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Monday, July 2, 12
LTER Palmer has maintained a 19 year time series along the West Antarctic Peninsula
PI Hugh Ducklow (MBL) Bacteria-Biogeochemistry Scott Doney (WHOI) - Ocean Modeling Beth Simmons (Scripps) - Education & Outreach
Oscar Schoeld (Rutgers) - Phytoplankton Sharon Stammerjohn (UCSC) Doug Martinson (LDEO) - Ocean Physics - Climate and Ice Debbie Steinberg (VIMS) - Zooplankton
Monday, July 2, 12
Acknowledgements to past LTER PIs: Ray Smith, Barbara Prezelin, Robin Ross, Langdon Quetin, Dave Karl, Maria Vernet, Eileen Hoffman, John Klinck, Dave Karl
The man!
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The man!
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The central hypothesis when the LTER began was that sea ice timing and magnitude structure the productivity and composition of the Antarctic ecosystem. The ice dynamics are driven by large-scale interactions of the atmosphere and ocean.
Winter 2007
Summer 2007
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0.2
Black is British Faraday & Ukraine Vernadsky Station Red is US Palmer Station
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Monday, July 2, 12
Monday, July 2, 12
WAP$Wind$Speed$DJF$
Correlation = 0.55
4.00%
3.00%
7.00%
2.00%
6.50%
1.00%
6.00%
0.00%
5.50%
!1.00%
5.00%
!2.00%
4.50%
!3.00%
4.00% 1950%
1960%
1970%
1980%
1990%
2000%
2010%
!4.00% 2020%
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Monday, July 2, 12
Seasonal ice has declined over the few decades resulting to a climate migration y 1 a to the South M
0 00 2
15 eb F
% r ve co Ice
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ar e Y
80 19
Seasonal ice has declined over the few decades resulting to a climate migration y 1 a to the South M
0 00 2
15 eb F
% r ve co Ice
Key Implications: Regional shifts in the sea ice has major ecological implications
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ar e Y
80 19
1990
As a grad student
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Monday, July 2, 12
Heat input from Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC - worlds largest ocean current = ~30,000 Niagara Falls). The heat is driven onto the shelf by intensication of upwellingfavorable winds.
Monday, July 2, 12
Heat input from Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC - worlds largest ocean current = ~30,000 Niagara Falls). The heat is driven onto the shelf by intensication of upwellingfavorable winds.
Monday, July 2, 12
Heat input from Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC - worlds largest ocean current = ~30,000 Niagara Falls). The heat is driven onto the shelf by intensication of upwellingfavorable winds.
The WAP is the only location in the Antarctic where the ACC is adjacent to the shelf break. The ACC is Antarcticas warmest water
Monday, July 2, 12
ice decline
Monday, July 2, 12
WW
UCDW
Antarctic Peninsula
Depth (m)
Tmax
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5.2 2.0
5.0 1.9
Q (x109 Jm-2)
T (C)
4.8 1.8
4.6 1.7
4.4 1.6
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Month/day (2008)
~ 1 day ~30 km
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Monday, July 2, 12
When chlorophyll is high, phytoplankton cells are big and are largely diatoms
15 year time series of radiocarbon measurements also suggest a North & South gradient
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0.30
Correlation = 0.53
1.5%
0.20
1.0%
15.8%
-63 -64 -65 -66 -67
SAM, MEI
0.00
0.0%
-0.10
!0.5%
-69
-0.20 !1.0%
-67
-65
-63
-61
-59
-0.30 1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
!1.5% 2012
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0
Integrated chlorophyll a above the mixed layer
m-3
CHL a
UML
100 0 25
0 mol l-1
NO3
100 0 2
0 mol l-1
PO4
100
DEC JAN FEB
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100
B) cryptophytes
0 100
50
0 E) type-4 haptophytes
01/01/95
01/01/05
80% of the chlorophyll variance can be explained by diatoms. The next most signicant player are the cryptomonads (~15%)
01/01/95 01/01/05 Date (day/month/year)
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Corethron criophilum
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>300!
100!
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Fucoxanthin (mg
250 1991-1992 50
-2) m
1996-1997
Alloxanthin (mg
50 200
-2) m
40
150
2002-2003
0 12/1/91 40 1992-1993
0 0 03/1/92 11/18/96 4 20
1997-1998
0 03/24/97 50
0 11/01/02 400
2005-2006
0 04/01/03 200
0 04/10/98 50
0 11/01/05 400
2006-2007
0 05/01/06 25
2000-2001
0 02/01/99 10
0 10/01/05 20 2008-2009
0 04/01/06 80
0 11/15/95
0 0 01/08/96 11/01/99
0 04/01/00
0 11/01/08
0 04/01/09
Date (month/day/year)
Monday, July 2, 12
modied UCDW
Monday, July 2, 12
Temperature (C)
Salinity (ppt)
Density ()
Location
South Shetland Islands Weddell-ScotiaBellingshausen Confluence Areas
Reference
V illafae et al., 1995; Kang, S-H et al., 1997; Kang, J-S et al., 1997 Lancelot et al., 1991; Nothig et al., 1991 Trguer et al., 1991; Buma, 1992; Mura et al., 1995; Kang and Lee, 1995; Aristegui et al., 1996 McMinn and Hodgson, 1993 Kang and Lee, 1995; Kang et al., 1995 Krebs, 1983 Whitaker, 1982
Ellis Fjord Bransfield Strait Historical Data Anvers Island Signy Island
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65S
Antarctic Peninsula
64W % Cryptophytes 0 25 50
65S
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Cryptophyte (morph A)
Cryptophyte+
1000 1500
Diatom all
800
200
2.0
2.5
4.0
4.5
2.0
2.5
4.0
4.5
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7000
Flagellate
150
Discard
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Human classication
Classication summary
Group
Diatoms Dinos Flag. predator Others Total
Count
7360 555 486 22735
%
51 32 2.4 2.1
Cryptophytes 11484
2850 12.5
Classied as Cryptophyte A Cryptophyte F Cryptophyte H Diatom Diatom (charisma6c) Diatom (fuzzy) Diatom (poten6al) Dot agellate Dot agellate 2 Flagellate straight Fuzzy Gymnodinium 1 Gymnodinium 2 Gyrodinium Junk LRT Nanoagellate Pigment Prasinophyte Telonema spp. Torodinium spp Unknown Air bubble Bead Ciliate Corethron spp. Dinoagellate Gonyaulacaceae Phaeocys6s spp. (cells) Phaeocys6s spp. (colony) Spines Tin6nnid
Larger category Flagellate all Flagellate all Flagellate all Diatom all Diatom all Diatom all Diatom all Flagellate all Flagellate all Flagellate all Discard Flagellate all Flagellate all Flagellate all Discard Other Flagellate all Discard Flagellate all Other Flagellate all Other Discard Discard Discard Diatom all Flagellate all Flagellate all Other Other Discard Discard
Automatic classication
Flagellate Flagellate Diatom Dinoagellate Other Discard %
agree Diatom Dinoagellate Other Discard %
agree
115 31 119 73 26 32
61 78 20 56 83 74
Automatic classication matches 74% of human classication All particles were classied/corrected by hand Human classication has an error/uncertainty rate of 5-10%
Monday, July 2, 12
CryptAH
64
0.8
CryptF
0.20
FlagStraight
64
0.20
0 .0 5
0. 2
65
65
65
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.2
65
0.6
0.6
0.15
0.1
0.15
5 0.0
0.4 0.6
0.4
66
66
66
66
0.2
0.6
0.4
0.10
0.1
0.4
0.1
0.10
0.0 5
0.15
67
67
67
67
0.1 0.1 5
.05
0. 1
68
68
68
68
0.2
0.2
15 0.
0.05
0.05
0.2
0.05
0.00
69
69
69
0.00
75
70 X Diatom
65
75
70 X Dinoflagellate
65
75
70 X Predator
65
69
0.0
0.0
75
70 X Other
65
0.22
0.20
64
64
64
0.7
64
0.20
0.15
0.025
65
65
65
0.2
0.15
14
02
65
0.4
0.6
0.
0.030
0.5
1
66
0.4
66
66
0.
66
0 0. 16 .18
0.05
0. 1
0. 2
0.1
0.
0.0
0.18
0.16
0.4
0.10
0.025
67
67
67
67
0.14
0.3
0.6
0.0 3
68
68
68
0.2
0.020
68
0.3
5 0.02
0.
0.05
0.12
0.5
0.7
0.02
69
69
69
75
70
65
75
70
65
75
70
65
69
0.1
0.10
75
70
65
Monday, July 2, 12
Monday, July 2, 12
Monday, July 2, 12
% Retention by Krill
100 80 60 40 20 0 100 80 60 40 20 0 50 40 30 20 10 0
5-10
5-10
>15
5-10
>15
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Krill:Salp
Krill:Salp
80 100
82
84
86
Year
88
90
92
94
96
Krill:Salp
Ice Index
-2
Ice Index
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Monday, July 2, 12
Monday, July 2, 12
One focus idea of the LTER is testing, is that system is undergoing climate migration. We have structured sampling around the major Adelie penguin breeding areas along the peninsula.
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Anvers Island
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Anvers Island
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Monday, July 2, 12
1994present
98%
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1994present
98%
1%
1995present
45% 54%
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PERCENT
50-60 40-50
**
30-40 20-30
10-20 0-10
8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 -8 8-8 9-9 0-9 1-9 2-9 3-9 4-9 5-9 6-9 7-9 8-9 9-0 0-0 1-0 2-0 3-0 4-0 5-0 6-0 7-0 8-0 9-1 0-1 1-1 87 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
YEAR
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SIZE CLASS
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Monday, July 2, 12
19 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 83 87 19 19 19 88 89 90 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19
Silverfish
Lanternfish
YEAR
19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20
91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01
LANTERFISH
ANTARCTIC SILVERFISH
If that was not enough, warmer temps leads to more moisture and more snow. Breeding failure...........
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Monday, July 2, 12
70 West
Adelaide Island
68 South WHOI Drifter Ocean Station Obama RU05 Plan RU05 Actual
Monday, July 2, 12
Glider measurements of Fv/Fm indicate that the phytoplankton populations associated with upwelling are healthy
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Monday, July 2, 12
Monday, July 2, 12
Results from the 2011 eld season: Tidal structuring of the penguin foraging Moline, Oliver, Frazer, Kohut, Schoeld
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Glider currents
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~3 km ~100 m
Virtual Ocean
Data Assimilation
Conclusions: Minor variations in the ocean state can have profound impacts on polar ecosystems These profound changes are occurring in many polar oceans, changes appear to be accelerating New technologies offer a mode to study and understand these changes, so it is time hopefully speed up our uphill trek to quantitative understanding, animals will help show us the way
Monday, July 2, 12
Monday, July 2, 12