5.1 INTRODUCTION In order to analyze the proposed technique performance, a real distribution feeder of 4 buses it considered.

The data of the test system for the fault resistance estimation and fault analysis is given in section 5.2. Software has been developed using MATLAB for load flow analysis and fault analysis of radial distribution system without DG and with DG. The sample calculations are presented in the section 5.3. The results obtained for the IEEE-13 bus system without and with DG will be compared and presented in section 5.3 and for 37-bus is in section 5.4. finally, he summary of this chapter is presented in section 5.5. 5.2 TEST SYSTEM A 4-bus unbalanced radial distribution system is considered as a test system and shown in Fig. 5.1.

Fig. 5.1 4-bus test system The data for the line segments is as shown in Table 5.1. The load data at various buses for Fig. 5.1.is as shown in Table 5.2. Table 5.1 Data for the line segments Branch No. 1 2 3 Starting node 1 2 3 Ending node 2 3 4 Length(ft) 2000 1000 2500

Table 5.2 Load data for the various buses shown in Fig 5.1.

Bus No. 1 2 3 4

Phase A Real Reactive Power Power (KW) (KVAr) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1800 784.6

Phase B Real Reactive Power Power (KW) (KVAr) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1800 784.6

Phase C Real Reactive Power Power (KW) (KVAr) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1800 784.6

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS For a 4-bus radial distributed system, Total number of buses or nodes n=4. Therefore number of branches br = (n-1) = 3. Let Base MVA=100. Base voltage is given as 12.47 KV (a) Line impedance calculations The impedance matrix is given as,

From the branch data of 4-bus radial distribution system, given in Appendix A2, Impedance matrix Z for branch-1 is obtained by substituting the values of the resistances and reactance of branch-1 in the eqn. (5.1) The per unit impedance can be calculated by using the formula,

Here, units of branch lengths are given in feets and units of resistance and reactance are given in ohms per mile.

To convert the units of resistances and reactance into ohms, there is a need of conversion factors of 1 mile=5280 fts. Therefore the Eqn. (5.2) becomes,

Therefore, the p.u. impedance matrix for branch-1 is obtained as

Similarly the p.u. impedance of all branches can be obtained.

(b) Shunt branch admittance calculations

The shunt branch admittance matrix is given as,

From the branch charging data given in Appendix A2, the admittance matrix for branch-1 is obtained by substituting the values of susceptances of branch-1 in Eqn. (5.4), as follows:

Thus the self admittance of Y(:,:,1) =5.6711 mhos/mile. Therefore the, self admittance of Y(:,:,1) in (p.u) = = 2.1481i*2.1481 = 0.318e-0.005 e-0.005 p.u Similarly the remaining admittances are obtained in p.u values. Therefore the p.u. admittance matrix for branch-1 is obtained as:

y(:,:,1) = 1.0e-005 *

Similarly the p.u admittances of all branches can be obtained.

(c) Calculation of load currents Let the voltages of phases a, b and c be flat voltages. i.e.

Complex power is given as Therefore, The load current of phase a at bus 2 is

Similarly, load currents of all phases for all the buses are obtained as:

(d) Calculation of voltages

The receiving end voltages are obtained by knowing the sending end voltage, current flows through it and line impedance.

The total branch current is the sum of all the currents such as load currents, shunt branch currents and capacitor currents and also DG currents if present. These are already obtained from previous calculations of this section. i.e. The product of

current flows through the line and line impedance gives the voltage drop in that line. From (5.6), the receiving end voltage of phase a at bus 2 can be expressed as

Thus substituting the values we get

= 7178.9-14.797i (actual value) The p.u value for the above voltage is Similarly, the voltages at each phase for all the buses are obtained.

Converting currents and voltages into polar form,

Table 5.3 Currents and phase angles of a 4-bus radial distribution system node 1 2 3 Phase A 0.0198 0.0198 0.0198 Angles -23.907 -23.907 -23.907 Phase B 0.01977 0.01977 0.01977 Angles -143.904 -143.904 -143.904 Phase C 0.01977 0.01977 0.01977 Angles 96.095 96.095 96.095

Table 5.4 Voltages and phase angles of a 4 node radial distribution system node 1 2 3 4 Phase A 1.00000 0.99711 0.99567 0.99206 Angles 0.000 -0.118 -0.177 -0.326 Phase B 1.00000 0.99793 0.99689 0.99431 Angles -120.000 -120.123 -120.185 -120.341 Phase C 1.00000 0.99763 0.99645 0.99350 Angles 120.000 119.859 119.789 119.612