI Aba zar jaa]gaa Kyaa?
(
)
8. Where will N&ru@ keep the Urdu books? N&ru@ Urdu@ kita@ne kha rakhegi? naIW qdU| iktaabae> kha{ rSaegaI?
(
)
9. What will David write in the examination today? David aj imteha@n me kya@ likhega@? DeivaD Aaja
}mtaehana mae> Kyaa iLaSaegaa? (
)
10. What was burning yesterday? kal kya@ jal raha@ tha@. kLa Kyaa jaLa rha Yaa_ (
)
11. Raju had already washed the pots. ra@ju@ batran dho chuka@ tha@. gaaeiva>d bartana Zaae cauka Yaa_
(
)
12. Mohan will not sleep here today. Mohan a@j yaha@ nah& soyega@. maaehna Aaja yaha nahI> saae]gaa_
(
)
17. Somebody was here. ko& yaha@ tha@@. yaha kae}| Yaa_ (
18. Was anyone here? ko& yaha@ tha@ kya@ ? kae}| yaha Yaa Kyaa? (
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LESSON 8
MAKING YOUR OWN SENTENCES FOR COMPLETED ACTIONS
A perfected or completed action indicates what you did, have done or had done.
(i) suffix (m\) a@ (Aa) or (f\) & (}|) is attached to the verb that ends in a consonant or a short vowel.
eg\ verb chal caLa (to walk) # walked chal + a@ = chala@; I walked m\ mai chala@, f\ mai chal&.
caLa + Aa = caLaa, (m\) maE> caLaa, (f\) maE> caLaI_ = + (
= +
(ii) suffix ya@ (y + a@) yaa or y& (y + &) yaI is attached to the verb that ends in a long vowel such as a@, &
or o (Aa, }|, Aae). eg\ verb so saae (sleep) # (slept) m\ so + y + a@ = soya@, I slept m\ mai soya@, f\
mai soy&.
(iii) If a completed action is Transitive, suffix ne (nae) is attached to the subject. verb kha@ Saa (eat) #
(ate) kha@ + ya@ = kha@ya@, (I ate) maine kha@ya@. Saa + yaa = Saayaa, maE>nae Saayaa_ (
p& paI (drink) # (drank) p& + ya@ = p&ya@, (I drank) maine p&ya@. paIyaa, maE>nae paIyaa_ (
(iv) When suffix ne (nae) is attached to a subject, the verb changes according to the Object (the thing
on which the action is done). Now the Subject has no effect on the verb. eg\ m\ and f\ subject #
1. I ate a banana. mai ne kela@ kha@ya@ maE>nae kLaa Saayaa (
);
);
);
).
(Perfect tense)
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LESSON 12
GENERAL KNOWLEDGE AND VOCABULARY
12.1 ANIMALS, Domastic (
Buffalo BaE>sa
bhains
Bull
saa>D
sa@nd>
Camel
Q{@
u@nt>
Cow
gaaya
ga@y
Donkey gaZaa
gadha@
ghod>a@
Calf
baCD[a bachad>a@
Cat
ibaLLaI bill&
) (
Dog
kTaa
kutta@
Goat
bakrI
bakr&
) (
Horse
zaaeD[a
Mouse
caUha
chu@ha@
) (
Mule
Saccar khacchar (
Ox
baELa
bail
Pony
@@`@U
t>at>t>u
) (
Ram
mae>$a
mend>ha@
( )
Pig
Bear
BaaLaU
bha@lu@
Deer
ihrna
hiran
) (
Fish
maCLaI machhl&
Jackal
isayaar
) (
chitta@
Rhino
gend>a@
Stag
Turtle
gaIdD[ g&dad>
Lion
oaer
Monkey ba>dr
)
)
icamagaadD[ chimga@dad>
) (
) (
sher
bandar
) (
Tiger
sher
oaer
BaeiDyaa bhediya@
12.3 BIRDS (
Bat
Wolf
baarhisa>gaa ba@rahsinga@@ (
kCuAa kachhua@
Jackal
)
)
Duck
bataSa
batakh
) (
Eagle
caILa
ch&l
Hawk
baaj[a
ba@z
) (
Hen
maugaI|
murg&
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ha@th&
Elephant haYaI
)
kkD[a kekd[a@
Crab
Panther icaTaa
gae>Da
bhed>
BaeD[
siya@r
) (
su@ar
saUAr
LESSON 14
URDU LITERATURE
The
notable
Urdu
literary
activity
begins
with
the
Su@f&
mystic
) , Born at Badaun, he flourished during the reign of Sultan Ghiasud-d&n Balban (r. 1266-1287). Following Khusraus Urdu Diwa@n,
Ghazal, Masnavi, Qata, Qqwwa@l&, Rubai, Do-Beti and Tarkibhand
writings, the next Urdu literary milestone is the Doha@ compositions
of Sant Kabir (1440-1518). Then the chronology of the Urdy poetry
contunues through our great Muslim as well as Hindu forefathers
manely, Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah (1565-1611), Wali Muhammad Wali,
Deccani (1667-1707), Mirza Mazhar Jan-e-Janaan (1699-1781), Mirza
Mohammed Rafi Sauda (1713-1781), Khwaja Mir Dard, (1721-1785), Mir
Taqi Mir (1722-1808), Nazeer Akbarabadi, (1740-1830), Daya Shankar
Kaul Nasim, (1811-1845), Khwaja Haidar Ali Atish, (1778-1846), Hakim
Momin Khan Momin, (1801-1852), Muhammad Ibrahim Khan, Zauq (17891854), Bahadur Shah Zafar (1775-1862), Mufti Sadr-Uddin Azurda (17881869), Mirza Ghalib (1797-1869), Mir Babbar Ali Anis (1803-1874),
Mirza Salaamat Ali Dabeer (1803-1875), Wajid Ali Shah Akhtar (18271887), Amir Meenai (1826-1900), Nawab Mirza Khan Dagh Dehlawi, (18311905), Durga Sahay Saroor (1873-1910), Bekhud Badayuni (1857-1912),
Altaf Hussain
(1837-1914), Khwaja Altaf Hussain Hali (1837-1914),
Shibli Nomani (1857-1914), Maulana Shibli Numani (1857-1914), Akbar
Allahabadi (1846-1921), Brij Narayan Chakbast (1882-1926), Ram
Parshad Bismil (1867-1927), Ashfaq Allah Khan (1900-1927), Muhammed
Ali Jauhar (1878-1931), Munshi Premchand (1880-1936), Muhammed Iqbal
(1873-1938), Akhtar Sheerani (1905-1948), Hasrat Mohani (1875-1951),
Syed Ghulam Bhik Nairang (1875-1952), Asrar-Ul-Haq Majaz (1911-1955),
Maulana Zafar Ali Khan (1873-1956), Jigar Muradabadi, (1890-1960),
Tilok Chand Mehroom (1885-1966), Shakeb Jalali (1932-1966), Makhdoom
Mahiuddin (1908-1969), Shakeel Badayuni (1916-1970), Mustafa Zaidi
(1930-1970), Nasir Kazmi, (1925-1972), Ravish Siddiqui (1909-1971),
Majeed Amjad (1914-1974), Noon Meem Rashid (1910-1975), Jan Nisar
Akhtar (1914-1976), Krishan Chander (1914-1977), Saeeda Urooj Mazhar,
(1916-1978), Ibn-e-Insha, (1927-1978), Sahir Ludhianvi, (1921-1980),
Nushoor Wahidi (1911-1981), Firaq Gorakhpuri, Raghupati Sahay (18961982), Shabir Hasan Josh Malihabadi (1898-1982), Hafeez Jullundhry
(1900-1982), Saghir Nizami (1905-1982), Ihsan Danish (1914-1982),
Josh Malihabadi, (1898-1982), Faiz Ahmed Faiz (1911-1984), Ayyub
Sabir (1923-1989), Yazdani Jalandhari (1915-1990), Gopal Mittal
(1906-1993), Habib Jalib (1928-1993), Waheed Akhtar (1934-1996),
Obaidullah Aleem (1939-1997), Dilawar Figar (1928-1998), Zamir Jafri,
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