Evolution Unit Study Guide Stephen Brown-Bourne Period: 6

Miller & Urey They simulated Earths early environment which resulted in the 4 basic macromolecules. This was so important because it gave evidence for how life could have evolved. Modern Day Eukaryotes Modern day eukaryotes evolved from living communities formed by prokaryotic organisms. Oxygen The production of oxygen was important because it allowed for cellular respiration to occur. Charles Darwin Important because he developed the theory of evolution He is very controversial because evolution goes against many religious beliefs. The HMS Beagle is a sea voyage that set sail on Dec 27, 1831. It was on this trip that Darwin collected most of his evidence for evolution. On the Galapagos islands Darwin observed his famous finches and collected most of his evidence for evolution. This was his most important stop. The Origin of Species is Darwins famous book that suggests the idea of evolution.

Lamark Put the idea of evolution out there, but was WRONG. This put the idea of evolution in a bad light. Hunton/Lyell Suggested that Earth had been around for much longer than what was previously believed. Darwin realized that there was enough time for creatures to potentially evolve. \ Malhus Said that the human population will grow unchecked and we will run out of resources. Darwin wondered why we havent reached our carrying captivity yet.

Darwin/Lamark Alike Both proposed evolution Both thought that traits are passed on Darwin Only Natural selection What works better than before Reputable person Lamark Only Complexity Use/disuse Creature controls results of evolution Natural Selection Acts on phenotypes Those best suited to their environment survive to reproduce Results in a fitter population Heritable variation, competition for resources and those best suited surviving to reproduce is what is needed for natural selection to take place.

Evolution Evolution is change overtime or decent with modification. Adaptation Is the process or state of changing to fit a new environment or different condition, or the resulting change. Islands Islands are important because often they have different climates than other nearby islands, resulting in visually obvious results of evolution. Fitness Fitness is the ability to survive in an environment.

Phenotypes vs. Genotypes Phenotypes are physical characteristics and genotypes are ones genetic makeup. Environment Organisms evolve and are selected to survive in their given environment.

Anatomy/Development DNA copare DNA sequences of species to determin how closly related thy are. Use dat to make a phylogenetic tree. Homologous structures - structures that develop from same embryonic tissue bot have different mature forms. Ex: four limbs in invertebrates Vestigial structure - reduced in siz and function and sign of organism evolutionary past. Not sessasary for suvival or reproduction. Ex: tailbone. Embriology-shows that cells/tissues develope in same order and patterns in invetibrets become hmologus structures.

Evedence for Evolution

Fossil record Physical record of history of life on earth. Darwin proposes that species coame into existence, lived and vanished overtime. Compares fossils from elder rock layers to younger ones to prove evolution takes place.

Geographic Distribution Species living on different continents but similar environments look physically alike. Called convergent evolution.

Examples of Evolution Kettlewells Moths There were 2 variations of the same moths one black and one white. At first the white moths blended in and were more successful. When the industrial revolution kicked in, all the trees were black with pollution, thus allowing the black moths to become the more dominant kind. Industrial Melanism: The darkening of populations overtime in response to industrial pollution. Darwins finches Some birds had big beaks others had little beaks. In a dry environment the big beaked birds did better because they had more access to harder to get to food. Horse Adaptation: Got bigger, longer legs, less toes, longer neck, more complex teeth, and a longer snout. Penguin Adaptation: Fat/blubber, densely packed feathers, preening, countercurrent heat exchange circulatory system, increased blood flow to flippers, shivering, expose feet, shelter, and huddling.

Three Types of Selection Directional: Phenotype at one end of curve has a higher fitness than those at other end. Stabilizing Selection: Phenotypes at center of curve have higher fitness than those at either extreme. Narrows the range of phenotypes. Stabilizes the center phenotype in population. Disruptive Selection: Phenotypes at both ends have higher fitness than those in middle. Causes range of phenotypes to split in two.

Speciation, Three Causes: Behavioral Isolation: Two populations are capable of interbreeding, but have different mating rituals/strategies.

Geographic Isolation: Two populations are separated by geographic barriers. Temporal Isolation: When two or more species reproduce at different times of year and/or day.

Convergent Evolution

Genetic Drift, Two Types Founder Effect allele frequencies change as a result of migration of a small subgroup of a population. Bottleneck Effect A disaster.