1316

IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. Vol. 10,No. 3, July 1995

Simplified Three-phase Transformer Model for Electromagnetic Transient Studies

S. Chimklai
The University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC., Canada V6T 124

J. R. Marti (M)

Abstract: This paper presents a simplified high-frequency model for three-phase, two- and three-winding transformers. The model is based on the classical 60-Hz equivalent circuit, extended to high frequencies by the addition of the winding capacitances and the synthesis of the frequency-dependent short-circuit branch by an RLC equivalent network By retaining the T-form of the classical model, it is possible to separate the frequency-dependent series branch from the constant-valued shunt capacitances. Since the short-circuit branch can be synthesized by a minimum-phase-shift rational approximation, the mathematical complications of fitting mutual impedance or admittance functions are avoided and the model is guaranteed to he numerically absolutely stable. Experimental tests were performed on actual power transformers to determine the parameters of the model. EMTP simulation results are also presented.

SO k

I '

'

2Okl

IOk 0.,

>

Frequency (Hz)

Figure 1. Measured short-circuit positive sequence impedance of a 50 MVA 115/23 kV transformerversus (R,+joL,) model.

Key words: Transformer modelling, frequency dependence, electromagnetic transients, stray capacitance, leakage impedance. INTRODUCTION Figure 1 shows the measured short-circuit impedance of a 50 MVA 115/23 kV three-phase power transformer. Also shown in the figure is the short-circuit impedance &+joL, of the 60-Hz constant-parameter model. The two responses begin to diverge for frequencies beyond 3 kHz or so. A number of high-frequency transformer models, suitable for transient simulations, have been proposed in recent years (e.g., [l] - [SI). Even though some of these models can be very accurate, there are still a number of problems in terms of efliciency, numerical stability, and data acquisition requirements. Most full-frequency-dependent models (e.g., [7], [SI) are based on the fitting of the elements of a [y(o)] matrix that represents the transformer as seen from its estemal terminals. This matrix depends on the intemal connection of the transformer windings (e.g., wye, or delta) and is generally obtained from frequency domain measurements of its self and mutual elements. The fitting of the self admittances of this matrix can be done with minimum-phase-shift
94 SM 410-1 PWRD A paper recommended and approved by the IEEE Transformers Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society for presentation at the IEEE/PES 1994 Summer Meeting, San Francisco, CA, July 24 28. 1994. Manuscript submitted December 30, 1993; made available for printing April 18, 1994.

rational approximations (i.e., both, poles and zeroes are located on the left side of the complex plane). The mutual admittances, though, are non-minimum-phase-shift functions, and very strict conditions regarding the location of the poles and zeroes of the approximating rational functions have to be satisfied to prevent numerical stability problems [9]. As in other frequency dependence modelling problems ([lo], [1l]), the relative complexity, accuracy, and numerical stability of the model is closely related to the choice of network representation. "Black box" models, without carefully defined topological structures, can result in very complicated functions to approximate and in numerical stability problems. The works in [7] and [SI represent important contributions towards simplification of the modelling and better numerical stability of the solution. The work described in the present paper further simplifies the modelling problem by working at a more basic topological level: the coupled-coils level [12]. The classical 60-Hz T-circuit for single-phase, two- and three-winding transformers, is used to model the inductive and capacitive interaction among coils belonging to the same phase (coils mounted on the same leg of the core). For three-phase banks made up of single-phase units, this is all the modelling that is required. For common-core units (e.g., core-type and shell-type three-phase transformers), the mutual interaction among coils of different phases is eliminated through the use of a decoupling transformation matrix. Each decoupled mode can then be treated as a single-phase separate unit. Modelling at the coil level presents two fundamental topological advantages over the V(o)] approach: a) the

0885-8977/95/$04.00 Q 1994 IEEE

1317

modelling of the frequency-dependent series branch (shortcircuit impedance) can be separated from the modelling of the shunt branches (constant stray capacitances and mag& ) netizing branch), and b) the representation is independent of the particular external connection among windings ( y e , delta, etc.). The particular connection is taken care of by node labelling at the EMTP level. 1' 2 As a result of the simplified topology, the frequency dez mnding pendence modelling problem is reduced to the fitting of sinN i N2 2 gle impedance functions (the short-circuit impedances). The functions to be fitted are fewer and simpler than with the W(O)] formulation. This results in an appreciable reduction in the number of discrete-time terms, and, consequently, in the solution times during EMTP simulation. Since the a c:,+C12(1 - a ) 2 short-circuit impedances are minimum-phase-shift functions, the mathematical and problems of fitting FigurP2. High-frequency model for a pair of coupled the non-minimum-phase-shift mutual terms in the W(O)] (a) Original Circuit. @) Equivalent Circuit. approach have been eliminated. The resulting model is accurate, efficient, and numerically stable. capacitances and the magnetizing branch. The value of the stray capacitances can be determined from experimental PROPOSED MODEL measurements. Figure 2 shows the proposed wide-band model for a pair it is as in the 60-Hz For the of coupled coils of a transformer. The stray capacitances are connected at the terminals (llOUtSidell) the circuit. In this model, that it has little influence in the short-circuit test. of way, the intertlal part of the model has exactly the Same This assumption is more accurate as the frequency becomes higher, since the flux required to induce a given voltage is form as the conventional 60-Hz model. inversely proportional to the frequency. Since the proposed Even though not a theoretical restriction, it is assumed in model preserves the internal form of the conventional 60-Hz the present that the interaction among phases in a equivalent, any magnetizing branch model developed for common-core three-phase transformer unit is symmetrical. the 60-Hz equivalent can be incorporated directly in the This permits the use of a balanced-system transformation proposed high-frequency model. Crhe particular modelling matrix that can be taken as real and constant to decouple of the magnetizing branch is beyond the scope of this the system at all frequencies. It also facilitates the design of simple experiments to measure the parameters of the model, paper.) As already indicated, most previous wide-band transwithout having to open the internal connections among are based On the fitting Of the self and muwindings. In general, this assumption neglects the effect of former Of an admittance matrix that uneven capacitive and leakage-inductance coupling among tual phases mounted in the outer and central limbs of a three- represents the transformer as Seen from its terminals. phase core-type transformer. As it has been discussed in [7], Matrix W(O)I is symmetrical, and for a three-phase to be M-winding transformer there are 3M.(3M+ 1)/2 distinct elehowever, this balanced-phases assumption ments to be measured and approximated. For a three-phase reasonable. two-winding transformer (39-2wdg) there are 21 distinct After decoupling the system, the circuit of Figure 2 can represent any of the decoupled modes, that is, positive, functions, while for a 34-3wdg transformer there are 45 disnegative, and zero sequence networks for the balanced- tinct functions. By averaging the elements corresponding to phases a, b, and c (which is equivalent to assuming a balsystem case. Figure 2(a) shows the physical conception of anted three-phase core arrangement), the number Of functhe model, while Figure 2@) shows its simplified form. tions to be fitted can be reduced to M.(M+l) [7], which The series impedance in Figure 2@) the gives six functions for a 34-2wdg transformer and 12 funcequivalent series resistance (current dependent losses) and tions for a 3Q3wdg transformer. The model proposed in the the leakage inductance and leakage present paper requires the fitting of only the positive and flux) of the windings, in combination With part of the the case of a sequence short-circuit impedances, winding-to-winding capacitance. The frequency dependent 34-2wdg transformer only two impedances have to be fitted, response of this branch (Figures 8 and 9) can be obtained while for a 3Q3wdg transformer six impedance functions from short-circuit test measurements using a variableneed to be fitted. These impedances can be realized by frequency supply. The measured positive and zero sequence minimum-phase-shift rational functions, thus guaranteeing , , ,Z impedances can then be synthesized with a network the numerical stability of the model. of constant RLC elements (Figure 7). The rest of the transformer model in Figure 2@) includes constant stray

1318

STRAY CAPACITANCES
Stray capacitance in transformers are physically distributed and very complicated to model in detail. For disturbances occumng in the power system outside of the transformer, a detailed distributed-parameter modelling of the inside of the transformer may not be necessary, and a simple terminal model for the capacitances is probably sufficient for most cases. The model proposed in this work considers four types of stray capacitances: 1) capacitance from winding to ground, 2) capacitance from winding to winding, 3) turn-to-turn capacitance and, 4) capacitance from the outside winding of one phase to the outside winding of the other phases. These four types of stray capacitances are shown schematically in Figure 3. A number beside each capacitance identifies its type according to the four types indicated above.

I
100

I t

I0k Frequency (Hz)

look

1.44

Figure 4. Measured stray capacitances (Z,=l/joC) in the tested 115123.kV transformer.

SHORT-CIRCUIT MEASUREMENTS

Phase 2 (Middle leg)

Short-circuit Winding Impedance Figure 5 shows the proposed model of Figure 2 for each sequence network under a short-circuit test. The short,, includes the resistance and leakage incircuit branch ,Z ductance of the windings, in combination with part of the winding-to-winding capacitance. The physical winding-towinding capacitance (Cl2in Figure 5(a)) is connected across the ideal coupling transformer. To combine this capacitance with the leakage branch, R,,(co)-LI2(a), the terminal of C,, on the ''wrong side" of the ideal coupling transformer can be transferred to the side of the leakage branch, as suggested in [14]. This results in a capacitance C,; in parallel with the leakage branch plus additional capacitances across the primary and secondary terminals (Figure 50)):

c:, = C d a

(1)
(2)

c: = Cl + c,z (a - l)/a c; = c + Cl2 (1 - a) z

Figure 3. Stray capacitances in a three-phasethe-winding transformer.

(3)

Physically, the coils corresponding to the same phase are mounted concentrically on the same leg of the core. The ground "facing" the outermost winding is the transformer tank, while the ground "facing" the innermost winding is the transformer core. Following the recommendation of [13], each type of capacitance, escept the turn-to-turn capacitance, can be split into two equal parts, each part connected to one end of each coil. All stray capacitances are assumed to be constant. This assumption was verified in the esperimental tests. Figure 4 shows the combined capacitances to ground (plotted as measured impedance) for the tested 115123 kV, 50 MVA transformer. The plotted capacitance is a combination of the capacitance to ground of the 23 kV winding and the capacitance between the 115 kV and 23 kV windings. As can be observed in these results, the capacitance is constant to about 100 kHz. The irregularities beyond 100 kHz are probably due to inaccuracies in the measurements.

where a = NIDI2,and C, and C, include the winding-toground and the turn-to-turn capacitances. In addition, in the positive sequence equivalent circuit of common-core threephase transformers, capacitance C, or C, (depending on which side the top winding, usually the high-voltage winding, is located) also includes the capacitance from top winding to top winding between phases (this capacitance does not exist in separate-core units). Experimental measurements were performed to determine the frequency response of the ,Z ,, branch. A variablefrequency power supply was used to perform measurements from a few Hz up to about 1 MHz. Details of the expenmental set-up for these measurements are indicated later in the paper. The results for the positive sequence (measured on the high-voltage side) and zero-sequence (measured on the lowvoltage side) short-circuit responses of a 50 MVA 115123 kV wye-delta transformer are shown in Figures 1, 8, and 9. The plots in these figures are typical of short-circuit frequency responses of power transformers, as found, for instance, in [151 and [16]. The multiple peaks are caused by

1319
,

,c 12

c,,

,, C L
Figure 6. Windins connection for measurement of the winding-to-winding and winding-to-ground capacitances.

Figure 5. Short-circuittest. (a) Original circuit. @) Transfemng C,, to the , impedance. primary side. (c) Equivalent 2

Clll in the proposed equivalent circuit of Figure 2 0 ) for each decoupled mode of the transformer. The winding-toground capacitance can be measured experimentally in the set-up of Figure 6. To obtain the terminal capacitance C2i on the other side of the equivalent circuit, the direction of the driving-point impedance measurements has to be reversed. Due to limitations in the research facilities where the measurements were taken, the results presented in Figures 8 ,, measureand 9 for Zh% were calculated from the ,Z ments described above, subtracting the terminal capacitance Cl'. However, it is believed that a Zmfm test is a more direct and accurate way of obtaining ZfiW
SYNTHESIS OF &ma

the non-uniformity of the windings, which may be produced by the presence of auxiliary tap changing windings [171 and voltage grading schemes [181.

Short-circuit Impedance Figure 5 shows the proposed equivalent circuit during a

tal measurementsFollowing reference [ 151, two esperimenshort-circuit test. are suggested to determine the series and

The next step in developing the proposed transformer model is to synthesize the short-circuit impedance with an equivalent network with constant R, L, and C elements (Figure 7).

J-J--J-&--*&

shunt impedances of the circuit: a transfer impedance measRii Riz Rzi R ~ I R41 urement and a driving point impedance measurement. In the circuit of Figure 5(a), measuring the output current Figure 7. RLC synthesis network to approximate 2 Ilhort and the applied voltage E,, one can calculate (Figure 5(c)) the transfer impedance ,Z ,, = aEJshOrt, The procedure to obtain the RLC synthesis network is dewhere a is the turns ratio NJ". This impedance includes scribed next. Since this network corresponds to a simple imthe winding's resistance and equivalent leakage inductance, in combination with part C,,/a (Equation 1) of the total pedance function, it can be synthesized with a minimumphase-shift rational approximation. Magnitude and phase or winding-to-winding capacitance. real and imaginary parts are, therefore, interlocked and only Terminal Capacitances one of them needs to be matched. It was found in this work With reference to the circuits of Figure 5 , measuring the that a synthesis from the real part of the function leads to driving-point impedance ,Z ,, = E J , permits the calcula- more accurate results than a synthesis from the magnitude tion of the terminal capacitance C , . In the circuit of Figure of the function. 5 0 ) , as o tends to infinity, Z , h tends to,o ,C ,j where From the plots of Figures 8 and 9, it can be recognized C , = CI'+C1i. Capacitance CI2' comes from the winding- that this frequency response can be produced by a parallel to-wnding capacitance C,, (Figure 5(a) and Equation l ) , network of R, L and C components. As a first approximawhich can be measured separately with the set-up of tion, a number of simple RLC blocks (one R, one L, and one , gives Cl', which to- C) are used to match the peaks of the function. The values Figure6. Subtracting C l i from C gether with Equation 2, gives the terminal capacitance C, in of R, L and C for each block can be found by applying a the circuit of Figure 5(a). Finally, subtracting the winding- non-linear fitting routine, such as the one given in [19]. to-ground capacitance, one obtains the terminal capacitance

1320

SHORT-CIRCUIT FOR THREE-PHASE TESTS TWO-WINDING TRANSFORMERS Experimental tests to measure the short-circuit characteristics of a 115123 kV wye-delta transformer were performed at the high-voltage laboratory of the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT). The short-circuit impedance at each frequency was measured with an HP Model 4192A LF Impedance Analyzer. This instrument has a rating of 5 Hz to 13 MHz with a maximum output voltage of W 1.1 Vms. The four-terminal pair measuring technique 10 I 100 Ik 10 k lOOk IM ("Kelvin connection") was used in order to achieve a wide Frquenry () H : impedance range (1 mR to 10 Mn) and to minimize measFigure 8 Comparison of measured and approximated Z , , uring errors due to parasitic coupling with the test leads. positive-sequence. Two short-circuit tests were performed, one for the zero sequence equivalent circuit and one for the positive sequence equivalent circuit. Due to the difficulty of obtaining a variable-frequency three-phase power supply for high frequencies, both zero-sequence and positive-sequence tests were performed with a single power source (Figure 10). This is not an issue for the zero-sequence tests since in this case all phases should be connected together (Figure lo@)). Interestingly, it was found that the positive-sequence test can also be performed with a single power source if one set of transformer windings is connected in delta. For this test 100 lk IOk 100 k IM (Figure lO(a)), one coil of the delta winding is short-Frequency (Hz) circuited and the impedance analyzer is connected across another coil. Suppose the delta coils are named 1, 2, and 3. Figure 9 Comparison of measured and approximated 2 , zero-sequence. The following matrix equation can be written to relate the Suppose, for example, that we want to match three peaks in voltages across the delta coils to the currents in the coils: the graph of Figure 8. Three simple RLC blocks are first calculated. On a second iteration, the real part of the func(4) tion corresponding to the second and third blocks is subtracted from Zm* The left-over first block is now to be approximated in more detail. The impedance function after subtracting the secondary blocks has only one dominant peak. The C of the first block (main peak), found in the first iteration, is now subtracted from the left-over first block. What remains is now synthesized using the pole-zero asymptotic approximation procedure used in [ 101. Figures 8 and 9 compare the measured and approximated , , ,Z functions for the positive and zero sequence modes of tank 23kV I I S kV the tested transformer. Three RLC blocks were used to _L match the peaks and three RL sections were used for the low frequency region. The irregularities in the capacitance XI I measurements of Figure 4 for frequencies beyond 100 kHz seem to indicate that, in general, the measured data may not be reliable beyond this frequency. For this reason, no special effort was made to more accurately fit this region with a higher number of RLC blocks. It should also be noticed that H2 since the vertical scale in the plots of Figures 8 and 9 is x3 logarithmic, the magnitude values in the irregular region 23 kV beyond 100 or 200 kHz are much smaller than in the preceding region where the main magnitude peaks occur (this can be verified in the graph of Figure 1 in which the magFigure 10 Short-circuittests on a three-phasetwo-winding transformer. nitude of the positive sequence short-circuit impedance is (a) Positive sequence test. @) Zero sequence test. plotted in a linear scale).
lOOk

1321

With the connection of Figure lO(a), the voltage across one of the delta coils will be zero and the voltage across the other two coils will have equal value but opposite polarity. Taking, for example, V, = 0, VI= V and V, = -V, and substituting these values into Equation 4 yields

ih,
h

ih2
h

I1 = (Y, - Y,)
I2

(5)

= (Y,

- Y,) - Y

(6)

The current flowing into the delta from the outside of the transformer is I, I,, which, from Equation 5 and 6, becomes 2.1,. The impedance read by the analyzer is then half the actual positive sequence impedance. To obtain an average of positive sequence results in unbalanced cores (e.g., core-type transformers), the test can now be repeated from the second and third coils of the delta.

Figure 11. Fquivalent circuit for a three-phase three-winding transformer in discrete-time form (capacitances not shown).

n3.el -n1.e3 = O (12) THREE-WINDING SHORT-CIRCUIT FOR THREE-PHASE TEST Equations 7 to 12 can be rewritten in symbolic form as TRANSFORMERS The measuring technique described above for the positive and zero sequence short-circuit tests on two-winding transformers can also be applied to three-winding transformers. where The only difference is that in this case three tests are required to define the branches of the equivalent T-circuit [20] (Figure 11). Each of these tests involves two windings, with the third winding open-circuited. As in the case of the two-winding transformer, the zero sequence test can be pern2 n3 formed directly with a single source. Also, as in the two0 0 winding case, when one of the windings is connected in delta (as it is usually the case for the tertiary winding), the 0 0 0 positive sequence test can performed with a single source. Notice that for the short-circuit tests described above, it is not necessary to break apart the connections of the windings, and, therefore, can be easily performed on existing transformers. Submatrices [I] and [O] the unity matrix and zero maare MODEL EMTP TRANSFORMER trix, respectively. After obtaining the positive, negative, and zero sequence If the transformer has only hvo windings per phase, the equivalent circuits, these circuits are discretized for time- last rows and columns of the matrices in Equations 14, 15 domain analysis. After discretization, the RLC network to and 16 must be eliminated. It should be noted that matrices simulate Zhb (Figure 7) is reduced to just an equivalent [ N I ] and [N,] are singular. Equation 13 can be solved for current source in parallel with a constant equivalent resis- the currents il(t), $(t) and i,(t) in windings 1, 2 and 3, retance. Figure 11 shows the discrete-time model for one of spectively, in terms of the winding voltages and history the sequence networks for a three-phase three-winding terms. Solving Equation 13 for the currents, transformer (capacitances not shown). The discrete-time [i(t)l= [N2R -NiI-'Nz[v(t)l positive, negative, and zero sequence equivalent circuits +[N2R - N1]-'N2R.[ih(t- At)] (17) have to be transferred to phase coordinates in a form which is suitable for interfacing the transformer model with the or rest of the power system solution. With reference to [ i ( t ) l = [Yl[v(t)] [I/tist(t - At11 + (18) Figure 11 for a three-phase three-winding transformer: which is the [3x3] nodal admittance formulation for each il.R1 + e l = V I +ihl.R1 (7) sequence network. Before transferring to phase coordinates, the [3 x3] admiti 2 . R 2 + e2 = v2 + ih2.Rz (8) tance matrices for each sequence network are combined into i3,R3 + e e =v3 +ih3.R3 (9) a single [9x9] block-diagonal TylmOdc matrix. A transformation matrix of the same size [9x9] is needed to transform n l . i l + n 2 . i 2 +n3.i3 = 0 (10) the system from sequence to phase quantities. Using, for exn2.e1 - nl .e2 = 0 (1 1) ample, Clarke's transformation (Edith Clarke [21]), adapted

1322
Winding f

g-1
$ *-

Winding 2

Winding 3
800 I
Phase1
1

!p j j:

10

'
13

?-l
16

!f:$pl ", )6$pl,:

11

Phase2

Phase3

17

-400 1
0

Figure 12. Nodes labelling for external network solution. Three-phasethree-winding transformer.

IO

10

30

40

50

60

Time (pr)

to the present problem, results in the following [ 9 x 9 ] matrix for a three-phase three-winding transformer

Figure 13. Step impulse transient. Comparison of measurement and simulation

'
fi
0

fi
0

~
1

0 ' 0
0

fi
0

0
1

0 ' 0

P
0 ' 0
0

fl

P
0

Equation 23 is the desired nodal equation and, in combination with the corresponding expression for the terminal capacitances, constitutes the complete frequency dependent model for the three-phase three-winding transformer.

;
O

fi
0 - ' 0

o
fl
0 - ' 0

+
0 '

o
P
0

o
0

lP

[II =

L fi
0 '

JT
fi

Li f
0 '

o
6
0 0 -

0 0 ' 0

'
fi
0

fi

0 - ' 0 0 0

0 - + - 0

TIME-DOMAIN SIMULATIONS An impulse response test was performed on the tested 50MVA 115/23 kV transformer. Figure 13 shows the measured current response to a 550 kV 1.2/50 ps voltage impulse applied to the delta winding, with the wye winding shorted. Considering the uncertainty of the measurements

fi

0 0

fi
0

0 0 ' 0

2
E,
I I I

The voltages and currents on each of the nine coils of the transformer- in phase coordinates are related to the corresponding sequence voltages and currents by
[ Vphase] = [g[ Vsequence]

(19)

"

[Iphase] = [fl[lsequence] (20) Using Equations 19 and 20 in Equation 17, the following equations are obtained in phase quantities, [iphare(f)] =

[q[q[g-' [Vphase(t)]
+[qIIhisr(t

- At)]

(21)
At)] (22)
0
0.1

or
[iphare(t)] = [yphare][vphase(t)]- I[Ihnr-phase(f-

Equation 22 is not yet in the right form to interface the transformer model with the rest of the network solution because the variables are still associated with the transformer coils and not with the external nodes. Labeling the nodes as shown in Figure 12, Equation 22 can now be transformed into node voltages and currents as follows:

0.2

0.3

04

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

Time (nu)

Figure 14. Transient recovery voltage in a circuit breaker after clearinga fault. (a) Frequency-dependentmodel. (b) Constant-parametermodel

beyond 100 kHz (as discussed before), the simulated and measured test results are in good agreement. To compare the proposed frequency dependent transformer model with the constant-parameter model, a fault interruption case (Figure 14) was simulated with the program MicroTran (UBC version of the EMTP). The plots in

1323

Figure 14 compare the voltage across contacts of the circuit breaker obtained with the proposed frequency dependent model (with parameters derived from the tested 50 MVA 115/23 kV transformer) and with a constant parameters model in which the short-circuit impedance is represented with the 60-Hzresistance and inductance. The same external capacitances network is used for both models. The difference in the results illustrate the importance of more accurate transformer modelling in fast switching transients. CONCLUSIONS A wide-band general-purpose model has been developed for three-phase two- and three-winding power transformers. Instead of using a V(o)]matrix formulation for the transformer as seen from its external terminals, the model uses the classical 60-Hz T-circuit to represent the electric and magnetic interaction among coils belonging to the same phase. For three-phase common-core units, the mutual interaction among different phases is decoupled through a modal transformation matrix. Even though the concept is general, a balanced-system transformation matrix is assumed in order to simplifL the modelling and the test data requirements. The decoupled sequence networks consist of a frequency-dependent short-circuit branch and constantvalued terminal capacitances. These parameters were measured experimentally on a 50 MVA 115/23 kV three-phase core-type power transformer. As a result of the simplified topology, the frequency dependence modelling problem is reduced to the fitting of simple minimum-phase-shift impedances (the short-circuit impedance). Therefore, the possible numerical stability problems associated with the synthesis of the mutual terms in the V(o)]formulation have been eliminated. Also, the model has fewer and simpler frequency dependent functions to synthesize, making it much faster in time domain simulations. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors would like to thank Mrs. Supatra Phumiwat of the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) for her great efforts in conducting transformer testing and providing the transformer data used in this paper. We are also indebted to the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) for their financial support of Mr. S. Chimklai's Ph.D. work at the University of British Columbia and to the Natural Sciences and Engineering Council of Canada (NSERC) for their financial support of our basic research work.

R.C. DegeneE "A Method for Constmcting Terminal Models for SinglePhase n-Winding Transformers, Paper A 78 539-9, IEEE PES Summer Meeting, Los Angeles, Calif., July 16-21, 1978. [5] T. Adielson, A Carlson, H.B. Margolis, J.A Halladay, "Resonant Overvoltages in EHV Transformers-Modelling and Application," IEEE Trans., vol. PAS-100, pp. 3563-3572,1981 [6] Francisco de Leon and Adam Semlyen, "Reduced Order Model for Transformer Transients," IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 361-369, January 1992. . [7] A Morched, L Marti, and J. Ottevangers, "A High-Frequency Transformer Model for the EMTP," IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, vol. 8, NO. 3, pp. 1615-1626, July 1993. [8] F. de Le6n and A Semlyen, "Complete Transformer Model for Electromagnetic Transients," IEEE PES Winter Meeting , 93 WM 053-9 PWRD, 1993. [9] H. Baher, Synthesis ofElectric Networks, John Wiley & Sons, New York,1984. [lo] J. R Marti, "Accurate Modelling of Frequency-Dependent Transmission Lines in Electromagnetic Transient Simulations," IEEE Trans., vol. PAS-101, 1982. [ l l ] J. R. Marti, F. Castellanos, and N. Santiago, "A Wide Bandwidth Corona Model , Proceedings PSCC. l lth Power Computation Conference, " Avignon, Aug. 30 Sept 3, 1993, pp. 899-905. [12] J. R. Marli, Modelling of Power Transformers (in Spanish), Central University of Venezuela, 1975. [13] Allan Greenwood, Electrical Transients in Power Systems, 2nd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, 1991. [14] G. R Slemon and A Straughen, Electric Machines, Addison-Wesley, 1980, pp. 137-142. [IS] Ross Caldecot, Yilu Liu and Selwyn E. Wright, "Measurement of the Frequency Dependent Impedance of Major Station Equipment," IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 474-480, January 1990. [16] Yilu Liu, Stephen k Sebo and Selwyn E. Wright, "Power Transformer Resonance - Measurements and Prediction," IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, vol. 7, NO. l, pp. 245-253, January 1992. [17] P.T.M. Vaessen and E. Hanique, "A New Frequency Response Analysis Method for Power Transformers," IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, vol. 7, NO. 1, pp. 384-391, January 1992. [18] Richard L. Bean, Nicholas Chackan, Jr., Harold R. Moore, Edward C. Wentz, Transformers for the Electric Power Industry, McGraw-Hill, 1959. [19] William T. Vetterling, Saul A Teukolsky, Willam H. Press and Brian P. Flannery, Numerical Recipes-ExampleBook [C], 2nd Ed., Cambridge University Press. [20] L. F. Blume, A Bayajian, G. Camilli, T. C. Lennox, S. Minneci, V. M. Montsinger, Transformer Engineering, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1951. [21] Edith Clarke, circuit Analysis ofA-C Power Systems. Volume I: Symmetrical and Related Components, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1943.
[4]

BIOGRAPHIES
Suthrp Chiiddai. was born in Bangkok, Thailand in 1955. He received his Bachelor degree of Electrical Engineering in 1977 from Chulalongkom UNversity, Thailand. He has been working for the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand since he graduated. In 1984, he received his Master degree in Electrical Engineering from Camegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA He is currently a Ph.D. candidate at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
Josh R Marti IM71) was born in Lkrida, Spain in 1948. He received the de. * gree of Electrical Engineer from Central University of Venezuela in 1971, the degree of M.E.E.P.E from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1974 and the Ph.D. degree from the University of British Columbia in 1981. In Venezuela,

REFERENCES
R.C. DegeneK "A General Method for Determining Resonances in Transformer Windings," IEEE Trans., vol. PAS-96, pp. 423-430. 1977. M. DAmore and M. Salerno, "Simplified Models for simulating Transformer Windings Subject to Impulse Voltage," Paper A 7943 1-8, presented at IEEE PES Summer Meeting, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, July 15-20, 1979. P.T.M. Vaessen, "Transformer Model for High Frequencies," IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 1761-1768, October 1988.

he worked for industry and taught at Central University of Venezuela. At present he teaches at the University of British Columbia, Canada. Dr. Marti has been involved for a number of years in the development of models and solution techniques for the transient analysis program EMTP.

1324 Discussion Francisco de Le6n (Instituto Polit6cnico Nacional, Mexico). The authors are congratulated for their very interesting and clearly written paper. They have developed a new, low order, model for the transformer windings. The model parameters are calculated from a set of short circuit teminal measurements. The authors' comments to the following questions and concerns would be greatly appreciated: Can the authors kindly describe how the capacitance measurements were performed? Without this information, one could think that the measurements are correct for the whole frequency range. The oscillations at frequencies above 100 kHz. could be the result of the many internal resonances (series and parallel) in the winding, and not due to large inaccuracies in the measurements as suggested in the paper. All models based on measurements are only applicable for transformers already built. Although, sume general trends can be inferred from the tests, according to design, size, manufacturer, etc., accurate predictions for non-tested transformers cannot be assured. Therefore, the necessary data for the model might not be available at the planning stage. Will the authors comment on this?
It is stated in the paper, second paragraph of the Introduction, that the transformer model of reference [8] (or reference [A]) is based on the fitting of a [Y(u)] matrix that represents the transformer at its terminal. Although, it is true that this model requires the fitting of i! [Z(w)] matrix, such a matrix is not calculated at the transformer terminals. On the contrary, it is based on tum-to-turn frequency dependent information (resistances and inductances) from where we later obtain coils, windings, and perform transformer connections. The details of the derivation of the model can be found in reference [B] .
0

The asymmetries of transformer core inagnctic circuit, as stated by the authors, play no significant rolc [C] in conditions where the contribution of shunt magnetizing term is not important. e.g. i n short circuits. or in full load conditions. On the other hand, in no load conditions [Cl or in highly unbalanced conditions [D], this contribution could be considerable. Could the authors comment on a possible extension of their model taking into account the frequency dependence of the magnetizing term and the unbalanced mutual phase coupling? The interphase capacitance (between outside windings of different legs), is considered to be the same for all phases, disregarding the fact that the distance between the outer limbs is approximately double the one between the central and an outer limb. In general, these capacitances are considered negligible [A], therefore no important inforination is lost by this assumption of the authors. Ilowcvcr. it would be interesting to know if the authors have had any ~ I S available I I I ~ ~ S U ~ ~ I I I 011 I ~ ilicsc capacililnccs indicating a typical value of these terms or the discrepancies between differcnt pairs of legs. Kcfcrenccs

F. de Le6n and A. Semlyen, "Complete Transformer Model for Electromagnetic Transients," IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 9, No. 1, January 1994, pp. 231-239. F. de Leon and A. Semlyen, "Detailed Modeling of Eddy Current Effects for Transformer Transients, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 9. No. 2, April 1994, pp. 1143-1150.
"

[A] C E R E W.G. 13.02:" Chapter 5: switching of unloaded transformers; Part 1: Basic theory and single phase transformer interruption without reignitions", Electra No 133, pp.78-97 [B]CIGRE W.G. 13.02:" Chapter 5: switching of unloaded transformers; Part 2: Three phase transformer interruption, reignition phcnoincna. tcst rcsult iuid coiiclusioiis", Eleclra No 134, pp. 23-134. [C] J.M. Prousalidis, N.D. I latziaryyriou, 13.C. I'apadias: "The effect of mutual phase coupling on I hrce-phase transformer models", EPS'I' '93, Lisbon (Portugal), June 1993. [D) B.C. Papadias, N.D. Ilatziargyriou, J.A. 13akopoulos, J.M. Prousa1idis:"Three-Phase 'l'ransforiner Modelling for Fast Electromagnetic Transients", paper No 93 SM PWRD presented at 1993 IEEE PES Suininer Meeting, Vancouver (Canada), July 1993. Manuscript received August 24, 1994.

Manuscript received August 9, 1994.

B.C. Papadias, N.D. Hatziargyriou. J.M. Prousalidis (National Technical University of Atlicns, Athens, Greece): The discussers wish to congratulate the aulhors on thcir timely and interesting work. 'They would appreciate the authors' comments on the following points:
0

It is shown in measurements that the stray capacitances are constant to about 100 kHz. However in CIGRE WG.13.02 reports [A,B], it is argued that the effective capacitance, with which transformer participates in switching phenomena, is in the order of 60% - 80% the value at the operating frequency (50160 H) z . The discussers would appreciate further discussion on this subject.

S. Chimklai and J.R Marti (University of British Columbia, B.C., Canada): We thank the discussers for their kind comments and interesting questions. Dr. Papadm et al.'s and Dr. de Leon's first questions refer to the capacitance measurements shown in Figure 4 of the paper. As indicated in Figure 6 of the paper, these capacitance measurements were performed with the coils short circuited. Under these conhtions, the impedances,Z ,, and 2 in the equivalent , circuit are shorted and only the C's (interwindmg and windmg to ground capacitances) are measured. That is, for as long as the proposed lumped-parameter circuit is valid, the expected measured impedance would be a constant

1325

capacitance. The measurement of Figure 4 suggests that this assumption is correct up to about 100 kHz. Beyond tlus frequency, it is unclear whether the oscillations in the measured impedance are due to instrumentation errors, or, as pointed out by Dr. de Leon, to local resonances in the actual distributed-parameter nature of the windmgs. In connection with Dr. Papadas et al.'s comments concerning CIGRE's reports, we are not familiar with the experimental context underlying these reports, but impulse-wave measurements, for example, would not separate capacitance from inductance as "cleanly" as our experimental set up, wluch short circuits the coils, and could g v e a lower value for the capacitances at switclung frequencies. We next answer the remaining questions of the discussers. We start with Dr. Papa&as et al.'s second and tlurd questions. One of the advantages of the proposed circuit model is that it separates the identity of the various component parts: short-circuit impedance, capacitances, and magnetization branch. The "separate" magnetization branch in the circuit can then be modeled with as much detail as desired and incorporate, for instance, frequency dependence and saturation. We concur with the comments in Dr. Papadias et al.'s third question in that the phase-to-phase capacitances are probably small compared to the other capacitances in the model and, therefore, their M e r e n t values do not significantly affect the balanced model assumption. Our tests, however, do not directly measure these capacitances (Figures 5 and 10 of the paper) but a combined "balanced" capacitance for the proposed equivalent circuit. It is not possible from these measurements to isolate the phase-to-phase capacitance values or their dfierences between external and central phases.

It may be interesting to mention, nonetheless, that in the "simulated positive sequence" short-circuit tests (Figure lO(a) in the paper) conducted on a two-windmg transformer, there were no si@cant Werences in the derived capacitance values when the coil shorted was the coil in the middle leg of the core or the coil on an outer leg. Since the other capacitances involved in the test are more "balanced" than the phase-to-phase capacitances, these tests seem to venfy the assumption that the phase-to-phase capacitances have less importance than the other transformer capacitances. We address now Dr. de Leon's second and tlurd questions. We agree with Dr. de L d n in that modeling at the planning stage requires data from design dimensions. Reference [A] in Dr. de Leon's discussion (reference [SI in the paper) is an excellent work in this connection. We also hope that given the importance of more accurate frequency dependent transformer modeling, even in common switclung and fault transient studies, transformer manufacturers will include frequency responses as part of their standard transformer data. Regarding Dr. de Leon's tlurd comment, we mention in the Introduction to our paper that the formulations in [7] and [SI ([A] in the discussion) require the fitting of the self and mutual elements in the [y(o)] [Z(o)]) (or matrix, wlule our formulation only involves the fitting of a single Zmh, impedance (short-circuit impedance) for the positive and zero sequence modes. We apologize for not malung it clear that in the case of reference [SI ([A]) the elements of the matrix are not obtained from experimental measurements but built up from more basic data ([B]).
Manuscript received November 23, 1994.