Re-orientating Security Regime: Dynamic Change Within Alliance Formation of Allies

Ahmad Fahri Huseinsyah*1 *International Relations Student of Airlangga University, Surabaya ABSTRACT World Politic has follow the spread fundamental increase of cooperation tense, NATO is example, that still exist for decades and build strong defense through military and political mutual agreement of Allied states, pour into one vision about the threat that came into common foe which possible to make instability of world. This paper is try to deeply analyze how security institutions like Allies formation is still ensure its survival even must be confront any kind that suspected into enemy, but here emphasized how the stage process affect and arrange dynamic of the establishment. Refer to International Regime scheme, also in early part, explain the transition process that agreed together which initiate Allies to erect the Alliance but before NATO as Allied formation, theres also an predecessor form of Allies. Some statesman believe if Ally is succeed in arrange security government surpass United Nations, although it also sentence NATO will be challenged by time, against global circumstance nature of conflict in order to pursue safety sense of its member and preserve democracy and humanity value toward the world which is ongoing enhance by Allied state and being embed. The formation that unified states into Allied unity could show the successful alliance form over long decade in modern human history. And also examine how possibility to arrange new coalitions of Allies, NATO seems considered as final form for alliance of Ally. Keywords : Alliance, Ally, security, regime, NATO, circumstance, constellation, Politic, Soviet.

Penulis pernah menghasilkan sebuah paper yang dipublikasikan pada Konferensi Internasional INTERNATIONAL POLITIC & DIPLOMACY CONGRESSArab Springs: Reason and the Effects Arab Spring : Reason and Effect di Bilkent University, Turki. E-mail: aiememoslem@gmail.com

Introduction

International relations study give a broad definition in concern the dynamic of state behavior, include how state is struggle a foreign policy to balancing with global circumstance and also its policy interest. Discourse about cooperation has been used since states is gather in pursue common vision that poured into mutual interest. But here regime view cooperation matter could capable to drive state orientation to make conformity into compliance to those norm that at least legally implemented in such as institutions or agreement. Security coalitions was prominence to settled out into long term of mutual interest that be gained from member that involved, the one is NATO and Warsaw Pact. The objection of why those security regime was created is to secure and give a maintain mechanism from any threaten possibility, and also guarantee for member commitment to derive egoism of military interest and transform to a term of mutual interest that determine as one influence organization which expected as peacekeeper of region, even all the World. But when communism has been reduced, NATO given a legitimacy to take over domination as a single power of security regime. And this is one rarely phenomenon when put an analysis the consistency of one of Alliance formation: NATO. Definition has appeared which used to define what Ally is. Here I define Ally is one kind of term of formation which have to able in determine which side that friend or foe. And Allies concept as member commitment that create a coalitions form. In global politic sphere, Allies was firstly occurred when mutual security among some of Europe state was declared in against same threat. Theres no real consensus by Europe and US policymakers to gather together and arrange the strategic cooperation as Ally in end of 19th century. Neither Britain nor France, if we trace back both have challenged in high tense of affection competition as rival in entire Europe. But it was begun when that two state have consciousness if they is aim for existence and also have same threat as common enemy of Germany that made aggressive movement. Similar as US that have been neglect to involve even a single step into Europe warfare, after implemented Monroe Doctrine and political orientation of isolationism . But Lusitania Incident( a US passenger ship had been bombed by Germany Submarine) encourage US to embark its military, it mention consciousness which have similar political vision less to prominence among those States.

The political circumstance of World mainly the Europe after World War II explain most of state have devastated after its involvement in warfare. This destruction war result in the winning of Allies and the failure of Axis domination. After WW II scheme, prominence out two real state that acquire its power and be strengthen to be major superpower state, that is United States of America and Soviet Union(USSR). Even Allies is acquaintance to be recognize as winner, actually in fact most of Allied State of Europe have been destroyed, it was clear because Europe is field when war is occur. Post-WW II era has brought temporary conception which view that World has maintain the peace after notice of new future light hope of Allies winning. But yet its shall not to being optimism because the real disappear enemy is begun to appear as common adjusted enemy toward Allies : Soviet. Yet external matter that occur change the formation of Allies, because the existence of dominate state such as United States and United Kingdom will not derive their hegemony fall into another source emerge power. Aggressively of Common Enemy encourage Alliance formation

The ruin of czarist Russia government seems has been changed into new form of political entity of USSR. This kind not mention of only Russia, but unify of some state that lead by communism Russia. The vast spread of communism ideology over south and the successful Soviet in re-capture territory that ought belong to Russian empire in the past indicate an advance, but also threat. Soviet has been suspected to held ideological movement to influence communism mainly at Europe in faster than Europe Allied effort in restore their capability resources. Harry S.Truman, the US leader also concern of this recent situation and all Allied agree and made statement which mentioned that Europe is have to facing big threat direct to communism trigger along its annexation of one of region, as time passed by truly Europe is on dangerous situation. But real contravention of indirect disorientation was showed when Europe need for restructurized their economic pillar and also its necessary embed by Liberal-democratic state in penetrate democracy and freedom value over all entire region. Unpredictable, Soviet also move on straight the direction in compete aggressively in occupy around Soviet territory into the authority. Together not only territorial expansion but also penetration of communism ideology which contrary aim for reject liberal value like capitalism and prioritizing struggle effort of equality and balance prosperity.

In other side, Germany emerge as one key player of Europe constellation, after much destroyed in WW I, reputation of that nation which claim as highest nation among other was sink into floor. The failure of League of Nations in giving pressure toward Germany and also measurement from Alliance in prevent avenged aggression from Germany has drive inevitable war to occur again. All effort has objective to resurrect confidence and regain its source of power but those desperate has lead Germany into conception of ultra-nationalism which only Hitler that considered as leader that have to bring Germany into attainment of glory on the past which inspired by ambitions of lebensraum. Germany has boost its state resource mainly at military with the spirit beyond democratic nationalism form, direct into be able to endanger other presence such as Poland and Czech and also domination of France and Britain. World War II broke and straight Germany Italia and Japan arrange formation of coalitions named Axis block. Direct response bring remain of Ally to fight against them depend on existence and bet to region stability. I sentence that peace didnt decide which time and will defend along how much time, when Europe dynamic not guarantee for among Europe to convince about endless peace that had betrayed by fascism states aggression. We have focus to concern why peace is prevail for temporary, and Europe constellation cannot give a maintenance over the fixed agreement of peace. Decision maker of Alliance in middle of early 20th century, appropriately in 1930 coincidence face two huge threat in same moment. Danger of Soviet Communism and threat from ambitious-fascism State. What matter that be able to unite these state that forming into Ally is similar of liberalism value that promote democracy, even among these state are have far distinct orientation . League of Nations is first institution that settled for peace reason. Security and belonging sense of peace as one of human nature should guaranteed and preserved. The war cannot avoid as well as some of state do not resist to commitment. Learn from fault, it is necessary for establish one institute that have more strengthen regulation that bind over all state after League of Nations failed in prevent some state ambition of aggression.

Unexpected coalition: Grand Alliance Allies state recognized as most undeniable and unbeaten rival if make their side into enemy. Those powerful warn the Hitler to launch frontal attack measure the implication that arise make Hitler change the policy to went into fight against other threat. So in legitimate the domination over all Europe the first seem Soviet is possible to occupied as a single step of another annexation, even Hitler betray what Germany was committed before in bilateral treaty. Daniels (1985) on his book described the war when Germany with Axis allies launch Barbarossa Operation in June 1941 and accomplish in push back the power of red Army. Here mention that Soviet is felt large failure in this combat and might be lose to Germany. Measure when the beginning of Nazi launch an invasion into the depth of Russia, Leningrad near to fall into Hitlers hand, but different measurement of policy oriented between Stalin and Churchill, will not to be prevailed in urgent intention that its better Soviet is still exist rather than watch Hitler accomplishment in aggression, and Allies is intense for support Soviet in this term. This is urgent situation when Allies statesmen should take their stand position which paradoxically shall decide both two wrong choice. But this crucial situation, has change over Alliance statesman whereby should a policy that afford their interest without been damaged by those threat, major of statesman have mind that its better in temporary conclusion join the fraction alliance with Communism in order to overwhelm the aggression of Fascism states first which considered as one embodied potential enemy. Aimed to Allies attitude that declared a cooperation into Alliance with the Soviet to gather together force the same enemy of Fascism. Even Allies Statesmen aware that this shall be fatal, but refer to cognitive approach which sentence that no optimal regime and no fixed interest, after all that emerge the collective defense of Grand Alliance is the similar of potency enemy that make high tense of difference in value and policy, within no doubt that contravention between Democracy state and authoritarian state of USSR entering a coerced situation which lead them to temporary ignoring egoism matter in vanish the necessary enemy. According with this special event of Grand Alliance, this is the speech declaration by Allies statesmen that directly give an attitude by derive not a material thing of mobilized army. Since Soviet itself could in overcome Germany by oneself, and this is hard to enhance the alliance with the side that recognized as future, recent and will come into next threat even after Allies has overcome the

Nazi threat, since only moral support implicitly give direction both Soviet and Allies of temporal deterrence. End with the loss of Axis, Berlin was occupied, and then give an brief evaluation among Alliance statesmen that they must have ought to face their ex-coalitions partner : Soviet.

Appear of security regime: NATO begin as source of security When theres same value to be defended together and be able to laid a benefit to all member, and also the entity is contain a agreement among those member, in this term showed by West Europe are pledged the strategic choice of partnership into long term of mutual interest that held by the formation of Alliance in near future. Communism value about strike down the labor discrimination over capitalist economic system, argue the society without class, a domination from capitalist which covered all scheme of human activity in democracy system is recognized as beginning of clash between east and west. Western countries have warned from Soviet intense aggression toward recapture what the miss from them (Russia), that is float region that not steady in implement state system and end with captured by Red Army (Soviet). And hardly if remnant of Allies not begin their move to defending at all cost with resource to hold the stream of Communism, it will seem they will soon saw that Europe will fall entirely into Communism. US as one of hegemony, should take first place as its duty as democracy keeper. Then US will not too long for wait with enhance the prevent manner to hold Soviet Communism. They consider that if Greece or Turkey is fall, then its a single step of Communism winning over Europe, so that US is held for prevent action of Marshall Plan and instruct a initiation of Allies remnant in urgently to create Allied legal formation. Even the threat is occurred in Europe, but the whose entity which lead Europe will be able to influence other continent even America throughout Asia.

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) was established in 1949, seems as reunion of Allies remnant but designed for big mission. Allies dare to convict among half of Europe and North America for grand design that directed to stabilize and neutralize world, mainly in Europe concert from communism depth influence. In future, Allies coalition of NATO is permanent body of institutions that give a fixed policy among Allies state, like political and military continuity that sentence in commitment and agreement. The essence of security derive as one important policy that should be owned not only by each state, but similarity of threat have entrench them to unify, suspected if hang on oneself state system of security will not able to against huge kind invasion. In official NATO document of NATO Transformed, described that NATO is an intergovernmental organization in which member countries retain their full sovereignty and independence, and serves as a forum in which they consult together and take decisions on matters affecting their security. Perception of security regime did not noticed that state should give all entire military mechanism into the form of Alliance, but here the examination as consequence from declare in involvement to NATO, that states should implemented common decision within commitment when half or part of each military member should embark when theres a military or humanitarian task. International Regime Theory describe the initiate Alliance of NATO were sourced from the conception within principal of Collective Security. As sentenced by Karns & Mingst (2004) whose define Collective security is based on the conviction that peace is indivisible and that all states have a collective interest in countering aggression whenever and wherever it may appear. If the objective of peace will be happen if theres no state that convict to enhance the security, but the fact show that peace cannot delivered by one state because it could weakened by another huge power. Realize that, it necessary by states, primarily has been tied together over decade or have similarity of ideology pattern, NATO in Allies. The fulfillment of security context will not provided where state was incapable in reach conformity between national security and potency of another potential threat from outside. Share common interest of security is only could be projected by number of state that bound in agreement and tied in commitment. But beyond this idea, the main threat as the background why NATO was urgent to establish is ideological battle within influence competition of influence by Liberal state and advance communism. Collective security is one right choice to pretend high state politic in creating

stability and ensure for sovereignty which also deter each state to put a convention of stopping territorial expansion Considered NATO as Security regime Theory of International regime is one of International Relations feature in explain the occurrence of state dynamic which touch upon the analytical comprehensive description among state tendency in have an order in specific issue area which give a space within vehicle of institutions or agreement that will help state in reach its pursue interest. When security regime is prominence as one feature in order to keep the stability in study of regime, it is clear because security have specificity in aspect of how create the peace and what mechanism to maintain its peace from another potential threat. Here how the formations of NATO receive recognition as security regime could viewed from some case and variable: 1. I take the intention to analyze the dynamic of International Regime which on this paper I put a concern to view the kind of security regime, but to easily comprehend what is International Regime is, I will make type of explanation which define Regime as institutions or agreement. 2. Study of International Regime is focusing on distinctly give entire conception about regime is far different from common using as in IR study, regime is not the authoritarian entity or some person or group that grab the authority for a time of period. 3. NATO is have specific issue area to be focused, this is about maintain the peace and ensure for security through the stability of region or members, and this term shall be considered that two institutions as kind of security regime. Straight with direction of Allied state, that they must reunified the formation into legal and concrete the form of alliance into one real institutions, security institutions is one key what Ally statesmen have begun to condemn communism threat for acceleration of security institutions. 4. Characteristic of regime is how the arrangement could bring the policy which able to influence with indirectly affection in drive states behavior, and NATO is have that notion, NATO where viewed as most successful security regime evidence its success to affect its member into one commitment and together struggle and overcome the threat.

The Cold War constellation During the Cold War, the formation of Alliance will give enormous in dynamic of state behavior. Security blocs divide into two sources of West and East. Resistance of East bloc compare with consistency of West bloc. Warsaw Pact seems have transform into ideological machine which eligible maintain Communism value and seal the area which follow the Warsaw pact area from all value that contrary against. Only NATO the security regime that have manage the constellation among Europe toward intensive movement of Communism. Not NATO truly the main concern of Allied State only focus on how prevent influential war and try this ideological battle and beat the Soviet. The recent situation after World War II sentence the strengthen position of Soviet. As time passed by, Communism have been coerced which penetrated together along Red Army invasion. It can be said after occupy Ukraine, Belarus, and another East Europe. The frictions have begun to clearly define world blocs that distinct with different conceptual state framework both East and West: between Liberalism-democracy and Communism-Totalitarianism. In case of this situation, remnant of Ally aware that this circumstance will not be allowed to happen that Communism influence will dominate over the World, but freedom and justice beneath the value of democracy I mention shall be preserved, this threat also have a chance to direct warn toward United States position as one superpower. In other side, the Soviet Russia have empowered by military concentrated, communism movement made their advance in the objection to force hegemony of capitalism that enveloped in Allied state. The similar of Value has lead the states to make preference into such of Alliance, such as NATO. It was clear that Cold War is battle of ideology, but it also wrong if someone quote that this is better than previous kind of war, because in Cold War theres no direct fight between two power. Even though, the state still upheaval in mobilize and revitalize their military source accord to unpredicted situation of being secured, even the situation mention the war on non war situation, but the occurrences show the friction of penetration of values derive indirect war when each of Alliance empower the capability to face the side suspected into threat. Collective Security is most notion of Cold War constellation which guarantee member of coalition get optimum security as maintained in the objection of security regime.

Conceptualization of Security regime Also I will describe in brief explanation about some prominence approach of regime which used to take a coherence relation about what established theory before with the recent dynamic. Main theme of structuralism engulf in establishment of Alliance. It was clear that even strong Alliance cannot be able to preserve long stability if its not let some hegemony power to stabilize and strengthen the structure. Structuralism, regime is broadly define as how conditions of world politic is possible for present a international cooperation, but to keep the objection of the continuity of those Alliance (regime), the presence of structure give a direct control to keep the stability also as guarantor of regime existence if there is a threat that possibly destruct the cooperation, here what I mean about structure is strong power, that is a hegemony state, which this term is refer to USA as the own of that power source. Haggard and Simmons also emphasize that presence of hegemony is to enforces regime rules with positive and negative sanctions in order to maintain regime. The involvement of USA make sure the NATO could defend well its consistency through secure over its member territorial, which it help its members to rebuild the economy structure, how international structure is constructed to present a vehicle to be able to benefit some groups that have included as well. Next is functionalism, functional of regime is base of how regime could to maximizing the cooperation and integral fulfillment of interest into efficient essence of cooperation. The world circumstance that crucially coerce state to not stand by oneself within the involvement into some kind of strategic Alliance, and the matter that make NATO is most successful because it has everlasting and still be defended until now source from the consistency of its member, and also self construction that security regime is necessarily needed in some kind of vehicle to legitimate on pursue state interest within embodied into NATO as manner to achieve goal. And the last is cognitivist , different from other , cognitivist is not focus how cooperation is view in appear term, cognitivist also ignore the measurement of regime in material calculation, but more deep that regime is conducted by internalizing value of ideology that be reason of why regime is enhance the cooperation of state and indirect coerce of state policy which determine its presence in regime is not fixed refer to base interest. Regime is contain choice, delivered from enormous cognitive of value and norm which embodied into a regime that drive state presence or be absence in the those bind agreement. Straight as what Ernst Haas said, that theres no fixed interest and no optimal regime.

Conclusion : Future of Allies Truly dynamic of global politic has shown the situation that the kind of cooperation still needed even the transformation occurrences in internal matter or the external change of circumstance. Regime analysis give a comprehensive and intensive study to learn well and to be able to comprehend this constellation of cooperation, this is also will answer which questioning why the cooperation such as security regime still be preserved. But to conform with development of age, the fact show that Alliance was created to accommodate the common thing that will be pursue together by number of state, even the formation of Allies show the transformation and internal change refer to change of global circumstance. Such as the term of Ally which begin in early WW I, that still preserve within internal change of institutions until NATO. also why security regime is urgently to be formed because of the threat of suspected enemy which have potency to disturb internal interest and also common consciousness in consider enemy that give a conception among states to gather together and be under the umbrella of security regime with the objection of guarantee its members security and bring stability. NATO still ensure its survival and has been a long institutions that held the continuity over decades is one of example, we can consider the NATO as a successful kind of security regime which capable to provide security over its members and also made involvement which aimed to the objection of peace. Type of regime, will be exist and held its continuity based on commitment of states which included. The one thing that made that NATO still exist is we could conclude simply because of hegemony presence as a guarantor of regime continuity, but further the determined one is because security regime, such as NATO including all members that have awareness and common consciousness among security regime shall be preserved because the needed of security will grow up refer the increasingly of advance of era and also the change which also bring a variety of threat that have potency to disturb the peace. Even no doubt that its possibly in the future Allied formation of Ally will be able to transform again surpass the presence of NATO in order to conform with the security needed toward the change within contour dynamic of global politic

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