Presentation on Real Time Operating Systems

Objectives
To Understand Why we need O.S

To Identify type of O.S To Define Real Time System To Classify Real Time System To Understand What is RTOS Components of RTOS To Know Secrets what makes an O.S as RTOS How to Choose RTOS
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What is Operating System..?

-Converts Hardware of the system in to Virtual Machine.
-Acts as interface between Machine & User -Controls & coordinates use of Hardware among various application programs. -Acts as Bridge between the user & Computer

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Types Of Operating Systems

O.S Size Functions Multiprog.
Unix/Win-NT

Small
RTX-51

Large
Unix,Win-NT

Multitask
RTX-51

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Architecture For Large O.S

Application Program
Lang.Support Utilities I/O Subsystem File manager Schedular Dispatcher C.P.U Int.Handler

I/o Device

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Smaller O.S

Application Interface
Scheduler Dispatcher Interrupt.Handler

CPU
I/O Devices

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Multitask O.S
-An

Instance Of Program in execution is called Process/task. -Capability Of O.S to Perform More Task at a time. -Ability of O.s to Support Two or more Concurrent process in execution simultaneously. -O.S Switches from task to task.

-Two Types
a. Cooperative
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b. Preemptive.
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Embedded OS
Why is a desktop OS not suited? Monolithic kernel is too feature reach.Monolithic
kernel is not modular, fault tolerant,configurable,Modifiable

Takes too much space,Not power optimized,Not

designed for mission-critical applications.

Known RTOS (real-time operating systems):

POSIX, VxWorks, OSOpen, OS-9, RTEMS etc.

Linux/RT-Linux, Virtuoso, Windows CE, PalmOS, QNX

Neutrino ...

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What are Real-time Systems ?

Real-time systems
Those systems in which the correctness of the system depends not only on the logical result of computation, but also on the time at which the results are produced. Flight Control,Military Application,Robotics Nuclear Power Plant,Automobile control.
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Types of Real Time Systems

Based on Hard deadline: Penalty due to
missing deadline is a higher order of magnitude than the Reward in meeting the deadline.

Based on Soft deadline: Penalty often equal /

lesser magnitude than Reward.

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A Sample Real Time System (1)

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A Sample Real Time System (2)

Mission: Reaching the destination safely.
Controlled System: Car.

Operating environment: Road conditions.

Controlling System
- Human driver: Sensors - Eyes and Ears of the driver. - Computer: Sensors - Cameras, Infrared receiver, and Laser telemeter.
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A Sample Real Time System

Controls: Accelerator, Steering wheel, Break-pedal.
Actuators: Wheels, Engines, and Brakes. Critical tasks: Steering and breaking

Non-critical tasks: Turning on radio

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A Sample Real Time System

Performance is not an absolute one. It measures
the goodness of the outcome relative to the best outcome possible under a given circumstance.

Cost of fulfilling the mission Efficient solution.

Reliability of the driver Fault-tolerance is a

must.
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RTOS Kernel
RTOS Kernel provides an Abstraction layer that
hides from application software the hardware details of the processor / set of processors upon which the application software shall run.
Application Software

RTOS

Hardware
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RTOS Kernel Functions

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Various Kernel Objects

Tasks Tasks Scheduler Interrupt Service routine Semaphores Mutexes Mailboxes Massage Queues Pipes Timers Signals
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Tasks :
Tasks of API (As Function Loop) it has name ,ID,Priority & Task Control Block
Tasks Of O.S (Startup, Exception handling,Logging ,messages etc..) Reentrant Function calls(Data Does not Corrupt) Non Reentrant function call (Data Corrupts) May Require to intercommunicate with each other.

Resource shared Tasks

Task States:Ready wait Running

Context Switching

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Task states
Run: A task enters this state as it starts executing on the processor Ready: State of those tasks that are ready to execute but cannot be

executed because the processor is assigned to another task.

Wait: A task enters this state when it executes a synchronization primitive to wait for an event, e.g. a wait primitive on a semaphore. In this case the task is inserted in a queue associated with the semaphore. The task at the head is resumed when the semaphore is unlocked by a signal primitive.

Idle:
A periodic job enters this state when it completes its execution and has to wait for the beginning of the next period
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Task Management
-- Scheduling Algorithms

First in First Out Round Robin Algorithm Round Robin With Priority Shortest Job First Non Preemptive Preemptive Multitasking

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Task Scheduling
Non Real -time systems usually use Non-preemptive
Scheduling
Once a task starts executing, it completes its full execution

Most RTOS perform priority-based preemptive task

scheduling.

Basic rules for priority based preemptive task scheduling

The Highest Priority Task that is Ready to Run, will be the Task that Must be Running.

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Priority based Preemptive Task Scheduling

Every Task in a software application is assigned a
priority.

Higher Priority = Higher Need for Quick Response. Follows nested preemption

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Intertask Communication & Synchronization

These services makes it possible to pass
information from one task to another without information ever being damaged.

Makes it possible for tasks to coordinate &

productively cooperate with each other.

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Inter-Task communication & Synchronization

The most important communication b/w tasks in an OS is the
passing of data from one task to another.

Message Producer Task

Message Receiver Task

If messages are sent more quickly than they can be handled, the
OS provides message queues for holding the messages until they can be processed.

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Pipes
-Simple Communication Channel that takes data from one task to other -It Performs operation in one direction only.

Message Queue
- It allows message transfer from one task to other

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Message passing in OS
Most General Purpose OS actually copy messages twice as they
transfer them from task to task via a message queue.

Message Sender Task

Message

RAM

Message RAM

Message Receiver Task

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Message passing in RTOS

In RTOS, the OS copies a pointer to the message,
delivers the pointer to the message-receiver task, and then deletes the copy of the pointer with message-sender task.

Message Sender Task Message Message Receiver Task Message

RAM

msg_ptr msg_ptr

RTOS

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Dynamic Memory Allocation in General Purpose OS

Non-real-time operating systems offer memory allocation
services from what is termed a Heap.

Heaps suffer from a phenomenon called External

Memory Fragmentation.

Fragmentation problem is solved by Garbage collection /

Defragmentation.

Garbage collection algorithms are often wildly nondeterministic.

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How to choose RTOS

-Support of processor of your choice.

-Portability to new processor.

-Scalability to match varied application.

-Multiprocessor support.
-Extended services such as network support.

-Standard/POSIX.
-Language support
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What Makes O.S as RTOS

-An RTOS has to be multitasking & Preemptive. -Notion of task Priority has to exist. -O.S has to support task synchronization. -System must be deterministic.

Why Win-NT is not RTOS

-An RTOS has to be multitasking & Preemptive. -Notion of task Priority has to exist. -O.S has to support task synchronization. -System must be deterministic.
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Any Questions?

Thank You !