ATMOSPHERE CLEANSING PROCESS:

123456Dispersion Gravitational settling Flocculation Absorption (scavenging) Rainout Adsorption

DISPERSION: dispersion of pollutants by wind currents lessen the concentration of pollutants in any one place GRAVITIONAL SETTLING: particles larger than 20 micrometer can be removed from atmosphere; it is also helpful in flocculation FLOCCULATION: particles smaller than .1 micrometer gets settled out, larger particles acts as a receptor for the smaller ones, two particles bump together to form a unit until a small floc is formed, large enough to settle out. ABSORPTION: particulates or gaseous pollutants are collected in rain or mist then settle out with that moisture. It occurs below cloud level. Also called washout or scavenging. This also causes acid rain. RAINOUT: it occurs within clouds which involves precipitation. It occurs when submicron particulates act as condensation nuclei around which water drops may form. ADSORPTION: it occurs primarily in the friction layer of the atmosphere which is closer to the earths surface. It is due to the electrostatic attraction of the surface where the gaseous, liquid or solid contaminants retained. It is effective for particles of size 10 to 15 micrometer.

CONTROL DEVICES FOR PARTICULATE CONTAMINANT:

1- GRAVITATIONAL SETTLING CHAMBER: It uses the same stokes law and similar equations related to settling of particles. This chamber provides enlarged areas to minimize the horizontal velocities and allow time for the vertical velocities to carry the particle to the floor. Velocity for the dirty gas to enter the chamber ranges from .5 to 2.5 m/s. Simple wala main enlarge conduit hota ha us k muqable main baffled wale main horizontal baffles hote hain which shortens the settling path and increase the efficiency. (Like settling basins in water and waste water systems, settling chambers in air pollution control system provide enlarged areas to minimize horizontal velocities and allow time for the vertical velocity to carry the particle to the floor.)

2- CENTRIFUGAL COLLECTOR: Centrifugal collectors employ a centrifugal force instead of gravity to separate particles from the gas stream. Because centrifugal forces can be generated that are several times greater than gravitational forces. There are two general types of centrifugal collectors: Cyclones Dynamic precipitators

Cyclones: A cyclone collector such as in Fig.(10.3) consists of a cylindrical shell, conical base ,dust hoper and inlet where the dust laden gas enters tangentially . Under the influence of the centrifugal force generated by the spinning gas .the solid particles are thrown to the walls of the cyclone as the gas spirals upward at the inside of the cone.

DYNAMIC PRECIPATATOR: Dynamic Precipitators are compact units that impart a centrifugal force to the particulate by the action of rotating vanes, a force about seven times that of a conventional cyclone of the same capacity. As shown in figure (11- 4) which can serve as both an exhaust fan and a dust collector and is widely used in ceramic, pharmaceutical, and wood working industries

3- WET COLLECTORS: Spray tower. Wet cyclone scrubber Venture scrubber Spray towers: Spray towers such as the one shown in figure (11.4) are low cost scrubber that can be used to remove both gaseous and particulate contaminants. Effective for particles of size 10 micrometer. Is ma water spray kiya jata ha jis main particles liquid se collide hokar settle hojate ha.

Fig 11.4 fig 11.6 VENTURI SCRUBBER: Venturi Scrubbers such as the one shown in fig.(11.6) above are most efficient for removing particulate matter in the size range of 0.5 to 5 m, that makes them especially effective for the removal of submicron particulates associated with smoke and fumes. WET CYCLONE SCRUBBER: Is main high pressure nozzles aik fine spray generate krtee hain jo mil jata ha small particles of entrained swirling gases. Pressure ki waja se particulate matters throw hojate hain wall ki taraf aur sump main collect hojate hain. 100 m k lye efficiency 100 percent 5 m-50 m k lye 90-98 percent efficiency milti ha. Removal is the function of liquid flow rate, liquid droplet, particle size.

4- ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR(ESP) : Electrostatic Precipitators can be classified as low voltage two stage units or high voltage single stage units. The electrical charge is imparted to the particulate by passing the particles through a high voltage direct current .The high voltage field ionizes the gas molecules in the air stream, which in turn become attached to the particulate matter and give them the negative charge as shown in figure (11.7) After being charged the negative particles move toward the positive electrodes and are collected there and they can be removed from the collection surface by rapping, or washing

5- FABRIC FILTER (BAGHOUSE FILTERS): Fabric filtration is a common way to separate dry particles from a gas stream. A baghouse is the term used to describe the collection of many fabric filters contained within the same housing. Baghouses are utilized in gas stream or air filtration in industrial and commercial applications. Filter bags tubular yap hr envelop shape k hote hain, .5 m k particles asani se alag krdete hain, while 0.1 m k particles b alag krdeta ha. Ye itne chote b hosakte ha k aik room main ajaen aur itne bade b hosakte hain k industrial buildings k lye b use hosaken. Is ko saaf krna parta ha isse pehle k pressure drop becomes too severe. Ya to intermittent cleaning (shutting down the unit and clean) ya phr continous( they are automatic uses the pulse jets, mechanical shaker to remove dust cakes) methods use kiye jate hain saaf krne k lye.

TYPICAL APPLICATION IS INDUSTRY:

ADVANTAGES: High efficiency for small particles Modular design Low velocity Low pressure drop DISADVANTAGES: Possibility of fire or explosion exists. Space limitations Possibility of rupture