Department of EEE

Friday, July 13, 2012

V.J.I.T - Dept of EEE

Electrical engg technical seminar

Krishna . K

EEE

B07915A0204

Friday, July 13, 2012

V.J.I.T - Dept of EEE

HVDC LIGHT, A TOOL FOR TRANSMISSION OF ELECTRIC POWER

Friday, July 13, 2012

V.J.I.T - Dept of EEE

Need for HVDC

Because of large charging currents use of hvac is prohibited. Inter connection of two large AC systems by a DC transmission tie line.
Friday, July 13, 2012 V.J.I.T - Dept of EEE

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION HVDC LIGHT CONVERTER STATION HVDC CABLES CONTROL OF ACTIVE AND REACTIVE POWER FEATURES OF HVDC LIGHT APPLICATIONS CONVERTER CONTROL AND PROTECTION CONCLUSION REFERENCES
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INTRODUCTION

HVDC light is high voltage direct current transmission system based on solid state voltage source technology. Utilizes most advanced power electronics and semiconductors. Power is transmitted via underground/undersea cables. More efficient way of transmitting power over distances above ~50km.
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HVDC light installations

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HVDC light converter station

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Power transformer

The transformer is an ordinary single phase or three phase with a tap changer on the secondary side The filter bus voltage will be controlled with the tap changer to achieve the maximum active and reactive power from the converter The current in the transformer winding contains hardly any harmonics and is not exposed to any dc voltage The transformer may be provided with a tertiary winding to feed the station auxiliary power system

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Converter reactors

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The main purposes of the converter reactors are

To provide low-pass filtering of the PWM pattern to give the desired fundamental frequency voltage To provide active and reactive power control To limit the short circuit currents
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DC capacitors

The primary objective of the valve dc side capacitor is to provide a low inductance path for the turned off current and also to serve as an energy store It reduces the harmonic ripple on the direct voltage The ability to limit the dc voltage variations caused by the disturbances in the system depends on the size of the dc side capacitor
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The DC capacitor is a DryQ capacitor The DryQ design has: 1)Twice the capacity in half the volume 2)Corrosion-free plastic housing 3)Low inductance 4)Shortened production time and simplified installation
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AC filters
Example of an HVDC light ac filter

The sinusoidal voltage to the VSC is made possible by means of converter reactors and ac filters
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Ac filters

A shunt filter is designed as low impedance to all the ac harmonic currents and capacitive impedance to fundamental frequency. As aresult the voltage across the filter is constrained to fundamental frequency sine wave
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Valves-The IGBT position

IGBT is the semiconductor used in HVDC light To increase the power handling,six IGBT chips and three diode chips are connected in parallel in a sub-module The IGBT has two,four or six submodules, which determine the current rating of the IGBT
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A complete IGBT position consists of an IGBT,a gate unit,a voltage divider and a water cooled heat sink The gate driving electronics control the gate voltage and current at turn on and turn off The voltage across the IGBT is measured and the information is sent to the valve control unit through an optical fibre The voltage divider connected across the IGBT provides the current needed to drive the gate
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IGBT with four and six submodules

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Valve function

To switch voltages higher than the rated voltage of one IGBT,several positions are connected in series in each valve Each IGBT position can be individually regulated in the valve to the correct voltage level The flexibility of the IGBT makes it possible to block the current immediately if a short circuit is detected
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Mechanical design of valves

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Valve cooling system

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It consists of water cooled heat sinks which provides high efficiency cooling The water is circulating through the heat sink in close contact with each IGBT,which efficiently transports the heat away from the semiconductor The water passes continuously through a deionizing system to keep the conductivity of the water low
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HVDC Cables

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Advantages of HVDC cables

HVDC light cables are installed close in bipolar pairs with anti parallel currents and thus eliminating the magnetic fields They have no technical limitation for distance as in ac cables Its strength and flexibility makes it well suited for several installation conditions
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Control of active and reactive power

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The fundamental base apparent power at the filter bus between the Converter reactor and the ac filter is , Sb= P+jQ= 3.Uf.IR The active and reactive components are P=UF.UC. sin L Q=UF.(UF UC). cos L
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Active power flow

If UC is in phase lag,the active power flows from ac to dc side(rectifier) If UC is in phase lead,the active power flows from dc to ac side

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Reactive power flow

If UF > UC, there is reactive power consumption. If UC > UF, there is reactive power generation.

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Features

Independent control of active and reactive power Independent power transfer and power quality control Power reversal Reduced power losses in connected ac systems Increased transfer capacity in the existing system
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Fast restoration after blackouts Flexibility in design No relevant magnetic fields Low environmental impact Indoor design Short time schedule

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Kinds of dc links

Monopolar lines Bipolar lines Homopolar lines Line has one conductor and earth is used as return conductor(mono)_ve Line has two conductors one +ve and one_ve(bipolar) Line have two or more conductor having same polarity usually _ve
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Simplified HVDC circuit

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Dc links

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Ground return

It uses t/m lines use ground or sea water as the return conductor For the same length of the t/m line the resistance offered by the gnd in case of dc is much less as compared to ac Earth resistance in case of dc is independent of line length
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Applications

Wind power generation Multi terminal dc grid Interconnecting networks Islanded operation City infeed

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Reliability and Quality

To assure high reliability and availability,the HVDC light principles include 1.Simple station design 2.Use of components with proven high reliability 3.Automatic supervision 4.Use of back up control systems and equipment such as measurements,pumps etc Maintainability Quality assurance/standards
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Difference betn hvac and hvdc

High voltage ac t/m High voltage dc t/m

Ac power is given by p= (E1E2)sin line construction is simpler It has same reliability of dc line for 3phase line having six lineconductors power per conductor is less compared to dc stability problem synchronous system Interconnections of two ac system increases fault level existing switch gear has to be replaced
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Dc power is given by P =(Ed1-Ed2)Ed2/R line circuit is simpler bipolar dc line has same reliability Power per conductor in case of dc is more no stability problem asynchronous tie line system(dc link) Fault dc link do not draw the large currents from ac system

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Conclusions

Opportunity to transmit small scale power long distances via cable Opportunity to connect to passive load Separate control of active and reactive power No contribution to short circuit currents No need of fast communication Opportunity to operate without transformers Small and compact
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References
1.DC Transmission based on voltage source converters,Gunnar Asplund,Kjell Eriksson and Kjell Svesson,1997 2.The ABCs of HVDC transmission technologies,IEEE Power and Energy Magazine,2006

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Thank you

Krishna. K

Friday, July 13, 2012

V.J.I.T - Dept of EEE