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Dr. B.

SENGUPTA
DIRECTOR
CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD [Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India] New Delhi [INDIA]
E-mail : bsg1951@yahoo.com, Website : http://www.cpcb.nic.in

Presented at Seminar at Raipur on 8th November, 2008

Major Environmental Acts/Rules


1. The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 2. The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Cess, Act, 1977 3. The Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 4. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 5. Environmental Impact Assessment Notification 6. The Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 1989 7. The Bio - Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 1988 8. The Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2000 9. The Noise Pollution (Regulation & Control) Rules, 2000 10. The Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules 2001

ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS IN INDIA

I. Municipal Waste Water (MWW)


33000 Million litres per day (MLD) waste water is generated and only 7000 MLD is collected and treated. Rest are discharged untreated in water bodies and land causing pollution in surface and groundwater. Action Points In phase manner, MWW to be collected and treated as per standard of CPCB/SPCB, and also considering pollution status of recipient water bodies. More emphasis to use treated water for irrigation etc. Minimum Environmental flow of water in river to be maintained to achieve desired water quality. Promotion of more decentralised waste water treatment facility. Linking of rivers for optimum utilisation of water resources. Quality of water at water intake point of water works to be strictly maintained as per CPCB guidelines. Ground Water depletion to be checked in major cities & towns.

II. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)


1,20,000 Tonne per day (TPD) Municipal Solid Waste is generated, only 70% or the same is collected and only 5% is treated and disposed as per Municipal Solid Waste Management Rules. Indiscriminate disposal of MSW is major nuisance in urban areas including groundwater quality problem. Action Points MSW to be collected and disposed as per MSW Management Rules notified under E(P) Act, 1986. Ministry of Urban Development under J.N.N.U.R.M. programme may play a major role for management of MSW in urban areas. More emphasis on recycle and reuse of the waste. Use of calorific value of waste in power generation / cement plant etc. Public Private Partnership for MSW management to be encouraged.

III.

Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM) Management

As per CPCB Air quality monitoring data (www.cpcb.nic.in), 65 cities and town in India are generally exceeding the ambient air quality standards for RSPM/PM10. Further as per CPCB study 45-54% of RSPM are generally natural origin and rest are manmade.

Action Points

Integrated approach to be taken for RSPM/PM10 control. Source apportionment study to be done for RSPM/PM10 in all non-compliant cities. More use of clean transportation fuel (CNG, LPG, Low Sulphur Diesel etc.) in highly polluted cities. Use of vehicles meeting Bharat Stage-III (akin to EURO-III) standard in non-compliant cities.

IV. Fly Ash Management


Indian coal contains 34-47% ash. Ash generation from coal based power station is presently about 112 million tonnes per annum. It is going to increase to 150 million tonnes per annum after commissioning of all super Thermal Power Stations by 2015. Action Points Ash utilization as per new MoEF guidelines. More use of ash in cement production. Promotion of clean coal technologies. Pit head power plants to dispose the ash in abandoned mines. Ash should be considered as resource not as waste.

V.

Hazardous Waste Management

Presently 8.14 million tonnes of hazardous wastes is generated from 29716 industries. However, there are only 21 nos of TSDF (Transport, Storage and Disposal Facility) exists, which is inadequate to handle all hazardous wastes. Action Points More TSDF facilities to be set-up under Public Private Partnership mode. Promotion of clean technology to reduce generation of hazardous wastes. Remediation of contaminated hazardous waste dump sites. More common hazardous wastes incinerators as per CPCB guidelines, to be set-up.

VI. Bio Medical Waste Management


Presently 20-30% of Bio-medical wastes is collected, segregated and treated as per Bio-medical Waste Management Rules. Action Points Number of Common Bio-medical Wastes Treatment Facility (CBMWTF) to be increased manifold. Presently there are 157 facilities which are not adequate to handle all the wastes. CBMWTF is to be set-up under Public Private Partnership mode. New technologies to be promoted for destruction of toxic bio-medical wastes.

VII. E-Waste Management


Presently more than 400,000 tonnes of E-waste is generated which may increase manifold in coming years.

Action Points

Common facility for E-Waste management (Collection, Segregation, Recovery of Metals and Reuse Facility) in Public Private Partnership mode to be setup. Comprehensive e-waste management policy to be adopted (as per guidelines issued by CPCB (www.cpcb.nic.in). More emphasis on metal recovery to be given.

VIII. Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAP) in Chemical Industry Zone


There are large number of chemical industries (pesticides, pharmaceutical, dye and dye intermediate, organic chemical manufacturing industries) in chemical industrial zone of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu etc. (Vapi, Ankleshwar, Bharuch, Panoli, Tarapur, Taloja, Mahad, Patancherru, Medak, Cuddalore, Manali etc.). In these areas toxic pollutants like VOC, BTX, Organic Solvents emissions are quite high. Action Points Monitoring and assessment of HAP to be carried out. Solvent recovery (ethylene dichloride, benzene, toluene etc.) should be improved. High COD wastes to be segregated and incinerated. Promotion of clean process technology to minimise the generation of HAP.

IX. Pollution From Small Scale Industries


There are more than 3-5 million Small Scale industries exists which are polluting in nature. These industries are as follows: Stone crusher Re-rolling mills Electroplating industries Brick kilns Foundry Hot Mix Plant Sponge iron plants Tannery units Lime kilns DG sets

Action Points Pollution prevention technologies as developed by CPCB for various SSI units to be adopted. More CETPs to be set-up under Public Private Partnership mode and performance of existing CETPs (more than 100 exists) to be improved. Enforcement of standard in SSI sectors to be strengthened.

X. Vehicular Pollution in Urban Areas


Vehicular population growth in urban areas of India is very high. In Delhi alone, more than 45 lacs vehicles are registered. Vehicular emissions are mainly responsible for poor air quality in urban areas. Action Points In-use vehicular emission to be controlled by proper inspection and monitoring system. For new vehicles, Bharat Stage-III standards to be enforced in all urban areas where ambient air quality standards are not met. Fuel adulteration is major problem and should be addressed. Proper action plan based on source apportionment study should be prepared and implemented. Continuous Air Quality Monitoring Stations to be set-up in urban areas and data display in web-site for public interaction.

ACHIEVEMENTS OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL IN INDIA

ACHIEVEMENTS OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL IN INDIA

STEPS TAKEN TO IMPROVE AIR QUALITY IN NCR-DELHI

Industrial Pollution Control


Use of beneficiated coal (having ash 34%) made mandatory in Thermal Power Plant. Closure of hazardous air polluting industries. Shifting of highly polluting industries from nonconforming areas (residential area) to conforming area (approved industrial area). Emission standard for DG Sets (Portable and Stationery sets) Notification and approved fuel for UT of Delhi Upgradation of ESPs in three coal based power station in Delhi. Use of LDO instead of coal in small boilers.

Emission Reduction from Vehicles by Introducing Stricter Norms


Norms 1996 1998 (Cat. Convertor Norms) Bharat Stage I (Euro I) Bharat Stage II (Euro II) Bharat Stage III (Euro III) Bharat Stage IV (Euro IV) Year of Implementation 1996 1998 1999 2000/2001 April, 2005 April, 2010

Vehicular Pollution Control


Road Map for Fuel Quality Improvement Norms 0.5% S Diesel 0.25% S Diesel 0.05% S Diesel 0.035% S Diesel Unleaded Petrol Low Smokes 2 T oil Year of Implementation 1996 2000 2003 2005 2000 1998

Alternate Fuel Use in NCR Delhi


CNG Norms notified and more than 80,000 CNG vehicles plying in Delhi LPG Norms notified, LPG kits approved Gasoline with 5% ethanol from 2003 in sugar producing states & UT to be extended to other states and Union Territories. 10% to be introduced by 2008 Bio diesel (5%) by 2005 & Bio diesel (10%) by 2011

APPROACH TO CONTROL POLLUTION


Environmental quality standard developed and notified (www.cpcb.nic.in). Industry specific emission and effluent standard developed and notified based techno economic viability (www.cpcb.nic.in). 24 critically polluted areas identified and drawn action plan and being implemented. 17 categories of highly polluting industries identified and emission and effluent standard being enforced. Contd..

APPROACH TO CONTROL POLLUTION


Corporate Responsibility for Environmental Protection (CREP) drawn and implemented through Eight Task Forces (www.cpcb.nic.in). 124 common effluent treatment plant set-up for control of water pollution from cluster of industries mainly chemical industries under PPP mode. Waste minimisation and recycling of waste water promoted. Action Plan to control pollution from 24 critically polluted areas. Action Plan to control air pollution from 16 cities.

1.

INDUSTRY SPECIFIC TECHNOLOGY (R&D) REQUIREMENT FOR POLLUTION CONTROL


Distilleries Concentration / Incineration of Spent Waste and Power generation (carbon credit under CDM). Bio methanation followed by R.O./MEE (to reduce the effluent quality) and then composting (not for stand alone distilleries).

2.

Paper and Pulp Issue Colour, Odour, AOx, Cl2 free bleaching. O&M of Chemical Recovery Plants and its Pollution Control Equipments. Lignin recovery plant for small paper and pulp. Reduction of water consumption. Iron and Steel Plant Coke Oven Emission (PAH, VOC) control. Effluent (CN, Phenol) management. SMS slag utilisation. Dry Coke quenching (carbon credit under CDM).

3.

Contd..

4. Sponge Iron Plants Char Management use in AFBC / FBC Boiler with Coal for power generation (carbon credit under CDM). WHRB Kiln emission (GHG emission reduction). 5. Thermal Power Plants Ash utilisation (cement plant, mine back filling). Clean Coal Technology (carbon credit under CDM). Flue Gas desulphurisation (FGD) for SO2 control. 6. Textile Industry TDS management from effluent. R.O./Nano filtration Reject disposal. Waste recycling.

Contd..

7. Cement Industry Use of high calorific value hazardous waste as partial fuel in cement kiln. Use of fly ash / iron slag from cement making (carbon credit under CDM) 8. Aluminium Industry Secondary emission of fluoride from pot room. PAH emission control from Baking furnace. Spent Pot lining disposal. 9. Drug and Pharmaceutical Industry High COD waste Management. Solvent Recovery (M.D.C., Benzene, etc.) Incinerator standard Odour Control.

CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS


1. Municipal Waste Water Collection and Treatment before discharge in river / water body to improve the water quality in river / water bodies. 2. Municipal Solid Waste Collection and Treatment as per MSW Rules. Plastic Waste to be segregated and disposed as per guidelines. 3. Necessary action to maintain environmental flow in river. minimum

4. Urban air quality to be improved by adopting Integrated Policy for air pollution control, In-use vehicle emission control, use of clean transportation fuel, adoption of Bharat Stage III / IV, Vehicular standard on fuel quality and some of integral part of policy. Contd..

5. Setting of more TSDF for hazardous waste management. Adoption of clean technology for generation of less hazardous wastes. 6. Promotion of recycling and re-use of waste like use of high calorific value hazardous waste in Cement Kiln. 7. Setting of more common bio medical waste facilities for Bio Medical Waste Management. 8. Setting of Integrated E-Waste facility as per CPCB guidelines for E-Waste Management. 9. More use of Fly Ash as per fly ash management rule. Contd..

11. Promotion of Clean Coal Technologies for Pollution Control. 12. Promotion of pollution prevention technologies in Small Scale Industries. More demonstration plant for pollution control from SSI units. 13. Zero discharge from distilleries by using emergent technologies. 14. CREP recommendation implementation for pollution control from 17 categories of highly polluting industries.

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