Electrochemistry

Electrolyte and non-electrolyte Electrolyte is a substance that can conduct electricity either in molten state or aqueous state Non-electrolyte is a substance that cannot transmit electric current Conductors are substance that can conduct electricity either in solid or in liquid form Ionic compound cannot conduct electricity in the solid state because of there are no free moving ion Electrolysis cell Consist of a battery, electrolyte and electrode which act as anode and cathode Involves two stages 1) Movement of cation(positive ion) to cathode that is negative electrode and anion(negative ion) towards anode that is positively charge electrode 2) Cation is discharge at cathode by accepting electron from cathode and anion is discharge at anode by donating electron to the anode Factor affecting selectivity discharge of ion 1. Position of ion in electrochemical series 2. Concentration of the ion 3. Type of the electrode Electrolysis of molten Pb(II)Br Lead(II)bromide need to be melt first to get free moving ion Consist only two type of ion only that is Pb2+ and Br At anode Pb2+ is discharge to form deposited lead At cathode Br- is discharge to form bromine gas that have a pungent smell Electron flow through the anode to the cathode At anode : 2Br-(l) Br2(g) + 2e At cathode : Pb2+(l) + 2e- Pb(s) Electrolysis of CuSO4 solution Instead only Cu2+ and SO42-, two other ion also take involve because of the presence of H2O The additional ion will be H+ and OH Cu2+ and H+ move toward cathode but only Cu2+ will discharge because it is position lower then H+ such that it is more tend to accept electron SO42- and OH- then move toward anode but OH- will tend to discharge since it positioned lower the SO42 Thus at cathode a solid brown metal will form and at anode colorless gas will be produce the electrochemical series can be ignore if the concentration of particular ion is higher then hydrogen and hydroxide ion but if the position of the high concentrated ion in the electrochemical series are very far apart then we still follow the first factor when using active electrode, instead of the electrolyte becoming discharge then the active anode will be discharge due to its reactivity(tendency to discharge)

Extraction of metal Reactive metal only can be extracted by using electrolysis such as extraction of aluminum from its ore Purification of metal Purification by electrolysis can be use extract metal that already been extracted but still have impurities with it Anode will be the impure metal and cathode will be the pure metal

Electroplating of metal Process of depositing a layer of metal on another substance by electrolysis The anode will be the metal we intend to be the new coat layer The cathode will be the metal we want to layer by

***electroplating and the purification of metal use the concept of the 2nd factor in which by using the active electrode, the active electrode tend to dischargethe point here is the active electrode on anode will selectively discharge Voltaic cell Type of cell which convert chemical energy to electrical energy by putting two different electrode in an electrolyte to produce electricity Also named as galvanic cell The electron are move from cathode to anode differ then electrolysis cell Anode will be the metal position lower then cathodes metal in the reactivity series of metal Daniel cell is one of the voltaic cell specifically known as zinc-copper cell Usually use porous pot or salt bridge just to ensure two different electrolyte from mixing and to allow the flow of ion so that the circuit is complete