BIS 2004

B U R E A U O F I N D I A N S T A N D A R D S
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
(Rea ffi r med 2001)
Ed i t i on 1.1
(1984-03)
P r i ce Gr ou p 11
Indian S tandard
CRITERIA FOR DESIGN OF STEEL BINS FOR
STORAGE OF BULK MATERIALS
P ART I I I BI NS DESI GNED FOR MASS FLOW
AND FUNNEL FLOW
(Incor por at ing Amendment No. 1)
UDC 624 : 953.041 : [ 669.14 ] : 621.796.6
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
BIS 2004
BUREAU OF I NDI AN STANDARDS
This publicat ion is pr ot ect ed under t he Indian Copyright Act (XIV of 1957) and
r epr oduct ion in whole or in par t by any means except wit h wr it t en per mission of t he
publisher shall be deemed t o be an infr ingement of copyr ight under t he said Act .
Indian S tandard
CRITERIA FOR DESIGN OF STEEL BINS FOR
STORAGE OF BULK MATERIALS
P ART I I I BI NS DESI GNED FOR MASS FLOW
AND FUNNEL FLOW
St r uct ur al Engineer ing Sect ional Commit t ee, SMBDC 7
Chairman Represent ing
DIRECTOR STANDARDS (CIVIL) Minist r y of Railways
Members
SHRI R. M AGARWAL Inst it ut ion of Engineer s (India), Calcut t a
DR PREM KRISHNA ( Alt ernate )
SHRI A. K. BANERJ EE Met allur gical and Engineer ing Consult ant s (India)
Lt d, Ranchi
SHRI S. SANKARAN ( Alternat e )
SHRI P. G. BARDHAN Br ait hwait e & Co Lt d, Calcut t a
SHRI S. K. GANGOPADHYAY ( Alt ernat e )
SHRI S. N. BASU Inspect ion Wing, Dir ect or at e Gener al of Supplies and
Disposals, New Delhi
SHRI D. B. J AIN ( Alt ernate )
SHRI P. C. BHASIN Minist r y of Shipping and Tr anspor t (Depar t ment of
Tr anspor t ) (Roads Wing)
DR P. N. CHATTERJ EE Gover nment of West Bengal
DR P. DAYARATNAM Indian Inst it ut e of Technology, Kanpur
SHRI D. S. DESAI M. N. Dast ur & Co Pvt Lt d, Calcut t a
SHRI S. R. KULKARNI ( Alternate )
DIRECTOR (TRANSMISSION) Cent r al Elect r icit y Aut hor it y, New Delhi
DEPUTY DIRECTOR (TRANS-
MISSION) ( Alternat e )
SHRI Z. HASAN Cent r al Wat er Commission, New Delhi
SHRI V. NARAYANAN ( Alternat e )
J OINT DIRECTOR STANDARDS
(B & S)
Minist r y of Railways
ASSISTANT DIRECTOR (B & S)-
SB ( Alternat e )
J OINT DIRECTOR (DESIGNS) Nat ional Buildings Or ganizat ion, New Delhi
SHRI K. S. SRINIVASAN ( Alt ernate )
SHRI KARTIK PRASAD Indian Roads Congr ess, New Delhi
SHRI S. C. CHAKRABARTI ( Alternat e )
( Cont inued on page 2 )
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
2
( Continued from page 1 )
Members Represent ing
SHRI P. K. MALLICK J essop & Co Lt d, Calcut t a
SHRI T. S. BAGCHI ( Alt ernate )
SHRI S. K. MUKHERJ EE Br idge & Roof Co (India) Lt d, Howr ah
SHRI B. K. CHATTERJ EE ( Alternat e )
SHRI P. V. NAIK Richar dson & Cr uddas Lt d, Bombay
SHRI V. G. MANGRULKAR ( Alt ernate )
SHRI DILIP PAUL Indust r ial Fast ener s Associat ion of India, Calcut t a
SHRI N. RADHAKRISHNAN Binny Lt d, Madr as
SHRI P. APPA RAO ( Alternate )
SHRI N. V. RAMAN St r uct ur al Engineer ing Resear ch Cent r e, Madr as
DR T. V. S. R. APPA RAO ( Alternate )
SHRI C. S. S. RAO Engineer -in-Chiefs Br anch, Minist r y of Defence
REPRESENTATIVE Tat a Consult ing Engineer s, New Delhi
REPRESENTATIVE Hindust an St eel Wor ks Const r uct ion Lt d, Calcut t a
SHRI A. B. RIBEIRO Rail Indian Technical and Economics Ser vices,
New Delhi
SHRI S. K. BHANOT ( Alternat e )
SHRI P. SENGUPTA St ewar t s & Lloyds of India Lt d, Calcut t a
SHRI M. M. GHOSH ( Alternat e )
SHRI M. M. SHENOY J oint Plant Commit t ee, Calcut t a
SHRI D. SRINIVASAN ( Alternat e )
SHRI C. N. SRINIVASAN C. R. Nar ayana Rao, Kar pagambal Nagar , Madr as
SHRI C. N. RAGHAVENDRAN ( Alternate )
SHRI G. SRINIVASAN Bhar at Heavy Elect r icals Lt d, Tir uchir apalli
SHRI H. K. TANEJ A Indian Regist er of Shipping, Bombay
SHRI D. SARANGDHAR ( Alt ernate )
SHRI M. D. THAMBEKAR Bombay Por t Tr ust , Bombay
DR D. N. TRIKHA Univer sit y of Roor kee, Roor kee
SHRI L. D. WADHWA Engineer s India Lt d, New Delhi
SHRI B. B. NAG ( Alternat e )
SHRI C. R. RAMA RAO,
Dir ect or (St r uc & Met )
Dir ect or Gener al, ISI ( Ex-officio Member )
S ecret ary
SHRI S. S. SETHI
Deput y Dir ect or (St r uc & Met ), ISI
SHRI V. G. HIREMATH
Assist ant Dir ect or (St r uc & Met ), ISI
Subcommit t ee for Use of St eel in Bulk St or age
St r uct ur es, SMBDC 7 : 4
Convener
SHRI N. K. ROY The Fer t ilizer (Planning and Development ) India Lt d,
Sindr i
Members
SHRI S. K. CHATTERJ EE Cement Cor por at ion of India Lt d, New Delhi
SHRI S. GOPALAKRISHNAN St r uct ur al Engineer ing Resear ch Cent r e, Madr as
SHRI S. SELVARAJ ( Alternat e )
SHRI GURCHARAN SINGH Food Cor por at ion of India, New Delhi
SHRI K. VEERARAGHAVACHARY Bhar at Heavy Elect r icals Lt d, Tir uchir apalli
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
3
Indian S tandard
CRITERIA FOR DESIGN OF STEEL BINS FOR
STORAGE OF BULK MATERIALS
P ART I I I BI NS DESI GNED FOR MASS FLOW
AND FUNNEL FLOW
0. F O R E W O R D
0.1 This Indian St andar d (Par t III) was adopt ed by t he Indian
St andar ds Inst it ut ion on 7 J uly 1980, aft er t he dr aft finalized by t he
St r uct ur al Engineer ing Sect ional Commit t ee had been appr oved by
t he St r uct ur al and Met als Division Council and t he Civil Engineer ing
Division Council.
0.2 Bins ar e known as silos if t hey have cir cular or polygonal shape in
plan. When squar e or r ect angular in plan t hey ar e known as bunker s.
In t his st andar d, bin shall mean bot h silos and bunker s unless
ot her wise st at ed.
0.3 The funct ions of bins as st or age st r uct ur es ar e ver y impor t ant in
power st at ions, fer t ilizer complexes, st eel plant s, cement plant s and
ot her similar indust r ies for efficient st or age and use of bulk mat er ial in
bot h gr anular and powder y for m. On t he agr icult ur al fr ont bins ar e used
t o st or e food-gr ains for ensur ing t heir supply t hr oughout t he year . Bulk
st or age of mat er ials in bins has cer t ain advant ages over ot her for ms of
st or age. An Indian St andar d on t his subject has, t her efor e, been a long
felt need and t his st andar d is aimed at giving t he necessar y guidance in
t he analysis and design of st eel bins for st or ing var ious mat er ials of
differ ent char act er ist ics and flow pr oper t ies.
0.4 Bins have been designed on t he basis of J anssens Theor y (wit h
modificat ions t o t he or iginal). Fr om exper iment al invest igat ions and a
st udy of t he per for mance of t he exist ing bins, it has been not iced t hat
t he pr essur e dist r ibut ion is influenced by t he size and shape of t he
mat er ial t o be st or ed (t hat is gr anular or powder y), moist ur e and
t emper at ur e, bulk densit y, which, in t ur n, ar e affect ed by st or age and
flow char act er ist ics. Besides, t her e is incr ease in t he imposed loads
dur ing filling and empt ying, t he lat t er being mor e pr edominant .
0.5 For r easons ment ioned above, in t he bins designed by convent ional
met hods, mat er ials do not easily flow due t o ar ching and piping. This
r equir es fr equent poking manually, pneumat ically, wit h st eam or by
ot her mechanical means. Wit h r esear ch dat a available, t his pr oblem has
been successfully solved by adopt ing mass flow or funnel flow bins wher e
t he shape of t he bin hopper and t he size of t he openings ar e based on t he
flow pr oper t ies of t he st or ed mat er ial.
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
4
0.6 In t his par t of t he code t he pr esent t hinking on t he design of mass
flow and funnel flow bunker s based on J enikes wor k is explained.
Fur t her r esear ch in t his field is cont inuing and it will not be possible
t o give a univer sal appr oach for all mat er ials under var ying ser vice
condit ions. This st andar d has limit at ions which ar e explained in
Appendix A wit h pr oper r efer ence. It is, t her efor e, suggest ed t hat
designer s should consider all t hese aspect s while adopt ing t he
r ecommendat ions given in t his code.
0.7 In or der t o deal wit h t he subject in an effect ive manner t his
st andar d has been pr epar ed in t hr ee par t s, namely,
0.8 This st andar d keeps in view t he pr act ices being followed in India
and elsewher e in t he field. Assist ance has also been der ived fr om t he
following publicat ions:
1. DIN 1055 (Sheet 6) Design loads for building bins, issued by
Deut sche Nor menausschluss.
2. Pr essur e dist r ibut ion in bins (in Ger man) Pioper K., and Wenzel,
F. Ver lag Vom Wilhelm Er ust & Sohn, Ber lin, Munchen, 1964.
3. Bins and bunker for handling bulk mat er ials, Reisner , W., and
Rot he, M. E. Tr ane-Tech. Publicat ion, Ohio, USA.
4. J enike, A. W.; St or age and flow of solids, Bull 123 (Ut ah
Engineer ing Exper iment St at ion, Unice. of Ut ah, U.S A.), 1964.
5. J enike, A. W.; J ohanson, J . R.; Car son, J . W.; Bin loads Par t 2:
Concept s, bin loads Par t 3 : Mass flow bins, bin loads Par t 4:
Funnel flow bins, Published in t he J our nal of Engineer ing for
Indust r y Feb 1973 by Amer ican Societ y of Mechanical Engineer s.
0.9 Recommended lit er at ur e for r efer ence is given in Appendix B.
0.10 This edit ion 1.1 incor por at es Amendment No. 1 (Mar ch 1984).
Side bar indicat es modificat ion of t he t ext as t he r esult of
incor por at ion of t he amendment .
0.11 For t he pur pose of deciding whet her a par t icular r equir ement of
t his st andar d is complied wit h, t he final value, obser ved or calculat ed,
expr essing t he r esult of a t est or analysis, shall be r ounded off in
Par t I Gener al r equir ement s and assessment of loads.
Par t II Design cr it er ia.
Par t III Bins designed for mass flow and funnel flow.
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
5
accor dance wit h IS : 2-1960*. The number of significant places r et ained
in t he r ounded off value should be t he same as t hat of t he specified value
in t his st andar d.
SECTI ON 1 GENERAL
1. SCOP E
1.1 This st andar d (Par t III) deals wit h t he design of st eel bins for
st or age of bulk mat er ials ensur ing sat isfact or y mass flow and funnel
flow (plug flow) under gr avit y flow in t he case of powder y and gr anular
mat er ials.
2. TERMI NOLOGY
2.1 For t he pur pose of t his st andar d, t he definit ions given in Par t s I
and II in addit ion t o t he following definit ions shall apply.
2.1.1 Act ive Pressure Field The field in which t he major pr essur e is
ver t ical or near ver t ical.
2.1.2 Arched Pressure Fields In ar ched pr essur e fields major
pr essur e lines ar ch acr oss flow channels, synonymous wit h passive
pr essur e in soil mechanics.
2.1.3 Charges Deposit ion of bulk solid int o a bin, usually by dr opping
in or blowing in fr om above.
2.1.4 Cylinder Ver t ical par t of a bin.
2.1.5 Draw Wit hdr awal or feeding of bulk solids fr om a bin.
2.1.6 Flow Channel Space t hr ough which a bulk solid is act ually
flowing dur ing dr aw.
2.1.7 Flow Pressure Pr essur e which t he mat er ial exer t s on t he walls
of a bin dur ing flow.
2.1.8 Funnel or Plug Flow The flow pat t er n in which t he mat er ial
flows pr imar ily in t he cent r al r egion of t he bin or hopper .
2.1.9 Init ial Pressure Pr essur e exer t ed by bulk solids on t he walls of
t he bin dur ing and aft er char ging, but befor e any wit hdr awal of t he
mat er ial.
2.1.10 Mass Flow Flow in which t he ent ir e mass of mat er ial flows
wit hout st agnat ion.
2.1.11 Passive Pressure Field Field in which t he major pr essur e is
hor izont al or near hor izont al.
*Rules for r ounding off numer ical values ( revised ).
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
6
2.1.12 Peaked Pressure Fields In peaked pr essur e fields major
pr essur e lines fr om peaks at t he cent r e of t he bin, synonymous wit h
act ive pr essur e in soil mechanics.
2.1.13 Radial Pressure Field Field which occur s in t he lower par t of
a hopper and in which pr essur es ar e pr opor t ional t o t he dist ance fr om
t he ver t ex of t he hopper .
2.1.14 S t rain Energy The ener gy of a flowing mass of solid which
could be r ecover ed by a r elaxat ion of boundar y for ces and displacement s.
2.1.15 S witch Region of change of an act ive pr essur e field t owar ds a
passive pr essur e field.
2.1.16 Transition J oint bet ween t he cylinder wall and t he conical
flow channel in a funnel flow bin. In mass flow it is t he joint bet ween
cylinder and hopper .
3. NOTATI ONS
3.1 For t he pur pose of t his st andar d t he not at ions as given below shall
apply:
b
o
= Minor dimension of t he out let , m
l
o
= Major dimension of t he out let or lengt h of t he opening
(slot lengt h), m
d
o
= Diamet er of t he opening of hopper , m
d = Diamet er of a cir cular cylinder , t hat is, dia. of ver t ical,
por t ion of st or age syst em, widt h of r ect angular or squar e
cylinder , m
h = Height of t he cylinder , m
m = Coefficient , m = 0 for wedge hopper
m = 1 for conical hopper
r = Dist ance fr om t he axis of symmet r y, m
w = Bulk densit y of t he solid, kg/m
3
A = Ar ea of hor izont al sect ion of a cylinder , m
2
B = Diamet er of hopper , widt h of a hopper , m
F = Unconfined yield for ce of bulk solid, kgf
R = Hydr aulic r adius = A/U
U = Per imet er of t he cr oss-sect ion of t he st or ed mat er ial, m
S = Shear ing for ce, kgf
J = J anssens pr essur e line
Z
1
= Dept h of t he fill in t he cylinder , m
t
w
= Fr ict ional st r ess on t he bin wall, kgf/m
2
t
h
= Fr ict ional st r ess on t he hopper wall, kgf/m
2
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
7
A
s
= Shear cell ar ea (cr oss-sect ional ar ea of t he t est sample),
m
2
R
t
= Radius of cur vat ur e at t r ansit ion
ff , ff
1
=
= Flow fact or of a channel (hopper )
V = Major consolidat ing for ce, kgf
V = Major for ce in a dome or a pipe (bulk mat er ial under
flow), kgf
FF = = Flow funct ion of bulk mat er ial
FF
o
= Inst ant aneous flow funct ion of bulk solid
FF
t
= Time flow funct ion of bulk solid st or ed for a per iod t
befor e deliver y st ar t s
P
n
= Pr essur e nor mal t o hopper or cylinder wall, kgf/m
2
P
n1
= Init ial pr essur e on a hopper wall at t he ver t ex, kgf/m
2
P
nt
= Peak pr essur e at t he t r ansit ion, kgf/m
2
P
nt 1
= Init ial pr essur e on a hopper wall at t he t r ansit ion,
kgf/m
2
P
nt r
= Radial pr essur e on a hopper wall at t he t r ansit ion,
kgf/m
2
P
t
= Peak pr essur e at an effect ive t r ansit ion, kgf/m
2
P
r
= Non-dimensional ver t ical for ce act ing wit hin a bulk
solid at t he level of t he t r ansit ion due t o r adial st r esses
in t he hopper
P
w
= Ver t ical for ce developed in cylinder walls due t o wall
fr ict ion, kgf
P
h
= Pr essur e nor mal t o cylinder wall, kgf/m
2
Q
c
= Tot al ver t ical for ce act ing wit hin t he bulk solid at t he
level of t r ansit ion due t o st r esses in t he cylinder , kgf
E L = Effect ive yield locus of t he flow of bulk solid
W L = Wall yield locus of t he flow of bulk solids for a par t icular
hopper wall
= Hopper slope measur ed fr om ver t ical, deg

c
= Conical hopper slope measur ed fr om ver t ical, deg
p
= Plane flow hopper slope measur ed fr om ver t ical, deg
'
= Slope of flow channel wit h r espect t o ver t ical, deg
H = A funct ion depending on
V
V
----
V
F
----

( )
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
8
4. DESI GN CONSI DERATI ONS
4.1 In t he design of bins for bulk st or age, t he t wo impor t ant
consider at ions involved ar e:
a) flow char act er ist ics, and
b) load dist r ibut ion char act er ist ics of t he st or ed mat er ial.
4.1.1 The flow char act er ist ics det er mine t he slope of t he hopper por t ion
of t he bin and t he out let dimensions which indir ect ly lead t o t he select ion
of shape and size of t he bin. These ar e dealt wit h in det ail in Sect ion 2
and Sect ion 3 of t he code for mass flow and funnel flow r espect ively.
4.1.2 Load dist r ibut ion char act er ist ics give t he act ual loading
condit ion on t he walls of t he bin and at t he out let . These gover n t he
st r uct ur al design of t he bin as well as t he select ion of t he feeder
syst em t o be incor por at ed at t he out let . This has been dealt wit h in
det ail in Sect ion 4 of t he code.
SECTI ON 2 DESI GN FOR MASS FLOW
5. GENERAL
5.1 In mass flow, t he cont ent s of t he hopper move at all point s and
sliding t akes place at t he walls whenever any solid is dr awn t hr ough
t he out let of t he bin. Inact ive or dead r egions ar e absent in t he st or ed
mass. Mass flow is a gr avit y flow wit hout any flow pr omot ing device.
= Kinemat ic angle of int er nal fr ict ion of bulk solid, deg
G ( ) = A funct ion depending upon
= Effect ive angle of wall fr ict ion of bulk solid on t he walls
of t he bin, deg
' = Kinemat ic angle of wall fr ict ion bet ween bulk solid and
wall of bin, deg
h
= Angle of fr ict ion bet ween bulk solid and hopper wall,
deg
G ( ') = A funct ion depending on '
= Coefficient of fr ict ion bet ween t he bulk solid and t he
cylinder wall
= Pr essur e r at io, t hat is, hor izont al t o ver t ical pr essur e
= Pr essur e, kgf/m
2
.
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
9
5.2 Mass flow has t he following char act er ist ics which guide t he
select ion of t he design par amet er s:
5.3 Mass flow st or age bins may be designed wit h a var iet y of hopper
shapes list ed below ( see Fig. 1 ):
5.4 This st andar d cover s t he var ious hopper shapes given in 5.3 under
t he following t wo dist inct gr oups:
a) Conical channel wit h squar e or cir cular out let ,
b) Plane flow channel wit h r ect angular or full slot out let .
6. F ACTORS I NF LUENCI NG THE DESI GN
6.1 Flow P r op e r t i e s of St or ed Bu lk Soli d s The flow pr oper t ies
of bulk solid st or ed in t he bin is t he pr incipal fact or affect ing t he
design. These pr oper t ies shall be det er mined under similar condit ions
of t he bulk mass as it is st or ed in and deliver ed by t he bin being
designed. Fact or s affect ing t he flow pr oper t ies ar e as follows:
The flow pr oper t ies shall be det er mined aft er consider ing t hese
fact or s in t he act ual st or age condit ions. The flow pr oper t ies t hus
a) Channelling, hang-ups, sur ging and flooding ar e absent ,
b) Flow is unifor m, and st eady st at e flow can be achieved closely,
c) Pr essur e t hr oughout t he mass and at t he walls is r elat ively low,
which r esult s in low consolidat ion or packing,
d) Ther e ar e no dead r egions wit hin t he bin; hence t her e is
minimum of consolidat ion at r est .
e) A fir st -in-fir st -out flow pat t er n may be obt ained, if desir ed. This
is useful in t he st or age of solids which eit her det er ior at e wit h
t ime or segr egat e dur ing char ging.
f) By cir culat ing a mixt ur e ar ound a suit able bin, blending may be
at t ained.
a) Conical or pyr amidal hopper s wit h cir cular or squar e out let ,
b) Chisel hopper s wit h r ect angular out let or slot ,
c) Tr ansit ion hopper wit h r ect angular out let ,
d) Wedge hopper wit h full slot or r ect angular out let .
a) Par t icle size and shape,
b) Bulk densit y and consolidat ion,
c) Moist ur e cont ent ,
d) Temper at ur e,
e) Sur face finish of bin walls, and
f) Per iod of st or age.
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
10
det er mined will help in det er mining t he out let size, t he slope of hopper
and t he load dist r ibut ion on t he walls of t he bin.
FIG. 1 HOPPER SHAPES FOR MASS FLOW BINS
6.1.1 S lope of Hopper For a good design, t he hopper slope angle shall
be so select ed ( see 7.4 ) t hat t he st or ed mass moves in a fir st -in-fir st -out
fashion and each point of t he mass moves when flow st ar t s. The bin
shall fully clear it self wit hout any flow pr omot ing device.
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
11
6.1.2 Outlet For a sat isfact or y flow in a mass flow st or age syst em,
t he out let shall be lar ge enough ( see 7.5 ) so t hat plug flow, piping and
doming do not occur and t he flow cont inues wit hout t he aid of flow
pr omot ing devices.
6.2 Lu mp Si ze The flow is also influenced by lump size wit h
r espect t o a cer t ain out let size. For unint er r upt ed flow, t he out let shall
be designed for an opt imum lump size. Nor mally, t he lumps ar e fr ee
flowing and ar e suit able for mass flow.
7. DESI GN P ROCEDURE
7.1 Design pr ocedur e involves t he following st ages:
7.2 Col le ct ion of I n for ma t i on Ab ou t t h e St or ed Bu l k Soli d s a n d
t h e Wa ll Ma t e r i a l of t h e Bin
7.2.1 The size, unpacked bulk densit y (aer at ed bulk densit y) and t he
lump size (if lumps ar e pr esent ) of t he powder ed and gr anular solid
shall be det er mined.
7.2.2 The condit ion of t he bulk solid t o be st or ed shall be confor med.
This r equir es infor mat ion about t he moist ur e cont ent and t emper at ur e
of t he bulk mat er ial of act ual ser vice and t he t ime per iod for which t he
bulk mat er ial is st or ed at r est in t he bin.
7.2.3 The wall mat er ial and it s sur face condit ion (finish, lining finish)
shall be det er mined or t he infor mat ion shall be obt ained fr om t he
pr escr ibed specificat ions of t he bin.
7.3 De t e r min a t i on of t h e F low P r op e r t ie s of Bu lk Ma t e r i a l
7.3.1 The bulk mat er ial shall be t est ed on a shear t est er (flow fact or
t est er ) t o obt ain dist r ibut ion cur ve wit h r espect t o major consolidat ing
for ce V and flow funct ion FF. The t est shall be done wit h t he sample of
bulk mat er ial r epr esent ing t he act ual mat er ial t o be st or ed (size,
moist ur e cont ent , t ime per iod, t emper at ur e, et c, shall be similar ). The
dist r ibut ion wit h r espect t o var ious consolidat ion and wall yield loci
( W L ) shall be det er mined ( see Appendix C ).
7.3.2 The values of shear cell ar ea A
s
, mean values of and ' at t he
out let condit ions shall be det er mined fr om t he flow pr oper t y dat a. '
shall be est imat ed fr om W L ( see Fig. C-3 of Appendix C ).
a) Collect ion of infor mat ion about t he st or ed bulk solids and t he wall
mat er ial of t he bin,
b) Det er minat ion of t he flow pr oper t ies of t he bulk mat er ial t o be
st or ed,
c) Est imat ion of t he hopper slope ,
d) Est imat ion of t he size of out let .

I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
12
7.4 Est i ma t i on of Hop p er Sl op e An gle
7.4.1 Flow fact or ( ff ) cor r esponding t o t he assumed and ' values at
out let shall be est imat ed fr om t he ff cont our s for conical and plane flow
channel ( see Fig. C-13 t o C-15 of Appendix C ). The ff values should be
so select ed t hat t he point ( ', ) is ver y close t o t he ext r eme boundar y.
7.4.2
c
shall be select ed fr om Fig. C-8 of Appendix C such t hat t he
point (
c
, ' ) lies 5 wit hin t he boundar y of t he select ed ff for t he case
of conical flow.
7.4.3 In t he case of plane flow channels,
p
shall be select ed ver y close
t o t he left of t he dot t ed ext r eme boundar y. In t he case of a smoot h
t r ansit ion zone (t r ansit ion fr om ver t ical por t ion of st or age equipment
t o t he hopper ) wit h a r adius of cur vat ur e R
t
d/3,
p
may be incr eased
by 5 fr om t he opt imum value select ed ear lier .
7.5 Es t i ma t i on of Ou t le t Si ze
7.5.1 The est imat ed flow fact or ff ( see 7.4.1 ) shall now be plot t ed
against flow funct ion FF of t he bulk solid. FF is a plot of V and F wit h
V as abscissa and F as or dinat e, wher eas ff is t he plot of V and V
wit h V as or dinat e, scale of V and F being same for t he plot .
7.5.2 H ( ) cor r esponding t o t he est imat ed for t he select ed shape of
out let is det er mined fr om Fig. C-12 of Appendix C.
7.5.3 If t her e is no int er sect ion of ff wit h FF, and FF lies below ff, it shows
t hat t he mat er ial st or ed is fr ee flowing and any dimension of out let
based on t he r at e of dischar ge and lump size shall be sufficient . An out let
size b
o
= 6 (maximum lump size) or t he size based on dischar ge
whichever is gr eat er shall be select ed. The following r elat ion yields t he
value of V at t he out let condit ion:
When V so det er mined is locat ed on ff line, V at t he out let is also
obt ained.
7.5.4 If FF lies above ff , it means t hat t he solid will not flow in a channel
wit h flow fact or assumed. If lower values of ff ar e available and if an
int er sect ion can be obt ained, t he new flow fact or ff shall be select ed.
Based on t his modified ff , t he int er sect ion point ( V, V ) is not ed.
7.5.5 If t her e is an int er sect ion of ff wit h FF, it shows t hat t he bin of a
par t icular slope and out let size can be designed for mass flow. The int er -
sect ion point ( V, V ) is not ed.

V
b
o
w A
s
H ( )
---------------------- =
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
13
7.5.6 Aft er plot t ing ff over FF
o
and FF, if it is found t hat t he ff line lies
bet ween FF
o
and FF
t
, t hat is, ff is above FF
o
but below FF
t
, t he st or ed
mat er ial shows a t endency of consolidat ion wit h t ime. In t hese cases,
vibr at or s ar e specified, so t hat t he flow may be st ar t ed, and t he out let
is designed wit h a fact or of safet y t o allow for any unfavour able effect
of vibr at ion. This shall be accomplished by so select ing V t hat at out let
V = 1.5 F.
7.5.7 Fr om 7.5.3 t o 7.5.6 accor ding t o t he case faced in design V shall
be select ed and H () shall be r evalued fr om Fig. C-12 of Appendix C if
any modificat ion in has been done dur ing t he locat ion of ( V, V ).
7.5.8 Minimum out let dimensions, b
o
shall be calculat ed fr om t he
following for mula:
7.6 Ch e ck for Est i ma t e d De si gn Da t a
7.6.1 Cor r esponding t o t he V value obt ained under 7.5.3 t o 7.5.6,
shall be r ead fr om plot and V. This value of will det er mine t he
E L of t he st or ed mass at out let condit ions.
7.6.2 The Mohr s semicir cle shall be dr awn t hr ough ( V, 0 ) such t hat it
shall be t angent ial t o E L. The W L shall t hen be dr awn over t his
Mohr s semicir cle. The point of int er sect ion shall det er mine at out let .
This should check wit h t he est imat ed '.
7.6.3 If t he est imat ed ' does not t ally wit h t he check value of ', a
fur t her est imat ion of ff and ' shall be done, so t hat t he check value of
' is closely r eached.
7.7 Reca lcu l a t i on for Slop e of Hop p e r a n d Ou t le t Si ze on Ba si s
of Cor r e ct e d Da t a
7.7.1 The cor r ect ed values of ff , and shall be not ed and t he cor r es-
ponding (hopper slope) shall be obt ained fr om Fig. C-13 t o C-15 of
Appendix C. H () shall be obt ained fr om Fig. C-12 of Appendix C. V is
obt ained in t he manner shown under 7.5.3 t o 7.5.6. The out let size b
o
shall t hen be obt ained accor ding t o 7.5.3.
7.7.2 A check is done once again t o ascer t ain t he r ecalculat ed values in
a similar way as shown in 7.6.1, 7.6.2 and 7.6.3.
7.7.3 The check and r ecalculat ion shall be cont inued unt il cor r ect ed
and check values of ' ar e equal.
b
o
V, H ( )
A
s
w
----------------------- =
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
14
7.8 Ad op t e d Va lu e s of Ou t le t Si ze a n d Slop e of Hop p e r for De si gn
7.8.1 The hopper slope angle shall be equal t o or less t han t he
calculat ed values. It shall not exceed t he calculat ed value in any case.
7.8.2 In t he case of conical hopper s or st eep pyr amidal hopper s, t he
out let shall be cir cular or squar e. The diamet er of t he cir cular out let or
t he side of t he squar e out let shall not be less t han t he calculat ed
minimum dimension b
o
.
7.8.3 In t he case of plane flow hopper , t he out let shall be r ect angular
or full slot . In t he case of r ect angular opening, t he small side shall not
be less t han b
o
. In case t he st or ed solid cont ains lumps, t he smaller
side shall be at least four t imes (pr efer ably six t imes) t he maximum
lump size. The gr eat er side of t he r ect angular out let shall not be less
t han t hr ee t imes t he smaller side. In t he case of full slot opening, t he
widt h of opening shall be gr eat er t han t he calculat ed b
o
. For lumpy
st or ed solid, it shall always be mor e t han four t imes (pr efer ably six
t imes) t he maximum lump size. The lengt h of slot shall be at least six
t imes t he widt h of slot ( l
o
6b
o
).
7.8.4 A r ecommended calculat ion sheet is given in Appendix D for t he
design of bins for mass flow, including det er minat ion of out let size and
slope of hopper .
SECTI ON 3 DESI GN FOR FUNNEL OR P LUG FLOW
8. GENERAL
8.1 In funnel flow (plug flow), t he bulk solid flows t owar ds t he out let of
t he bin in a channel for med wit hin t he mass, while t he mass ar ound
t he channel r emains st at ionar y ( see Fig. 2 ). It is a gr avit y flow
wit hout any flow pr omot ing devices.
8.2 Funnel flow bins ar e used for st or age when segr egat ion is
unimpor t ant and t her e is no pr oblem of det er ior at ion wit h t ime of t he
st or ed mat er ial. Since t her e is lit t le wear in t he hopper walls dur ing
ser vice, t his st or age syst em is useful for t he st or age of har d, abr asive
and lumpy solids.
8.3 Funnel flow bins (Fig. 3) may be classified in t he following t ypes:
8.4 The shape of t he out let may be cir cular , squar e or r ect angular .
a) Flat , bot t om bins wit hout hopper ,
b) Bins wit h conical hopper , or
c) Bins wit h pyr amidal hopper .
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
15
FIG. 2 PLUG FLOW
FIG. 3 PLUG FLOW BINS
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
16
9. FACTORS I NFLUENCI NG DESI GN
9.1 Flow P r op e r t i es of St or e d Bu lk Sol id The flow pr oper t ies of
bulk solids st or ed in t he bin is t he pr incipal fact or affect ing t he design.
These pr oper t ies shall be det er mined under similar condit ions of t he
bulk mass as it is st or ed in and deliver ed by t he bin being designed.
The fact or s affect ing t he flow pr oper t ies ar e as follows:
The flow pr oper t ies t hus det er mined will help in ar r iving at t he
out let size, t he slope of hopper and t he load dist r ibut ion on t he walls of
t he bin.
9.1.1 Outlet For a sat isfact or y flow in funnel flow bins, t he out let
shall be lar ge enough so t hat piping and doming do not occur and t he
flow cont inues wit hout any flow pr omot ing device.
9.1.2 S lope of Hopper The hopper slope shall be so select ed t hat t he
moving channel of t he mass at t ains a maximum possible size and
t her e is no possibilit y of piping and doming.
9.2 Lu mp Si ze The flow is also influenced by lump size wit h
r espect t o a cer t ain out let size. For unint er r upt ed flow, t he out let shall
be designed for an opt imum lump size.
10. DESI GN P ROCEDURE
10.1 Coll e ct i on of I n for ma t i on a b ou t t h e St or e d Bu lk Ma t er ia l
a n d Wa ll Ma t er ia l of t h e Bi n
10.1.1 The size, aer at ed bulk densit y and packed bulk densit y of t he
powder ed and gr anular solid shall be det er mined. The lump size (if
lumps ar e pr esent ) shall also be det er mined.
10.1.2 The condit ion of t he bulk solid t o be st or ed shall be confir med.
This r equir es infor mat ion about t he moist ur e cont ent and t emper at ur e
of t he bulk mat er ial at act ual ser vice and t he t ime per iod for which t he
bulk mat er ial is st or ed at r est in t he bin.
10.1.3 The bin wall mat er ial and it s sur face condit ion (finish, lining
finish) shall be det er mined or t he infor mat ion shall be obt ained fr om
t he specificat ion sheet of t he bin.
a) Par t icle size and shape,
b) Bulk densit y and consolidat ion,
c) Moist ur e cont ent ,
d) Temper at ur e,
e) Sur face finish of bin walls,
f) Time per iod of st or age.
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
17
10.2 De t e r mi n a t ion of t h e F low P r op e r t i e s of Bu lk Ma t er ia l
10.2.1 The bulk mat er ial shall be t est ed on a shear t est er (flow fact or
t est er ) t o obt ain dist r ibut ion cur ve wit h r espect t o major
consolidat ing for ce, V, and flow funct ion FF. These t est s shall be
conduct ed wit h t he sample of bulk mat er ial r epr esent ing t he act ual
mat er ial t o be st or ed (size, moist ur e cont ent , t ime per iod, t emper at ur e,
et c, shall be similar ). The dist r ibut ion wit h r espect t o var ious
consolidat ion shall also be det er mined ( see Appendix C ).
10.2.2 The values for shear cell ar ea A
s
, mean values of and shall
be det er mined fr om t he flow pr oper t y dat a.
10.3 De t e r mi n a t ion of Hop p e r Sl op e An gle
10.3.1 Flow fact or ( ff ) cor r esponding t o t he aver age and shall be
fixed wit h r efer ence t o Fig. C-9 of Appendix C. The value of ff shall not
be less t han 1.7.
10.3.2 Refer r ing t o Fig. C-10, t he hopper slope may be fixed cor r es-
ponding t o t he aver age and t he ff obt ained under 10.3.1. The
maximum values for conical and plane flow channels shown in
Fig. C-10 of Appendix C shall not be exceeded if doming is t o be avoided.
10.3.3 In t he case of plane flow (r ect angular out let ) hopper s, t he slope

P
shall always be mor e t han 30, if is gr eat er t han 40, which
r epr esent s t he major it y of bulk solids. In t he case of pyr amidal
hopper s, t he slope angle r efer s t o t he valley angle.
10.3.4 The conical channels for plug flow ar e usually ver y st eep and t his
leads t o t he adopt ion of flat bot t om bins in place of a conical channel.
10.4 De t e r mi n a t ion of Ou t l e t Si ze
10.4.1 The flow fact or ff det er mined as per 10.3.1 is plot t ed against t he
flow funct ion FF of t he bulk mat er ial. FF is a plot of V and F wit h V as
abscissa and F as or dinat e, wher eas ff is t he plot of V and V wit h V as
or dinat e, scale of V and F being t he same. The int er sect ion of ff wit h
FF yields a point ( V, V ).
10.4.2 Funct ions G ( ) and H () ar e evaluat ed fr om Fig. C-11 and
Fig. C-12 r espect ively of Appendix C.
10.4.3 If t he out let shape select ed for design is squar e or cir cular , t he
major dimension of t he out let will r epr esent t he side of squar e or
diamet er of cir cular opening. The major dimension, l
o
for r ect angular
or d
o
for cir cular opening shall be calculat ed by t he following for mula:
l
o
or d
o
V G ( )
A
s
. w
------------------------- =
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
18
10.4.4 If t he out let is r ect angular in shape, t he minor dimension b
o
of
t he out let ( apar t fr om t he major dimension l
o
) shall be obt ained t o
avoid any doming. b
o
is calculat ed by t he following r elat ion:
10.4.5 The dimension of t he r ect angular out let is given by b
o
l
o
. The
dimension l
o
shall be so adopt ed t hat is always gr eat er t han t hr ee t imes b
o
.
10.5 Ad op t e d Va lu e s of Ou t l e t Si ze a n d Slop e of Hop p e r
10.5.1 Adopt ed values for t he out let dimensions shall be lar ger t han
t he calculat ed values t o accommodat e t he unint er r upt ed flow of lumps
also. The dimension of out let shall be at least six t imes t he diamet er of
t he size of lump being handled.
10.5.2 Adopt ed slope of t he hopper shall be equal t o or smaller t han t he
calculat ed value. It shall not exceed t he calculat ed value in any case.
10.6 A r ecommended calculat ion sheet is given in Appendix E for t he
design of bin for funnel flow.
SECTI ON 4 LOAD DI STRI BUTI ON F OR DESI GN
OF BULK STORAGE BI NS
11. I NI TI AL AND F LOW P RESSURES
11.1 The met hod of calculat ion is based on t he pr inciple of minimum
r ecover able st r ain ener gy (For full det ails of t he concept and pr essur e
dist r ibut ion, r efer ence may be made t o t he paper s Bin Loads Par t II
concept s; Par t III Mass flow bins and Par t IV Funnel flow bins by
A. W. J enike, J . R. J ohanson and J . W. Car son, published in t he
J our nal of Engineer ing for Indust r y of ASME, Febr uar y 1978). Ther e ar e
cer t ain limit at ions of t his t heor y as point ed out by differ ent r esear ch
wor ker s which ar e out lined in Appendix A. The pr ocedur e for
det er mining pr essur e dist r ibut ion as given in t his sect ion may be
adopt ed subject t o t hese limit at ions. The loads which act on t he bin walls
ar e differ ent dur ing t he init ial st age of char ge int o a bin and dur ing t he
flow st age fr om a bin, because t he defor mat ions which t he st or ed
mat er ials under go dur ing t hese t wo st ages ar e differ ent . In t he init ial
st age when t he bulk mat er ial is char ged int o an empt y bin wit h t he
dischar ge gat e closed or t he feeder at r est , t he bulk mat er ial set t les down
as t he head of bulk mat er ial r ises. Dur ing t his pr ocess, t he mat er ial
cont r act s ver t ically in t he cylinder as also in t he hopper . The major
pr essur e t ends t o align wit h t he dir ect ion of cont r act ion of t he bulk
mat er ial. Hence, t hese init ial pr essur es ar e close t o ver t ical t hr oughout
t he bin t hus for ming a peaked pr essur e field. This init ial pr essur e
cor r esponds t o load calculat ed by J anssens met hod in t he cylindr ical
par t of t he bin and by a linear dist r ibut ion in t he hopper . This assumes
b
o
V H ( )
A
s
. w
--------------------- =
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
19
t hat t he bulk mat er ials ar e not char ged wit h significant impact and t he
bulk st or age mat er ials in powder for m ar e char ged at sufficient ly low
r at e so t hat t hey deaer at e. If gr anular bulk mat er ials ar e t o be dr opped
fr om some height t he bins have t o be designed wit h safet y for impact and
wear in impact ar eas. Powder y mat er ial when char ged at high r at e may
develop close liquid pr essur es on t he walls. Also, it should be ensur ed
t hat t he st or age mat er ials ar e sufficient ly fr ee flowing wit hout
obst r uct ion; ot her wise, st able ar ches of t he st or ed mat er ials may for m.
When t his ar ch collapses, a lar ge amount of bulk mat er ial falls and
induces dynamic loads in t he bin.
11.2 When t he gat e is open or t he feeder is st ar t ed, t he st or ed mat er ial
st ar t s flowing out t o t he out let , and in t his case, a ver t ical expansion of
solid t akes place wit hin t he flow channel. The minor pr essur es may
t end t o align wit h t he dir ect ion of expansion of t he st or ed mat er ial. As
a r ule, t he flow channel diver ges upwar ds fr om t he out let . Hence, t he
flowing mass of st or ed mat er ial also cont r act s lat er ally. The major
pr essur es wit hin t he flow channels t end t o align wit h t he lat er al
cont r act ions. Hence, major pr essur es ar e essent ially lat er al, minor
ones ar e ver t ical and t he pr essur e field is ar ched.
11.3 The r egion of swit ch fr om peaked t o ar ched fields or iginat es at t he
out let of t he bin when t he gat e is fir st opened or t he feeder is st ar t ed and
r apidly t r avels upwar ds int o t he bin as t he st or ed mat er ial is wit hdr awn
fr om t he bin. At t he level of t he swit ch, t he equilibr ium of t he mass
imposes a shar p over pr essur e on t he walls of t he flow channels. This
over pr essur e t r avels upwar d wit h t he swit ch at least t o t he level at
which t he channel int er sect s t he cylindr ical par t of t he bin t o t he level
of t he t r ansit ion in mass flow bins and effect ive t r ansmission in t he case
of funnel flow bins. In a cylinder , above a t r ansit ion, exper iment al dat a
indicat e wide oscillat ion of low pr essur e wit h t ime and t his along wit h
t he peaks need be pr edict ed. This has been analysed as a st r ain ener gy,
based on t he second law of t her modynamics and t he pr essur e
dist r ibut ions for t he mass and funnel flow bins ar e wor ked out .
11.4 The pr ocedur e for load dist r ibut ions suggest ed in t his code may
be applied t o bins designed for mass and funnel flow.
12. P ROCEDURE F OR CALCULATI ON OF LOAD
DI STRI BUTI ON I N MASS F LOW BI NS
12.1 I n i t i a l P r essu r e
12.1.1 Cylinder Init ial pr essur e P
h,
on t he walls of cylinder is:
... (1)
P
h
w . R

--------------- 1 e
Z
1

R
-----------------------

=
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
20
wher e
In t he cylinder , t he fr ict ional st r ess t
w
is r elat ed t o nor mal pr essur e
P
h
by
12.1.2 Hopper The sur char ge, due t o t he st or ed mat er ial in t he
cylinder , exer t s a ver t ical load Q
c
( see Fig. 4 ) on t he st or ed mat er ial of
t he hopper . This for ce becomes maximum when t he cylinder wall
pr essur e is minimum (J anssens dist r ibut ion). This is given by:
Values of ar e plot t ed in Fig. 5.
The init ial pr essur es per pendicular t o t he hopper wall ar e assumed
t o var y linear ly fr om t he apex t o t he t r ansit ion, as shown in Fig. 4. The
value at t he apex, P
n1
is given by
The init ial pr essur e at t he t r ansit ion, P
nt 1,
is given by
The par amet er m is 0 for long edged shape hopper and 1 for conical
hopper .
The fr ict ional st r ess t
h
is r elat ed t o nor mal pr essur e P
n
by
and t he hydr aulic r adius
... (2)
m = 1 for cir cular bin,
= 0 for long r ect angular or squar e cylinder , and
= 0.4.
... (3)
... (4)
... (5)
... (6)
... (7)
R
d
2 1 m + ( )
----------------------------- =
t
w
P
h
=
Q
c
A
-------
wR

--------- 1 e
h
R
--------------------


=
Q
c
/A
wR
-------------
P
n1
w. d
2 t an h t an + ( )
-------------------------------------------------- =
P
nt 1
Q
c
A
-------
2 m + ( )
1 m + ( )
----------------------- .
t an
t an h t an +
------------------------------------- =
t
h
P
n
t an
h
=
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
21
FIG. 4 INITIAL PRESSURES IN A CONICAL HOPPER
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
22
FIG. 5 FUNCTION
12.2 F low P r essu r es
12.2.1 Cylinder The pr essur es exer t ed by a mass of st or ed mat er ial
in a cylindr ical vessel ar e gover ned by
a) Slight deviat ion in shape of t he vessel fr om cylindr ical, and
b) t hin st able or unst able boundar y layer s of solid which for ms at
t he wall of t he cylinder .
As a r esult , only bounds on wall pr essur es can be est ablished.
J anssens for mula near ly gives t he lower bound and t he upper bound is
calculat ed by t he consider at ion of st r ain ener gy of t he mass of st or ed
mat er ial.
An example of t he loci of maximum cylinder pr essur e comput ed
fr om st r ain ener gy and modified for t he hopper effect is plot t ed in non-
dimensional for m ( P
h
/wd )
max
in Fig. 6. These pr essur es ar e a funct ion
of t he dist ance fr om t he t op of cylinder and t he pr oduct , J anssen
pr essur es ar e also plot t ed as a r efer ence.
Q
c
/A
wR
-------------
1 e
h ( /R )

----------------------------------------------- =
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
23
FIG. 6(a) ( Ph/wd )
max
. FOR CIRCULAR CYLINDERS, h/d = 3
FIG. 6(b) ( Ph/wd )
max
. FOR CIRCULAR CYLINDERS, h/d = 5
The ver t ical for ce P
w
caused by t he fr ict ional st r ess t
w
and Pr essur e
P
h
is comput ed fr om
Typical r esult s in non-dimensional for m ar e r epr esent ed
in Fig. 7 for cir cular cylinder s.
... (8)
P
w
d
-------
P
w
w. d
3
( )
-----------------
max

wd
2

----------- =

P
w
wd
3
-----------
,

_
max
I
S
:
9
1
7
8
(
P
a
r
t
I
I
I
)
-
1
9
8
0
2
4
FIG. 7 (a) ( P
w
/
wd
3
)
max
. FOR CIRCULAR
CYLINDERS h/d = 3
FIG. 7 (b) ( P
w
/
wd
3
)
max
. FOR CIRCULAR
CYLINDERS h/d = 3
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
25
12.2.2 Hopper Flow pr essur e var iat ion in a mass flow hopper
consist s of a pr essur e peak at t he t r ansit ion, t hen a linear decr ease t o
an int er mediat e value and anot her linear decr ease t o zer o at t he apex
( see Fig. 8 ).
12.2.2.1 The r adial pr essur e component at t he t r ansit ion P
nt r
is given
by
Typical plot s of as a funct ion of and h ar e given in Fig. 9
and Fig. 10 for conical channels and symmet r ic plane flow channels
r espect ively.
FIG. 8 FLOW PRESSURE IN A CONICAL HOPPER
... (9) P
nt r

wB
---------
,
_
. w. d . =

wB
---------
,
_
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
26
FIG. 9(a) CONTOURS FOR CONICAL CHANNELS, = 30
FIG. 9(b) CONTOURS FOR CONICAL CHANNELS, = 40

wB
---------

wB
---------
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
27
FIG. 9(c) CONTOURS FOR CONICAL CHANNELS, = 50
FIG. 9(d) CONTOURS FOR CONICAL CHANNELS, = 60

wB
---------

wB
---------
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
28
FIG. 9(e) CONTOURS FOR CONICAL CHANNELS, = 70
FIG. 10(a) CONTOURS FOR SYMMETRIC PLANE FLOW CHANNELS,
= 30

wB
---------

wB
---------
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
29
FIG. 10(b) CONTOURS FOR SYMMETRIC PLANE FLOW CHANNEL,
= 40
FIG. 10(c) CONTOURS FOR SYMMETRIC PLANE FLOW CHANNEL,
= 50

wB
---------

wB
---------
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
30
FIG. 10(d) CONTOURS FOR SYMMETRIC PLANE FLOW CHANNEL,
= 60

wB
---------
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
31
12.2.2.2 The peak pr essur e P
nt
can be calculat ed fr om
FIG. 10(e) CONTOURS FOR SYMMETRIC PLANE FLOW CHANNEL,
= 70
... (10)

wB
---------
P
nt
P
nt r
3.3
Q
c
A
------ -
4

---
,
_
m
. P
r
. w. d
2 ( 0.4 sin )
m
sin cos . t an h + ) (
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + =
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
32
This equat ion is based on t he over pr essur e at t he t r ansit ion being
dist r ibut ed over 0.3 d of t he hopper wall. The value of Q
c
/A is
comput ed fr om Eq. (4). Typical plot s of P
r
cont our s ar e given in Fig. 11
and Fig. 12 for conical channels and symmet r ic plane flow channels
r espect ively.
FIG. 11(a) P
r
CONTOURS FOR CONICAL CHANNELS, = 30
FIG. 11(b) P
r
CONTOURS FOR CONICAL CHANNELS, = 40
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
33
FIG. 11(c) P
r
CONTOURS FOR CONICAL CHANNELS, = 50
FIG. 12(a) P
r
CONTOURS FOR SYMMETRIC PLANE-FLOW CHANNELS,
= 30
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
34
FIG. 12(b) P
r
CONTOURS FOR SYMMETRIC PLANE-FLOW CHANNELS,
= 40
FIG. 12(c) P
r
CONTOURS FOR SYMMETRIC PLANE-FLOW CHANNELS,
= 50
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
35
12.3 Appendix F may be r efer r ed t o for a t ypical pr ocedur e for t he
applicat ion of t he above-ment ioned met hod for calculat ing load
dist r ibut ion in mass flow bins
13. P ROCEDURE F OR CALCULATI NG THE LOAD
DI STRI BUTI ON I N FUNNEL FLOW BI NS
13.1 In t all funnel flow bins, t he flow pr essur es ar e lar ger t han t he
init ial J anssens pr essur e. Hence, for design pur poses flow pr essur es
have t o be used. Fig. 13 shows t he gener al bin configur at ion and some
of t he useful var iables.
13.2 Cyli n d e r The loci of ( P
h
/wd )
max,
t he maximum non-
dimensional hor izont al wall pr essur es exer t ed by a mass of st or ed
mat er ials on t he walls of a ver t ical cylinder ar e dr awn in Fig. 14 for
differ ent h/d r at ios wit h as y-axis. These pr essur es ar e a funct ion
of t he height fr om t he t op of t he cylinder and t he pr oduct . A value of
0.4 is t aken for .
13.2.1 The equat ions on t he basis of which t he figur es for differ ent
values of h/d may be dr awn ar e given in clauses 13.2.2 t o 13.2.4.
NOTE For a height t o diamet er r at io less t han 2, it is suggest ed t hat J anssens
equat ion may be used, for t he flow channel seldom int er sect s t he cylinder wall.
FIG. 13 FUNNEL FLOW BIN PRESSURES
Z
1
d
------
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
36
FIG. 14(a) ( P
h
/wd )
max
. FOR CIRCULAR CYLINDERS, h/d = 2
FIG. 14(b) ( P
h
/wd )
max
. FOR CIRCULAR CYLINDERS, h/d = 3
I
S
:
9
1
7
8
(
P
a
r
t
I
I
I
)
-
1
9
8
0
3
7
FIG. 14(c) ( P
h
/wd )
max
. FOR CIRCULAR
CYLINDERS, h/d = 4
FIG. 14(d) ( P
h
/wd )
max
. FOR CIRCULAR
CYLINDERS, h/d = 5
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
38
13.2.2 Figur e 15 shows t he equilibr ium at an effect ive t r ansit ion.
Assuming t hat t he r at io of hor izont al t o ver t ical pr essur e at an
effect ive t r ansit ion,
t
is equal t o t hat r at io in t he r adial st r ess field,
lower in t he conical channel, t he peak pr essur e at an effect ive
t r ansit ion is given by
13.2.3 Consider ing t he r adial st r ess field, is t o be det er mined as
given in Eq. (12) aft er est ablishing
a) a r elat ionship bet ween and P
h,
assuming t hat t he wall of t he
flow channel t o be a velocit y char act er ist ic, and
b) a r elat ionship bet ween and P
r
:
Value of P
r
and ' as funct ion of can be det er mined. By t aking
= , P
t
can be calculat ed fr om Eq. (11).
... (11)
FIG. 15 EQUILIBRIUM AT AN EFFECTIVE TRANSITION
... (12)
P
t

t

wR

g
----------- 1 e

g

Z
1
R
------

=

24 t an /P
r
+ ( ) 1 sin . t an ( )
16 sin t an + ( )
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- =
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
39
13.2.4 Fr ict ional st r esses accompany P
h
and ar e comput ed fr om t he
following:
These st r esses cause ver t ical for ce P
w
in t he walls and ar e t he same
as t hose wor ked out for mass flow bins. The ver t ical for ce per unit
lengt h is calculat ed fr om t he equat ion:
13.3 Hop p e r The pr essur e field comput ed for t he cylinder is
assumed t o ext end int o t he hopper . The nor mal st r ess P
n
and shear
st r ess t
h
on t he hopper walls ar e comput ed fr om t he equat ions:
The var iable r is defined in Fig. 13.
For a flat bot t omed bin, t he above equat ions r educe t o:
13.4 Refer ence may be made t o Appendix G for a t ypical pr ocedur e for
t he applicat ion of t he afor ement ioned met hod for calculat ing load
dist r ibut ion in funnel-flow bins.
A P P E N D I X A
( Clause 0.6 )
LI MI TATI ON OF J ENI KES THEORY
A-1. Exper iment al evidence r eveals over design of t he cr it ical out let
widt hs in mass flow hopper s when t he st andar d J enikes met hod is
followed (1)*. This is due t o t he fact t hat J enike does not account for
t he possibilit y t hat an ar ch acr oss t he out let may slide along t he wall
(2) and for t he fact t hat t he ar ch in addit ion t o it s own weight will have
t o sust ain t he weight of t he powder above.
... (13)
and ... (14)
... (15)
*Number in par ant hesis r efer t o t he lit er at ur e given in 0.8.
t
w
P
h
=

P
w
d
-------
P
w
( )
wd
3
( )
max
------------------------------ .
wd
2

----------- =
P
n
P
h


2
sin

-----------------
2
cos +
,
_
2r
d
------ 1
1

--- +
,
_
sin cos + =

)

t
h
P
h

1

--- 1
,
_
sin cos
2r
d
------ +
2
cos

2
sin

---------------
,
_
=
P
h
P
h
/ =

)

t
h
2 r P
h

d
------------------------ =
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
40
A-2. Ar ching just below t he t r ansit ion is fr equent ly r epor t ed (3). This
does not seem t o cover t hat .
A-3. Act ual st r esses close t o t he t r ansit ion zone bet ween par allel par t
of t he silo and t he hopper sect ion deviat e st r ongly fr om t hose pr edict ed
by t he r adial t heor y (1).
A-4. It does not adequat ely allow for t he impact loading which oft en
occur s on filling and can easily cause ar ching (3). This is believed t o be
a major r eason for t he discont inuit y of flow t hat commonly occur s in
bunker s designed based on J enikes met hod.
A-5. J enikes shear cell which is t he main t ool in finding out t he design
par amet er s of t he bulk mat er ials used in t his t heor y (which has been
descr ibed in Appendix A of t he dr aft code) could be used only in t he
case of samples wit h par t icles t op size of only about 1.6 mm and is
subject ed t o t he following limit at ions (4).
A-5.1 The limit ed shear displacement available makes necessar y a
r at her ar bit r ar y and labor ious pr epar at ion of t he sample pr ior t o t he
shear consolidat ion.
A-5.2 To obt ain design dat a for hopper s wit h out let s less t han about
1 met r e acr oss r equir es knowledge of mat er ial char act er ist ics at major
pr incipal st r esses of less t han 70 kg/m
2
. At t he low nor mal loads
r equir ed for t his, lift ing or pivot ing of t he cell lid, associat ed wit h
non-unifor m st r ess dist r ibut ion becomes not iceable.
A-5.3 The t ensile st r engt h of mat er ial may be measur ed in t he annular
shear cell designed by Walker and Car r (5) inst ead of a split J enike-t ype
cell as r ecommended by Asht on, Far ley and Valent in (6).
A-5.4 Pr ofessor Schwedes (7) point s out t hat in t he flow fact or t est er of
J enike, t he st at e of st r ess cannot be det er mined complet ely and
assumpt ions r egar ding t he posit ions of slip planes ar e necessar y t o
evaluat e t he t est r esult s.
A-6. Ot her r esear ch wor k has been in pr ogr ess and t he r elevant
r efer ences ar e included (8).
Conclusions : The t heor ies pr esent ed by Walker (9), Walker s (10-12)
and Enst ad (1) ar e meant t o cover t he limit at ions of
J enikes t heor y but t hey ar e appr oximat e a fact also
point ed out by t he aut hor s t hemselves.
Refer ence t o t he wor k done by Docksen (13) may be
made for t he pr ecaut ions t hat have t o be obser ved while
designing t he bins.
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
41
A P P E N D I X B
( Clause 0.9 )
RECOMMENDED LI TERATURE F OR REF ERENCE
1. Enst ad On t he t heor y of ar ching in mass flow hopper s
Chemical Engineer ing Science, 1975, Vol. 30,
pp. 1273-1283.
2. Moler us, O. and
Schonebor n,
P. R.
Auslegungsdiagr amme fur Schut t gut bunker ,
Chemie-Ing-Techn, Bd. 43 (1971), Nr . 13, S.
741/45.
3. Wr ight , H. An evaluat ion of t he J enike Bunker design
Met hod Tr ansact ions of ASME, J our nal of Engg.
for Indust r y, Feb. 1973, pp. 48-54.
4. Walker , D. M. A basis for unker design, Powder Technology,
1 (1967), pp. 228-236.
5. Car r , J . F.
and Walker ,
D. M.
An annular shear cell for gr anular mat er ials,
Powder Technology, 1 (1967/68), pp. 369-373.
6. Asht on, M. D.
Far ely, R. &
Valent in
F. H. H.
An impr oved appar at us for measur ing t he
t ensile st r engt h of powder s; J our nal of Scient ific
Inst r ument 41 (1964), pp. 763-765.
7. Schwedes, J . Measur ement of powder pr oper t ies for Hopper
Design, Tr ans. of ASME, J our nal of Engg. for
indust r y, Feb. 1973, pp. 55-59.
8. Pr oposed, ACI
St andar d
Comment ar y on Recommended Pr act ice for
Design and Const r uct ion of Concr et e Bins, Silos
and Bunker s for St or ing Gr anular Mat er ials
ACI J our nal, Tit le No. 72-38, pp. 550, Oct . 1975.
9. Walker , D. M. An appr oximat e t heor y for pr essur es and ar ching
in hopper s Chemical Engineer ing Science, 1966,
21, pg. 975.
10. Walt er s, J . K. A t heor et ical analysis of st r esses in silos wit h
ver t ical walls, Chemical Engineer ing Science,
Bd. 28 (1973), Nr . 1, pp. 13-21.
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
42
A P P E N D I X C
( Clause 7.3.1 )
P ROCEDURE F OR TESTI NG OF F LOW P ROP ERTI ES
OF BULK SOLI DS
C-1. The t est s for det er minat ion of flow pr oper t ies ar e per for med on
t he flow fact or t est er which consist s of a shear cell wit h cover and
ar r angement for applying nor mal and shear ing load on t he sample
packed in t he shear cell. The nor mal load is applied t hr ough t he
hanger and weight s and t he shear ing load is applied gr adually by an
advancing scr ew st em oper at ed by elect r ic mot or , causing a st em
displacement of 0.9 mm/min. The shear load is measur ed by a pr oving
r ing placed bet ween t he scr ew st em and shear cell [ see Fig. C-1 (a) ].
The inside diamet er of shear cell is 63 mm, and t he height is 38 mm,
which yields t he shear cell ar ea,
A
s
= 0.003 12 m
2
11. Walt er s, J . K. A t heor et ical analysis of st r esses in axiallysym-
met r ic hopper s and bunker s; Chemical
Engineer ing Science, Bd. 28 (1973) Nr . 3, pp.
779/89.
12. Walt er s, J . K.
and Needer man,
R. M.
A not e on t he st r ess dist r ibut ion at gr eat dept h
in silo, Chemical Engineer ing Science, Vol. 28
(1973) Nr . 5, pp. 1907/8.
13. Doeksen, G. Pr ecaut ions in or der t o at t ain design capabilit ies
of Mass-flow syst em, J our nal of Engineer ing for
Indust r y, Tr ansact ions of ASME, Feb. 1973;
pp. 93-96.
Bunker Design-Tr ansact ions of ASME J our nal
of Engineer ing for Indust r ies November 1977 by
Amer ical Societ y of Mechanical Engineer s
(Pages 809 t o 827)
Par t I Bunker out let design and init ial
measur ement of wall pr essur es by PC
Richar ds
Par t II Wall pr essur e in mass flow
Par t III Wall pr essur e and flow pat t er ns in
funnel flow
Par t IV Recommendat ions
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
43
FIG. C-1 DETERMINATION OF THE FLOW PROPERTIES USING
A FLOW-FACTOR TESTER
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
44
C-1.1 Shear cell which is t he main t ool in finding out t he design par a-
met er s of t he bulk mat er ials used in t his t heor y could be used only in
t he case of samples wit h par t icle t op size of 1.6 mm.
C-2. Bulk densit y of t he aer at ed bulk mat er ial is det er mined wit hout
any packing. Ther eaft er , t he bulk densit ies of packed bulk solids shall
be r ecor ded as fur t her t est s pr oceed under var ious consolidat ing loads.
Typical cur ves giving bulk densit y at differ ent consolidat ing loads ar e
given in Fig. C-2 for gypsum, t r iple super phosphat e and pulver ised
coal. Similar cur ves should be dr awn for t he mat er ial t o be st or ed.
C-3. The bulk solid t o be t est ed is placed in t he cell set -up shown in
Fig. C-1 (b) for pr econsolidat ion. One layer aft er anot her is packed up t o
t he t op of t he mould and excess mat er ial is scr aped off. The t wist ing t op
is placed over t he packed solid. A nor mal load is applied on t he t op wit h
t he help of hanger and weight s. A number of oscillat ing t wist s ar e
applied t o t he t op by means of a special wr ench. This complet es t he
pr econsolidat ion.
C-4. The load applied for pr econsolidat ion is r emoved and t he t wist ing
t op and t he mould is r emoved wit h pr ecaut ion so t hat t he base and
r ing of t he shear cell ar e not dist ur bed. The excess mat er ial over t he
r ing is scr aped off level wit h t he t op of r ing. The t est cover is placed
over t he mat er ial and t he consolidat ion load is applied t o t he cover .
The scr ew st em (shear ing device) is advanced against t he br acket so
t hat t he shear of t he layer of mat er ial st ar t s. The shear load at t ains a
st eady maximum value for a cer t ain consolidat ion nor mal load. This
complet es t he consolidat ion and shear yielding of t he bulk solid. The
values of nor mal loads and shear load ar e r ecor ded.
C-5. The shear ing of t he mat er ial is done at var ious nor mal loads under
t he same consolidat ion. This is done by consolidat ing t he t est sample
following t he same pr ocedur e as under C-4 shear ing unt il 95 per cent of
t he maximum shear ing for ce as obt ained under C-4 is r eached. At t his
point , t he nor mal consolidat ion load is r eplaced by smaller nor mal loads
for fur t her shear ing of t he sample. The maximum st eady shear for ce
values t hus obt ained shall be r ecor ded.
C-6. Yield locus shall be plot t ed by locat ing var ious nor mal loads vs
shear load values for a par t icular consolidat ion load. A number of
suit able consolidat ion loads select ed shall yield a family of yield loci.
Mohr s cir cles, when dr awn, yield major consolidat ing for ce V and
unconfined yield for ce, F. These plot s shall also give kinemat ic angle of
int er nal fr ict ion and effect ive angle of fr ict ion of t he bulk solid.
C-7. P lot s of Wa l l Yi e ld Locu s The shear cell shall be ar r anged as
shown in Fig. C-1 (c). The sample of wall mat er ial is placed as t he base,
r epr esent ing t he act ual mat er ial and sur face condit ion of t he bin or
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
45
hopper wall. The bulk mat er ial is placed inside t he r ing up t o t he t op. The
cover is placed and nor mal load is applied on t he cover . The maximum
st eady shear ing for ces ar e r ecor ded for var ious nor mal loads yielding t he
point s on wall yield locus ( W L ). A t ypical W L for coal on st r uct ur al
st eel is plot t ed in Fig. C-3.
C-8. The char t s and cur ves given in Fig. C-2 t o C-15 ar e based on t he
t est s explained in t his appendix and t hey apply for t ypical bulk solids.
They ar e given for infor mat ion only. Such dat a should be wor ked out
for each of t he st or ed mat er ials for which t he bins ar e t o be designed.
NOTE To conver t consolidat ing load t o consolidat ing pr essur e (kgf/cm
2
) divide by
31.20.
FIG. C-2 CONSOLIDATING LOAD VERSUS BULK DENSITY CURVES FOR
GYPSUM, TRIPLE SUPERPHOSPHATE AND PULVERISED COAL
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
46
NOTE Similar char t s for var ious ot her mat er ials should be dr awn.
FIG. C-3 WALL YIELD LOCUS (COAL ON STRUCTURAL STEEL)
FIG. C-4 ANGLE OF REPOSE VERSUS COMPRESSIBILITY
(PACKED BULK DENSITY AERATED BULK DENSITY)
PACKED BULK DENSITY
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
47
FIG. C-5 SOLID FLOW FUNCTION FF AND HOPPER FLOW FACTOR ff
FIG. C-6 TYPICAL YIELD LOCI FOR FOUR CLASSES OF POWDER
I
S
:
9
1
7
8
(
P
a
r
t
I
I
I
)
-
1
9
8
0
4
8
FIG. C-7 RANGES OF MASS FLOW AND FUNNEL
FLOW IN CONICAL HOPPERS
FIG. C-8 RANGES OF CONICAL AND
PLANE FLOW
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
49
FIG. C-9 ff-FLOW-FACTOR FOR NO PIPING
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
50
FIG. C-10 ff-CONTOURS FOR DOMING IN PLUG FLOW
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
51
FIG. C-11 FUNCTION G ( )
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
52
FIG. C-12 FUNCTION H ()
FIG. C-13(a) ff CONTOURS FOR CONICAL CHANNELS, = 30
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
53
FIG. C-13(b) ff CONTOURS FOR CONICAL CHANNELS, = 40
FIG. C-13(c) ff CONTOURS FOR CONICAL CHANNELS, = 50
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
54
FIG. C-13(d) ff CONTOURS FOR CONICAL CHANNELS, = 60
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
55
FIG. C-13(e) ff CONTOURS FOR CONICAL CHANNELS, = 70
FIG. C-14(a) ff CONTOURS FOR SYMMETRIC PLANE-FLOW CHANNELS,
= 30
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
56
FIG. C-14(b) ff CONTOURS FOR SYMMETRIC PLAIN-FLOW CHANNELS,
= 40
FIG. C-14(c) ff CONTOURS FOR SYMMETRIC PLANE-FLOW CHANNELS,
= 50
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
57
FIG. C-14(d) ff CONTOURS FOR SYMMETRIC PLANE-FLOW
CHANNELS, = 60
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
58
FIG. C-14(e) ff CONTOURS FOR SYMMETRIC PLANE-FLOW
CHANNELS, = 70
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
59
FIG. C-15(a) ff CONTOURS FOR ASYMMETRIC PLANE-FLOW CHANNELS
WITH ONE VERTICAL WALL, = 50,
V
= 20
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
60
FIG. C-15(b) ff CONTOURS FOR ASYMMETRIC PLANE-FLOW CHANNELS
WITH ONE VERTICAL WALL, = 50,
V
= 30
I
S
:
9
1
7
8
(
P
a
r
t
I
I
I
)
-
1
9
8
0
6
1
FIG. C-15(c) ff CONTOURS FOR ASYMMETRIC PLANE-FLOW CHANNELS WITH ONE VERTICAL WALL,
= 50,
V
= 40
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
62
A P P E N D I X D
( Clause 7.8.4 )
RECOMMENDED CALCULATI ON SHEET FOR DESI GN
OF BI NS FOR MASS FLOW
D-1. DESI GN WI TH CONI CAL (SQUARE/CI RCULAR) OUTLET
a) Bulk Mat er ial i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
Mat er ial:
Size:
Condit ion:
Aver age Bulk Densit y w:
b) Hopper Wall i)
ii)
Mat er ial:
Finish:
c) Flow Pr oper t ies of
Bulk Mat er ial
i)
ii)
iii)
Shear Cell Ar ea, A
s
:
Est imat ed at out let :
Est imat ed ' at out let :
d) Est imat ed Hopper
Slope Angle
c
i) Est imat ed ff:
(Fig. C-13)
ii) Est imat ed
c
:
(Fig. A-8, st ay 5 wit hin boundar y)
e) Est imat ion of Out let
Dimensions:
i) H (
c
):
(Fig. C-12)
ii) Est imat ed ff
iia) For no int er act ion of ff wit h FF:
Case 1 : FF lies below ff
(fr ee flowing mat er ial)
Case 2 : FF lies below ff Select lower ff for an
int er sect ion if possible,
Select ed ff :
ff (cor r ect ion if any):
Int er sect ion ff wit h FF of
st or ed mat er ial ( V, V ):
iib) For ff lying bet ween FF
o
and FF
t
: Select a point ( V, V ) on
ff such t hat
V
= 1.5 F
( V, V ):
( V, F ):
V = Min out let dimension
H (
c
) =
b
o
V . H ( )
A
s
. w
------------------------- - =
b
o
V . H
c
( )
A
s
. w
---------------------------- =
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
63
f) Check
V = Cor r esponding =
By dr awing Mohr s semicir cle t hr ough ( V, O ) and t angent ial t o
E L and it s int er sect ion wit h W L.
' at out let =
Cor r ect ed = Cor r ect ed ' =
Cor r ect ed ff = Cor r ect ed
c
=
H (
c
) = V =
Minimum out let dimensions,
g) Adopt ed Values for Design
Hopper slope angle
c
=
Out let dimensions B
o
= Cir cular /Squar e
D-2. DESI GN WI TH P LANE FLOW CHANNEL Rect angular /full
slot out let
a) Bulk Mat er ial i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
Mat er ial:
Size:
Condit ion:
Bulk densit y w:
b) Hopper Wall i)
ii)
Mat er ial:
Finish:
c) Flow Pr oper t ies of
Bulk Mat er ial
i)
ii)
iii)
Shear cell ar ea, A
s
=
Est imat ed at out let =
Est imat ed ' at out let =
d) Est imat ed Hopper
Slope Angle
p
i) Est imat ed ff:
(Fig. C-14 or Fig. C-15)
ii) Est imat ed
p
=
(Fig. C-8)
e) Est imat ed out let
Dimensions
Est imat ed ff i) H (
p
) =
ii) Est imat ed ff:
b
o
V . H
c
( )
A
s
. w
---------------------------- =
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
64
iia) For no int er sect ion ff
wit h FF:
Case 1 : FF lies below
ff (Fr ee flowing mat er ial)
Case 2 : FF lies Select lower ff
above ff for an int er sect ion,
if possible
= ff
1
ff (Cor r ect ion, if any):
Int er sect ion of ff
wit h FF of bulk
mat er ial ( V, V ) =
iib) For ff lying bet ween
FF
o
= and FF
t
Select a point ( V, V ) on ff
such t hat V = 1.5 F
( V, V ) =
( V, F ) =
V =
H (
p
) =
(Cor r ect ion if any)
Min out let dimension
i) Check
V = , Cor r esponding =
By dr awing Mohr s semicir cle t hr ough ( V, O ) and t angent ial
t o E L and it s int er sect ion wit h W L.
' at out let =
Cor r ect ed = , Cor r ect ed ' =
Cor r ect ed ff = , Cor r ect ed
p
=
H (
p
) = V =
Minimum out let dimensions,
g) Adopt ed Values for Design
Hopper slope angle
p
Out let dimensions
=
= (Cir cular , Squar e)
( Rect angular l 3b
o,
Full slot l
o
6 b
o
)
b
o
V . H ( )
A
s
. w
------------------------- - =
b
o
V. H ( )
A
s
. w
------------------- =
b
o
V . H
p
( )
A
s
. w
-------------------------- =
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
65
A P P E N D I X E
( Clause 10.6 )
RECOMMENDED CALCULATI ON SHEET F OR THE DESI GN
OF BI NS AND HOP P ERS FOR FUNNEL F LOW
a) Bulk Mat er ial i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
Bulk size:
Aver age bulk densit y:
Lump size:
Condit ion:
b) Hopper Wall i)
ii)
Mat er ial:
Finish:
c) Flow Pr oper t ies of
Bulk Mat er ial
i)
ii)
iii)
Shear Cell ar ea, A
s
Aver age =
Aver age, =
d) Hopper Slope Angle, i) Flow fact or , ff =
( see Fig. C-9 of Appendix C )
ii)
c
or
p
=
( see Fig. C-10 of Appendix C )
e) Out let Dimensions i) ff =
ii) Int er sect ion of ff wit h flow funct ion
of bulk mat er ial
( V, V ) =
iii) V =
iv) G ( ) ( see Fig. C-11 of
Appendix C ) =
v) H ( ) ( see Fig. 12 of
Appendix C ) =
Major dimension of out let , d
o
d
o
or l
o
=
=
Minor dimension of out let ,
=
Squar e out let side, b
o
= l
o
/
Cir cular out let Diamet er , d
o
=
Rect angular out let Smaller side,
b
o
= , Bigger side l
o
=
V . G ( )
A
s
. w
-------------------------
b
o
V . H ( )
A
s
. w
------------------------- - =
2
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
66
A P P E N D I X F
( Clause 12.3 )
P ROCEDURE FOR CALCULATI NG LOAD DI STRI BUTI ON
I N MASS F LOW BI NS
Adopt ed out let dimensions =
(Cir cular /squar e/r ect angular )
(Minor dimensions 6 maximum
lump size)
Adopt ed slope of hopper =
(
c
or
p
)
S tep 1 Define t he bin geomet r y and t he flow pr oper t ies of t he
st or ed mat er ial
d, h, , m, ,
h
, , and w.
S tep 2 Calculat ed h/d and (use = 0.4)
S tep 3 Calculat e init ial and maximum cylinder wall pr essur e P
h
and fr ict ion st r ess t
w
using Fig. 6 for ( P
h
/wd )
max
and
Eq. (3) for t
w
.
S tep 4 Calculat e maximum ver t ical for ce P
w
and for ce per unit
lengt h of cir cumfer ence developed in walls using Fig. 7 for
( P
w
/wd
3
)
max
and Eq. (8)
S tep 5 Calculat e R fr om Eq. (2)
S tep 6 Calculat e aver age ver t ical pr essur e Q
c
/A at t r ansit ion fr om
Fig. 5.
S tep 7 Calculat e init ial pr essur e in hopper fr om Eq. (5), (6) and (7).
S tep 8 Calculat e t he r adial component of pr essur e P
nt r
fr om
Eq. (9) and Fig. 9 or Fig. 10 as appr opr iat e for ( /wB ).
S tep 9 Calculat e peak pr essur e P
nt
at t he t r ansit ion fr om Eq. (10)
and Fig. 11 or Fig. 12 as appr opr iat e.
S tep 10 Calculat e t he slant height 0.3 d over which t he over pr essur e
act s.
I S : 9178 (P a r t I I I ) - 1980
67
A P P E N D I X G
( Clause 13.4 )
P ROCEDURE FOR CALCULATI NG LOAD DI STRI BUTI ON
I N F UNNEL F LOW BI NS
S tep 1 Define t he bin geomet r y and flow pr oper t ies
h, d, m,
h
, , , w, and
S tep 2 Calculat e t he maximum cylinder wall pr essur e P
h
and
fr ict ion wall st r ess t
w
using Fig. 14 for ( P
h
/wd )
max
and
Eq. (3).
S tep 3 Calculat e t he nor mal st r ess P
n
and shear st r ess t
h
for t he
hopper wall by Eq. (14) or (15) as t he case may be.
S tep 4 Calculat e t he maximum ver t ical for ce P
w
and for ce per unit
lengt h of cir cumfer ence of t he cylinder wall by Fig. 7 for
mass flow bins and Eq. (13).
I N D I A N S T A N D A R D S
ON
STRUCTURAL ENGI NEERI NG
S t ructural S ect ion
IS :
808-1964 Rolled st eel beam channel and angle sect ions ( revised )
808 (Par t I)-1973 Dimensions for hot -r olled st eel beams: Par t I MB ser ies ( second
revision )
811-1965 Cold for med light gauge st r uct ur al st eel sect ions ( revised )
1252-1958 Rolled st eel sect ions bulb angles
1730 (Par t I)-1974 Dimensions for st eel plat e, sheet and st r ip for st r uct ur al and gener al
engineer ing pur poses: Par t I Plat e ( first revision )
1730 (Par t II)-1974 Dimensions for st eel plat e, sheet and st r ip for st r uct ur al and gener al
engineer ing pur poses: Par t II Sheet ( first revision )
1730 (Par t III)-1974 Dimensions for st eel plat e, sheet and st r ip for st r uct ur al and
gener al engineer ing pur poses: Par t III St r ip ( first revision )
1852-1973 Rolling and cut t ing t oler ances for hot -r olled st eel pr oduct s ( second revision )
2713-1969 Tubular st eel poles for over head power lines ( first revision )
3908-1966 Aluminium equal leg angles
3909-1966 Aluminium unequal leg angles
3921-1966 Aluminium channels
3954-1966 Hot r olled st eel channel sect ions for gener al engineer ing pur poses
5384-1969 Aluminium I beam
6445-1971 Aluminium t ee sect ions
Codes of Practice
800-1962 Use of st r uct ur al st eel in gener al building const r uct ion ( revised )
801-1975 Use of cold for med light gauge st eel st r uct ur al member s in gener al building
const r uct ion
802 (Par t I)-1977 Use of st r uct ur al st eel in over head t r ansmission line t ower s: Par t I
Loads and per missible st r esses ( second revision )
803-1976 Design, fabr icat ion and er ect ion of ver t ical mild st eel cylindr ical welded oil
st or age t anks ( first revision )
805-1968 Use of st eel in gr avit y wat er t anks
806-1968 Use of st eel t ubes in gener al building const r uct ion ( revised )
807-1976 Design, manufact ur e, er ect ion and t est ing (st r uct ur al por t ion) of cr anes and
hoist s ( first revision )
3177-1977 Elect r ic over head t r avelling cr anes and gant r y cr anes ot her t han st eelwor ks
cr anes ( first revision )
4000-1967 Assembly of st r uct ur al joint s using high t ensile fr ict ion gr ip fast ener s
4014 (Par t I)-1967 St eel t ubular scaffoldings: Par t I Definit ions and mat er ials
4014 (Par t II)-1967 St eel t ubular scaffoldings: Par t II Safet y r egulat ions for scaffolding
IS:
4137-1967 Heavy dut y elect r ic over head t r avelling cr anes including special ser vice
machines for use in st eel wor ks
6533-1971 Design and const r uct ion of st eel chimneys
7205-1973 Safet y code for er ect ion of st r uct ur al st eelwor k
8147-1976 Code of pr act ice for use of aluminium alloys in st r uct ur es
8640-1977 Recommendat ions for dimensional par amet er s for indust r ial buildings
General
804-1967 Rect angular pr essed st eel t anks ( first revision )
7215-1974 Toler ances for fabr icat ion of st eel st r uct ur es
8081-1976 Slot t ed sect ions
Handbooks for S truct ural Engineers
No. 1 St r uct ur al st eel sect ions
No. 2 St eel beams and plat e gir der s
No. 3 St eel column and st r ut s
No. 4 High t ensile fr ict ion gr ip bolt s
No. 5 St r uct ur al use of light gauge st eel
No. 6 Applicat ion of plast ic t heor y in design of st eel st r uct ur es
No. 7 Simple welded gir der s
I NTERNATI ONAL SYSTEM OF UNI TS (SI UNI TS)
Ba se Un i t s
Quantit y Unit S ymbol
Lengt h met r e m
Mass kilogr am kg
Time second s
Elect r ic cur r ent amper e A
Ther modynamic
t emper at ur e
kelvin K
Luminous Int ensit y candela cd
Amount of subst ance mole mole
Su p p le men t a r y Un i t s
Quantit y Unit S ymbol
Plane angle r adian r ad
Solid angle st er adian sr
De r i ved Un i t s
Quantit y Unit S ymbol Definition
For ce newt on N 1 N = 1 kg.m/s
2
Ener gy joule J 1 J = 1 N.m
Power wat t W 1 W = 1 J /s
Flux weber Wb 1 Wb = 1 V.s
Flux densit y t esla T 1 T = 1 Wb/m
2
Fr equency her t z Hz 1 Hz = 1 c/s (s
1
)
Elect r ic conduct ance siemens S 1 S = 1 A/V
Elect r omot ive for ce volt V 1 V = 1 W/A
Pr essur e, st r ess pascal Pa 1 Pa = 1 N/m
2
Bu r e a u of I n d i a n St a n d a r d s
BIS is a st at ut or y inst it ut ion est ablished under t he Bureau of Indian S tandards Act, 1986 t o pr omot e
har monious development of t he act ivit ies of st andar dizat ion, mar king and qualit y cert ificat ion of
goods and at t ending t o connect ed mat t er s in t he count r y.
Cop yr i gh t
BIS has t he copyr ight of all it s publicat ions. No par t of t hese publicat ions may be r epr oduced in any
for m wit hout t he prior per mission in wr it ing of BIS. This does not pr eclude t he fr ee use, in t he cour se
of implement ing t he st andard, of necessar y det ails, such as symbols and sizes, t ype or gr ade
designat ions. Enquir ies relat ing t o copyr ight be addr essed t o t he Direct or (Publicat ions), BIS.
Re vi ew of I n d i a n St a n d a r d s
Amendment s ar e issued t o st andar ds as t he need ar ises on t he basis of comment s. St andar ds ar e also
r eviewed per iodically; a st andar d along wit h amendment s is r eaffir med when such review indicat es
t hat no changes ar e needed; if t he r eview indicat es t hat changes ar e needed, it is t aken up for
r evision. Users of Indian St andards should ascert ain t hat t hey ar e in possession of t he lat est
amendment s or edit ion by r eferr ing t o t he lat est issue of BIS Cat alogue and St andar ds : Mont hly
Addit ions.
This Indian St andar d has been developed by Technical Commit t ee : SMBDC 7
Amen d men t s I ssu ed Si n ce P u bl i ca t i on
Ame n d No. Da t e of I ssu e
Amd. No. 1 Mar ch 1984
BUREAU OF I NDI AN STANDARDS
Headquar t er s:
Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Mar g, New Delhi 110002.
Telephones: 323 01 31, 323 33 75, 323 94 02
Telegr ams: Manaksanst ha
(Common t o all offices)
Regional Offices: Telephone
Cent r al : Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Mar g
NEW DELHI 110002
323 76 17
323 38 41
East er n : 1/14 C. I. T. Scheme VII M, V. I. P. Road, Kankur gachi
KOLKATA 700054
337 84 99, 337 85 61
337 86 26, 337 91 20
Nort her n : SCO 335-336, Sect or 34-A, CHANDIGARH 160022 60 38 43
60 20 25
Sout her n : C. I. T. Campus, IV Cr oss Road, CHENNAI 600113 235 02 16, 235 04 42
235 15 19, 235 23 15
West er n : Manakalaya, E9 MIDC, Mar ol, Andher i (East )
MUMBAI 400093
832 92 95, 832 78 58
832 78 91, 832 78 92
Br anches : AHMEDABAD. BANGALORE. BHOPAL. BHUBANESHWAR. COIMBATORE.
FARIDABAD. GHAZIABAD. GUWAHATI. HYDERABAD. J AIPUR. KANPUR. LUCKNOW.
NAGPUR. NALAGARH. PATNA. PUNE. RAJ KOT. THIRUVANANTHAPURAM.
VISHAKHAPATNAM

'

'

'

'

'