ASSESSMENT OF LEAD (Pb) IN SAND DEPOSIT ALONG BUS RAPID TRANSIT (BRT) LANE IN IKORODU ROAD, LAGOS Oyedeji,

O. A*., Moshood, S. T., Afolabi, S. O., Odedairo, O. O. and Adejumo, S. A Department of Science Laboratory Technology, The Federal Polytechnic, Ilaro Ogun State Nigeria Abstract Road dust (sand) is considered an important source of lead (Pb) contamination in the environment, this study assessed the concentration of Pb in sand deposit along bus rapid transit (brt) lane in Ikorodu road, Lagos Nigeria. A total of 169 samples were collected between July and September, 2010 from all the bus stops along the lane (Ketu - TBS). The concentration of Pb in all the samples were determined and their contamination levels were assessed by using geoaccumulation index (Igeo), enrichment factor (EF) and contamination factor (CF). Of all the bus stops, New-Garage consistently had the highest concentration of Pb (128.462g/g) with Igeo, EF and CF of 1.0, 4.52 and 2.99, respectively. The least concentration of Pb was found in samples collected at Fadeyi and Barracks (20.036.59g/g and 20.5313.43g/g) with Igeo, EF and CF of 0.99, 3.64 and 2.99 for Fadeyi while Barracks had 1.0, 2.17 and 3.0 respectively. The stem and leaf plot showed that the mean concentration for the various bus stops concentrated around 20g/g with the median been 31g/g. The values suggested that all the bus stops were moderately contaminated with Pb and also minimally enriched. Key words: Lead, Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), Lagos, Contamination factor, Enrichment factor, Geoaccumulation index *Corresponding authors e-mail: abdulrasaq2008@ yahoo.com

INTRODUCTION Soils are usually regarded as the ultimate sink for heavy metals discharged into the environment 1, road dust is one of the major nonpoint sources of pollution in urban areas. Its sources include pavements, paint materials, leakage of fuel, tyre debris, brake-lining debris, exhaust particles, and vehicle components. Previous studies have shown that road dust contains high concentrations of various toxic substances such as heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and perfluorinated surfactants (PFSs)2, 3, 4. Contaminated road dust containing heavy metals can be accumulated in human body via direct inhalation, ingestion and dermal contact absorption5. Road dusts and gully sediments are useful indicators of the level and distribution of heavy metal contamination in the surface environment. The relative ease of sampling of these deposits has led to their increasing utilization in research on urban environmental quality in the past two decades. Elevated concentrations of heavy metals are universal in urban environments as a result of a

wide range of anthropogenic activities, including municipal, industrial, agricultural, residential, and trafficrelated uses. Heavy metals are non-degradable and their accumulation not only contaminates the surface environment but also contributes to air pollution, as they may become airborne and eventually enter the drainage system to affect aquatic ecosystems. As the urban environment is becoming an increasingly dominant habitat for humans, the level and variety of these contaminants are increasing exponentially, demanding a better understanding of their sources, transport, and transformation processes. This is a particularly urgent task for regions undergoing rapid industrial development6. Lead-emitting sources are similar to those for other metals7 and it is probably the most ubiquitous in the urban environment because of the extensive use of lead tetraethyl as a gasoline additive8, since the early years of the 20 century until 2005 when this compound was prohibited and the unleaded petroleum introduced. Street dust has been identified as a potential source of lead exposure to humans, both through direct inhalation and from ingestion, particularly to children9, 10, and has been reported in soils from roads of major cities of the world 11, 12, 13,14 .The bioavailability of lead released into the environment had also been reported in plants and humans 15. The main objective of this study was to determine the concentration of Pb in sand deposit along bus rapid transit (brt) lane in Ikorodu and to assess their levels of contamination. The road dust contamination was assessed using various indices, including index of geoaccumulation (Igeo), enrichment factor (EF), and contamination factor (CF) (degree of contamination). 1.1. Index of geoaccumulation The index of geoaccumulation (Igeo) enables the assessment of contamination by comparing current and preindustrial concentrations. Originally used with bottom sediments, it can also be applied to the assessment of soil contamination. It is computed using the following equation:

Igeo=log2Cn1.5Bn
(1)

where Cn is the measured concentration of the element n in the pelitic sediment fraction ( < 2 m) and Bn is the geochemical background value in fossil argillaceous sediment (average shale). The constant 1.5 allows us to analyse natural fluctuations in the content of a given substance in the environment and very small anthropogenic influences16, 17. Muller (1981)18distinguished six classes of the geoaccumulation as shown in table 1. Table 1. The Igeo classes with respect to soil quality.

Igeo Class 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Igeo Value

Designation of soil quality Practically uncontaminated uncontaminated to moderately contaminated moderately contaminated moderately to heavily contaminated heavily contaminated heavily to extremely contaminated extremely contaminated

0 0<Igeo <1 1< Igeo <2 2< Igeo <3 3< Igeo <4 4< Igeo <5 5< Igeo

Class 6 is an open class and comprises all values of the geoaccumulation index higher than class 5. 1.2. Enrichment factor (EF) Assessment of metal and level of contamination in soils require preanthropogenic knowledge of metal concentrations to act as pristine values. A number of different enrichment calculation methods and different reference material have been reported 1,16, 17, 18. In this paper, the degree of anthropogenic pollution was established by adapting enrichment factor ratios (EF) used by Sutherland et al20. (2000), as follows:

EF=CmSample( Median Cm Background+2 X MAD Cm Background )

(2)

Where, Cm Sample is the concentration of a given metal along the roadside. Median Cm Background is median concentration of an element in the background soil sample and MAD Cm Background is the median absolute deviation from median, defined as:

MAD = median (Xi- median j (Xi))

(3)

Enrichment factor categories for Equation 2 are outlined as follows: EF < 2: Deficiently to minimal enrichment 2 EF < 5: Moderate enrichment 5 EF < 20: Significant enrichment 20 EF < 40: Very high enrichment EF 40: Extremely high enrichment 1.3 Contamination factor (CF) The level of contamination of soil by metal is expressed in terms of a contamination factor (CF) calculated as:

CF= CmSample(CmBackground)
(4) where the contamination factor CF < 1 refers to low contamination;1 CF < 3 means moderate contamination; 3 CF 6 indicates considerable contamination and CF > 6 indicates very high contamination. Statistical analysis The stem and leaf diagram was used to show the region around which the values obtained were concentrated. One way analysis of variance was used to test for significant difference between the means of values for the different locations and box plots were also used to test the distribution and possibly detect outliers.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Study area. The Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) is a roadway-based system that looks and behaves like a subway, offering high capacity rapid transit services but on dedicated lanes or city streets whose corridor is about 22 kilometres in length. The first phase of the Lagos BRT that run from Mile 12 through Ikorodu Road and Funsho Williams Avenue up to CMS started operation by November 2007 and carry up to 10,000 passengers per direction per hour during peak travel hours. The BRT route is shown in yellow line in figure 1.Figure1.Map of bus rapid transit network

Figure 1. Map of bus rapid transit network in Lagos

2. Sampling strategy and sample processing method The soil samples were collected once a week by sweeping an area of about 1m2 from road surface at bus shelters along brt corridors (Ketu-TBS) using a clean plastic dustpan and brushes for each sampling site . A total 169 soil samples were collected between July and September 2010 (twelve weeks). The soil samples were air dried in the laboratory and then sieved through a <2 mm sieve. The sieved soil samples were digested with a mixture HNO3 and HCl (1:3). Finally, the total concentrations of Pb were determined by FAAS. These sample processing methods and analytical tools are all acceptable.

Results and Discussion Table 2. The meanSD concentration of lead (Pb) in over the three month period across all the bus shelters

MONHT S JULY

WKS 1

A 38.36.8

B 99.33.2

C 1256.9

D 29.52.7

6526.8

128.728. 9

154.550 .4

40.313. 99

98.35.1

201.175 9.6

392.527 .6

39.334. 3

E 3 3 . 8 3 2 . 3 4 1 . 1 7 3 . 0 3 2 . 6 7 3 . 9 3 5 . 8 9 3 . 0 7 1 9 . 1 7 2 . 0

F 22.32 .0

G 22.673.9

I 59.938.42

J 35.507. 2

K 32.836. 28

M 387.50

O 53.710

41.51 .9

33.54.8

14.673.36

11.332. 81

2.170.5 3

41.86.2

22.52.5

11.83 0.52

253.1

607.24

20.62

13.171. 25

31.55.5

30.210

67.212 .9

143.063 0.58

22428. 3

36.387 .0

25.22 1.47

27.063.93

35.506.34

16.283 .54

16.062 .69

37.16.4

35.57.7

AUGUS T

92.216. 6

55.176.5

32.02.0

23.774. 0

16.83 4.37

29.831.9

19.672.81

19.171. 25

15.672. 86

39.04.8

36.32.8

61.811. 3

5711.69

117.312 .0

101.323 .5

10.04.9 2

36.1732. 4

76.255. 0

64.1710 .68

12240

88.320.5

113.333 5

103.671 2.2

95.837. 3

75.8339. 12

68.6714 .2

90.6731 .72

2 0 . 5 2 . 0 2 2 0 . 3 3 2 . 5 1 2 . 8 3 2 . 8 1 8 . 5 0 1 . 9 1 8 . 2 7 2 . 2 4 9 .

10.67 2.9

17.02.0

13.331.92

20.331. 50

17.55.7 6

24.04.4

30.06.9

26.17 1.9

21.01.41

26.332.83

7.51.78

2.670.0 1

22.51.3

36.86.3

22.17 0.5

32.172.5

22.502.79

17.673. 39

3.831.1 5

18.33.0

35.07.0

22.17 1.51

12.500.5

76.422 .0

62.4922 .04

81.521 3.64

76.701 6.42

19.60 2.24

22.51.66

20.462.59

16.171 .98

9.922. 45

26.23.4

34.55.8

SEPT.

90.3311 .4

110.538. 66

101.827 .8

98.8312 .9

20.83 2.84

5.900.5

4.001.8

0.830.5 3

3.831.1 5

70.88.6

88.531

ii

74.233. 6

75.537.2 5

53.1712 .1

116.836 0.8

55.83.8

71.1733. 67

84.09.5 4

4.00.5

72.121 6.3

97.2235 .5

79.671 6.48

73.222 4.73

6 7 1 . 2 6 7 . 3 3 1 . 4 0 6 . 3 3 1 . 6 0 7 . 7 8 1 . 4 2 2 0 . 2 1 1 1 . 4 5

15.17 0.5

16.500.9

11.672.25

13.51.7 6

27.834. 57

75.215.2

103.812

28.67 2.10

39.01.5

15.51.77

15.51.7 7

32.56.8 7

100.83.9

115.536

21.56 1.81

20.470.97

77.848.40 27.253.56

80.6715 .1 27.634 .8

78.331. 53 35.623 .53

18.23.6 66.37.83

27.09.7 83.722

73.063 1.45

90.8145 .08

119.87 96.9

64.763 9.05

21.67 8.65

23.199.93

29.584.95

20.362 2.16

20.942 2.17

43.6527.07

52.26628

A = KETU B = OJOTA C = NEW GARAGE H = ANTHONY I = ONIPANU J = FADEYI

D = MARYLAND E = PALM GROOVE F = OBANIKORO G = IDIROKO K = BARRACKS L = STADIUM M = LEVENTIS N = CMS O = TBS

In this study, samples collected at location C consistently had the highest concentration of Pb (119.8796.9 g/g ) over the whole period. This could be attributed to the fact that this location and its adjoining areas before now was a dumping site which had been relocated; besides, location C accommodates an important motor park in Lagos apart from brt buses. People engaged in the collection of scrap iron also use this location as their site. These reasons may also be partly responsible for the high concentration (90.8145.08 g/g) obtained at location B because of their proximity but with less effects on location D (64.7639.05g/g) . A careful study of these results also revealed high concentration of Pb at location A (73.0631.45 g/g) which is also an important entry point into Lagos because of its high traffic density and the garages (lorry ) located there. All other locations with low Pb concentrations do not have any major garage apart from the brt shelters; but locations M, N and O also recorded relatively high concentrations because they are all in Lagos Island, the commercial nerve centre of Lagos. The stem and leaf plot 21for the data showed that the means for the various locations concentrated around 20g/g with the median being 31g/g.
Figure 2. The Stem-and -leaf diagram for table 1

Stem-and-leaf of A to O Leaf Unit = 1.0

N = 15

7 (1) 7 5 4 3 2 2 1 1

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

0001379 1 23 2 4 3 0 9

Figure 3. One-Way Analysis of Variance

Analysis of Variance Source DF SS Factor 14 138905 Error 150 195362 Total 164 334267 MS 9922 1302 F 7.62 P 0.000

Level A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O

N 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11

Mean 73.06 90.81 119.87 64.76 20.21 19.22 23.19 31.41 29.58 20.35 20.94 27.31 43.65 42.09 52.66 36.09

Pooled StDev =

Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev St.Dev -+---------+---------+---------+----31.45 (----*-----) 45.08 (-----*----) 96.90 (----*----) 39.05 (----*-----) 11.45 (----*----) 5.83 (-----*----) 9.93 (-----*----) 18.14 (-----*----) 24.47 (----*-----) 22.18 (----*----) 22.32 (----*-----) 24.24 (-----*----) 27.07 (----*----) 31.17 (-----*----) 33.57 (----*-----) -+---------+---------+---------+----0 40 80 120

Using the Duncans Multiple Range Test, it was observed that there was significant difference between the means of the following locations: O and B, O and C, N and B, N and C, M and B, M and C, L and A, L and B, L and C, L and D. K and A, K and B, K and C, K and D, J and A, J ad B, J and C, J and D, I and A, I and B, I and C, I and D, H and A, H and B, H and C, H and D, G and A, G and B, G and C, G and D, F and A, F and B, F and C, F and D, E and A, E and B, E and C and E and D.

Figure 4. Boxplots of mean concentration for the different locations

B p ox lots of A- O
(m a s a in ic te b s lidc le ) e n re d a d y o irc s 40 0

30 0

20 0

10 0

0 M C D H G N A O B E K F L J I

The boxplots showed that the means for eight different locations (fig.4) skewed to the left. Two of the locations gave normal distribution and the other five locations are positively skewed. Outliers were detected at locations B, C, J and K.

Table 4. Assessment values of Pb contamination

A Ige
o

B 1.0 0 2.1 8 2.9 9

C 1.0 0 4.5 2 2.9 9

D 1.0 0 2.3 2 3.0 0

E 1.0 0 1.6 6 3.0 0

F 1.0 0 2.2 9 3.0 0

G 1.0 0 1.7 7 3.0 0

H 1.0 0 1.5 5 3.0 0

I 0.1 4 2.0 4 3.0 0

J 0.9 9 3.6 4 2.9 9

K 1.0 0 2.1 7 3.0 0

L 1.0 0 1.4 9 3.0 0

M 1.0 0 2.2 0 3.0 0

N 1.0 0 2.4 3 3.0 0

O 1.0 0 4.1 0 3.0 0 CF = Contamination

1.0 0 EF 2.7 0 CF 2.9 9

A = KETU B = OJOTA C = NEW GARAGE H = ANTHONY I = ONIPANU J = FADEYI

Igeo = Geoaccumulation Index

D = MARYLAND E = PALM GROOVE F = OBANIKORO G = IDIROKO K = BARRACKS L = STADIUM M = LEVENTIS N = CMS O = TBS

EF = Enrichment factor

factor Geoaccumulation index(Igeo) The calculated geoaccumulation (Igeo) values obtained are presented in Table 4. It is evident from table 4 that the uncontaminated to moderately contaminated Igeo value of 0to 1 was observed at all the locations. Enrichment factor (EF) Enrichment factor for the lead concentration in the sampled locations are presented in Table 4. All the locations are moderately enriched with lead with the exception of locations E, G, H and L that are deficiently to minimally enriched. Contamination factor (CF) Using the contamination factor categories previously described, all the locations suffered moderate contamination

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