Name:.

Experiment Paper 3 Chemistry (FORM 4)

Apparatus: measuring cylinder 100 cm3, beaker 250 cm3, spatula, glass rod , electronic balance Procedure : 1. 50 cm3 of water is measured and is poured into a 250 cm3 beaker 2. The beaker and its content is weighed and recorded. 3. Calcium chloride is added a little at a time to the water. The mixture is stirred. 4. The process is continued until no calcium chloride can further dissolve in the water. 5. The beaker and its content is weighed again and is recorded. (Responding Variable) 6. The experiment is repeated by using 60 cm3, 70 cm3 and 80 cm3 of water .(Manipulated Variable) Results Expt. 1 2 3 4 Vol. of water / cm3 (MV) 50 60 70 80 Mass of CaCl2 dissolved / g (RV)

Essay question 17 marks Writing report ( planning of experiment) Just ask science process skill A complete report should contain : problem statement hypothesis variables ( manipulated / responding / controlled ) apparatus + materials used procedure results interpreting data conclusion Example : You are required to study the solubility of calcium chloride, CaCl2, in water. You are given 50 cm3 water and 200 g CaCl2. After adding calcium chloride, little by little to the water and stirring it, you find some salt remaining at the bottom of the beaker. If more water is added, the salt dissolves.

(or in graphical form ) Conclusion : The greater the volume of water used, the greater the mass of calcium chloride dissolved.

Discussions Observation : Not all the salt, CaCl2 , dissolves in the .. Inference : The mass of calcium chloride dissolved depends on the of water given . Problem statement : How does the amount of water affect the mass of calcium chloride dissolved ? Hypothesis : The .. the amount of water is used, the ... the mass of calcium chloride dissolved in it. Manipulated variable: Responding variable:. Controlled variable(s):... Material: solid of..,..

Created By Rudi bin Zainal 1

0197525195

Name:.

2. Problem statement : How do lithium, sodium and potassium differ in their reactivity with oxygen? Hypothesis : When going down group 1 from lithium to potassium, reactivity increases. Variables: Manipulated: types of alkali metals used Responding: reactivity of alkali metals toward Oxygen Controlled : supply of oxygen; size of metal Used Apparatus: Knife, ceramic tile, tongs, gas jar, cover, spoon, Bunsen burner, measuring cylinder 50 cm3 Materials : Small pieces of Li , Na and K metals , oxygen gas, phenolphthalein indicator , filter paper Procedure: 1. A very small piece of lithium is cut with a knife 2. The oil on the surface of lithium is dried by filter paper. 3. The metal is then put onto a gas jar spoon by using tongs. 4. The metal is heated strongly until it begins to burn. The spoon is transferred into a gas jar which filled with oxygen. 5.When the reaction has stopped, 20 cm3 of water is poured into the jar and shaken. The solution formed is tested with 3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator. 6. The experiment is repeated using sodium and potassium .(MV) 7. Observation is made and recorded (RV) Result : Metal Lithium Sodium Potassium Observation

3. Problem Statement: How do lithium, sodium and potassium differ in reactivity with chlorine gas? Hypothesis: When going down group 1 from lithium to potassium, reactivity increases. Variables: Manipulated: types of alkali metals used Responding: reactivity of metals towards Chlorine Controlled : concentration of chlorine gas; Size of metal Apparatus: knife, ceramic tile, tongs, gas jar, cover, spoon, Bunsen burner Materials: small pieces of Li , Na and K metals , filter paper , chlorine gas Procedure: 1. A small piece of lithium is cut using a knife and the paraffin oil on it is blotted using filter paper. 2. The metal is then transferred onto a gas jar spoon. 3. The metal is heated until it starts to burn. The spoon is then put into a gas jar containing chlorine gas. 4. The experiment is repeated using sodium and Potassium. 5. Observation is made and recorded. Results : Metal Lithium Sodium Potassium Observation

Conclusion: when going down group 1, reactivity increases.

Conclusion: When going down group 1 from Lithium to Potassium, reactivity increases.

Created By Rudi bin Zainal 2

0197525195

Name:.

4. Problem Statement: How do lithium, sodium and potassium differ in reactivity with water? Hypothesis: When going down group 1 from lithium to potassium, reactivity increases. Variables: Manipulated: Types of alkali metals used Responding: Reactivity of metals with water Controlled : Temperature of water; size of metal used Apparatus: knife, ceramic tile, tongs, water trough Materials: small pieces of Li, Na and K metals, filter paper, red litmus paper Procedure: 1. A small piece of lithium is cut using a knife and dried by filter paper. 2. The metal is placed slowly onto the water surface in a trough. 3. When the reaction stops, the solution formed is tested with red litmus paper. 4. The experiment is repeated using sodium and potassium. 5. Observation is made and recorded Results: Metal Lithium Sodium Potassium Observation

5. Problem statement: How does does a chemical reaction produce electrical energy in a simple cell? Hypothesis: Electric current is produced when metals of different electropositivities are used as electrodes. Variables : a) Manipulated : Pairs of different metals b) Responding : Deflection of a voltmeter needle by the electric current produced c) Controlled / fixed : Type of electrolyte , concentration of electrolyte, size of metals used, distance between two electrodes Materials : 1.0 mol dm-3 sodium chloride solution, copper plates, magnesium plate, sand paper Apparatus : Beaker 100 cm3 , voltmeter, connecting wire with crocodile clips. Procedure : 1. The magnesium and copper plates are thoroughly cleaned using sand paper. 2. The two metals are immersed in 50 cm3 aqueous sodium chloride solution. 3. Both plates are connected by the connecting wire to a voltmeter. 4. The needle of the voltmeter is observed. 5.The experiment is repeated using two pieces of copper plates as electrodes. Results: Types of metals used as electrodes Magnesium -copper Copper - copper Conclusion: . Observation

Conclusion: When going down group 1, reactivity increases.

Created By Rudi bin Zainal 3

0197525195

Name:.

6. Problem Statement: How do chlorine, bromine and iodine differ in reactivity with iron wool? Hypothesis: When going down group 17 from chlorine to iodine, reactivity decreases. Variables: Manipulated: Types of halogen gases used Responding: Reactivity of halogen gases with iron wool Controlled : Temperature of room; mass of iron wool Apparatus: combustion tube,, Materials: chlorine, bromine, iodine,., .. Procedure: 1. Iron wool inside a combustion tube is heated strongly. 2. Chlorine gas is passed through the heated iron wool. 3. The excess chlorine gas is absorbed by sodium hydroxide solution 4. The experiment is repeated using bromine and iodine. 5. Observation is made and recorded Results: Halogen gas Chlorine Bromine Iodine Observation

Problem statement : How the electrical conductivity of ethanol and sodium nitrate solution. Hypothesis : Ethanol does not conduct electricity whereas sodium nitrate solution conducts electricity. Substances : Ethanol, sodium nitrate solution Apparatus : beaker 250cm3 , measuring cylinder 100cm3, light bulbs, switch, connecting wires with clips, carbon rod Experimental procedure : 1.50g of ethanol is measured by a measuring Cylinder and is poured into a beaker. 2. Two carbon rods are immersed in ethanol and the circuit is completed by connecting to batteries, a switch and a light bulb. 3. The switch is turned on and the bulb is checked if it is light up or not. 4. The experiment is repeated by using sodium nitrate solution e) Results Chemical compound Ethanol Aqueous sodium Nitrate solution Observation

Conclusion: Ethanol can not conduct electricity; sodium nitrate solution can conduct electricity.

Conclusion: When going down group 17, reactivity decreases.

Created By Rudi bin Zainal 4

0197525195

Name:.
Al / Cu Ag / Cu Cu / Cu Experiment : Constructing the electrochemical series from displacement reactions Problem statement: How can the electrochemical series be constructed based on the ability of a metal to displace another metal from its salt solution ? Hypothesis : A metal that is situated at a higher position in the electrochemical series is able to displace a metal below it in the series from its salt solution. Variables : a) Manipulated : Metals , nitrate solutions b) Responding : Deposition of metals colour change in the nitrate solutions c) Controlled : Concentration and volume of nitrate solutions, time taken , temperature Materials : 1.0 mol dm-3 copper(II) nitrate solution, 1.0 mol dm-3 lead(II) nitrate solution, 1.0 mol dm-3 iron(II) nitrate solution, 1.0 mol dm-3 zinc nitrate solution, 1.0 mol dm-3 magnesium nitrate solution, pieces of copper, lead, iron, zinc, magnesium, sandpaper Apparatus : 5 test tubes , test tube rack , 10 cm3 measuring cylinder Procedure : 1.5 cm3 solutions of copper(II) nitrate, lead(II) nitrate, iron(II) nitrate, zinc nitrate and magnesium nitrate are put into five different test tubes separately. 2. Pieces of metals are cleaned using sand paper. 3. A piece of copper is placed into each of the solutions. 4. The reactions ( if any ) are allowed to take place for 10 minutes. 5. Observation on the changes of solution colour and solid deposition on the metal surface are recorded. 6. The experiment is repeated using lead, iron, zinc and magnesium.

Experiment: Constructing the Electrochemical Series Based on the Potential Difference between 2 Metals Problem statement: How can the electrochemical series be constructed based on the potential difference between two metals? Hypothesis: Two principles are used a) The bigger the voltage difference is in the voltaic cell, the further apart the positions of the two metals are in the electrochemical series b) A metal that serves as the negative terminal of a cell is placed at a higher position in the electrochemical series. Variables: a) Manipulated: Pairs of metals as electrodes. b) Responding: The potential difference c) Controlled : Concentration of electrolyte, Size of electrodes, distance between 2 electrodes Materials: 0.1 mol dm-3 sodium chloride solution, pieces of copper, zinc, magnesium, iron, aluminium and silver metals, sandpaper Apparatus : voltmeter, beaker 250 cm3, connecting wires with crocodile clips. Procedure : 1. Two-third of a beaker is filled with sodium chloride, NaCl solution. 2. Pieces of zinc and copper metals are polished with sand paper. 3. The two metals are then dipped into the sodium chloride solution. 4. The electrodes are connected to the voltmeter. 5. The highest reading of the voltmeter is recorded. 6. The direction of electron flow is also noted. 7. Step 1 to 6 are repeated, using other metals to replace zinc. Results : Pairs of metals Zn / Cu Mg / Cu Fe / Cu Negative terminal Positive terminal Voltage /V

Created By Rudi bin Zainal 5

0197525195

Name:.
Conclusion : Steel is harder than pure metal. Cu(NO3}2 Cu Pb Fe Zn Mg Pb(NO3}2 Fe(NO3}2 Zn(NO3}2 Mg(NO3}2

Comparing the rate of corrosion in iron, steel and stainless steel Problems statement : Do iron, steel and stainless steel corrode at the same rate ? Hypothesis : The rate of corrosion decreases in the order Iron steel stainless steel Variables : a) Manipulated : Different types of iron materials b) Responding : rate of corrosion c) Fixed / Controlled : size of nails, concentration of solution, duration of time for the nails to corrode Apparatus : Test tubes, test tube rack, beaker Materials : iron nail, steel ail, stainless nail, 5 % jelly solution, potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) solution, sand paper Procedure : 1.Three test tubes are half-filled with jelly solution and labeled as A, B and C. 2. 1 cm3 of potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) solution is added to every test tube. 3. The iron , steel, stainless steel nails are cleaned using the sand paper and placed in the three test tubes labeled A, B and C respectively. 4. All three test tubes are allowed to stand for 4 days and are examined. Results : Test tube A B C Type of nail Iron Steel Stainless steel Blue colour of solution Rusting on nail

Results :

Legend( ) displacement reaction occurred () displacement reaction did not occur

Investigating the difference in hardness of an alloy and a pure metal Problem statement: How to compare difference hardness of an alloy and a pure metal. Hypothesis : Alloy is harder then pure metal Manipulated variable : Steel and pure metal Responding variable : hardness of alloy and pure metal Fixed variable : Mass of weight, height of weight Apparatus : Retort stand + clamp, meter rule, thread, 1 kg weight, steel ball bearing, Materials : copper block , brass block, cellophane tape. Procedure : 1. A steel ball bearing is taped onto a copper block. 2. A 1 kg weight is hung at a height of 50 cm above the copper block . 3.The weight is allowed to drop onto the ball bearing. 4. The diameter of the dent made by the ball bearing on the copper block is measured. 5. Step 1 - 4 are repeated on other part of the copper block in order to obtain an average value for the diameter of the dents formed. 6.Steps 1 to 5 are repeated using a brass block. Results : Block Copper Brass Diameter of dent (mm) I II Average

Created By Rudi bin Zainal 6

0197525195