HYBRID ELECTRICAL VEHICLES

By S. Pramod Kumar (07915A0207)

 Automobiles are a source of considerable pollution

at the global level, including a significant fraction of the total greenhouse gas emissions. Due to the disadvantages presented in conventional vehicles like pollution, oil shortage etc., has led to the development of electrical vehicles powered by batteries. But it has some limitations like
An average commute to work is around 40 miles. EV's have a range of 80-100 miles using advanced battery

technology. While batteries need frequent recharging, they are not the only way to power an electric car.

HYBRID ELECTRICAL VEHICLES(HEVS)

To

overcome those limitations which are occurred with EVS, HEVS are developed. is just the first step in reducing the environmental impacts of automobile use with out loosing-off comforts, performance, storage room and extended driving range.

HEV

HEV model

COMPONENTS
Battery:- Two or more electrochemical energy cells connected together to provide electrical energy. The batteries in a HEV are the energy storage device for the electric motor. Generator:- The generator is similar to an electric motor, but it acts only to produce electrical power. Electric motor:- Advanced electronics allow it to act as a motor as well as a generator. For example, when it needs to, it can draw energy from the batteries to accelerate the car. But acting as a generator, it can slow the car down and return energy to the batteries.

WORKING OF HEV
case 1: Low speed - Power is provided by electric motor using energy supplied by the DC battery
Wheel

IC Engine

Transmission

Generator

Battery

Wheel

Motor

case 2: Braking Kinetic energy is converted to electric energy during regenerative braking by electric motor and supplied to battery.

Wheel

IC Engine

Transmission

Generator

Battery

Wheel

Motor

Case 3: High speed Power is provided by IC engine and electric motor via generator. Generator also charge battery during high speed.

Wheel

IC Engine

Transmission

Generator

Battery

Wheel

Motor

HEV Efficiency
HEVS efficiency depends upon two key factors: Engine size Vehicle weight & aerodynamic design

Engine size = smaller than in a conventional vehicle

Engine is sized to accommodate average load not peak load

Vehicle weight/aerodynamic design:

Built using special lightweight materials Uses advanced aerodynamics to reduce drag

Regenerative Braking
Electric Motor Drive/Assist Automatic Start/ ShutOff

Regenerative Braking
Recaptures kinetic energy normally lost as heat during braking
Electric motor acts as a generator when brakes applied Converts kinetic energy to electrical energy, stored in batteries

Electric Motor Drive/Assist

Additional Power to assist engine Accelerating, Passing and Hill Climbing. So, allows Smaller and More Efficient Engine to be Used.

Automatic Start/Shutoff
Automatically shuts off the engine when the vehicle comes to a stop and restarts it when the accelerator is pressed. This prevents wasted energy from idling.

HEVs AND AIR POLLUTION

Decreased fuel consumption results in reduced vehicle emissions Ability to operate with smaller, more efficient motor maximizes emission management Strategies Result is reduction of harmful pollutants in atmosphere

Hybrid Reliability
Hybrids

have some of the highest safety ratings of all system contains many safety features

vehicles
High-voltage Battery

charge is computer controlled extends battery under warranty for 100,000 miles. braking reduces wear on brakes

life
Batteries

Regenerative

Idle stop extends engine life

Electric accessories reduce load on Engine.

HEV Advantages
Reduced fuel consumption Excellent gas mileage Fewer tailpipe emissions

Lighter batteries than electric vehicles

Regenerative braking system stores electrical

energy in Batteries
Uses less fuel to recharge batteries

HEV Disadvantages

Reduced, but not emission-free HEVs are partial zero-emission vehicles (PZEVs) they produce zero emissions only when engine is not running More expensive than conventional Vehicles

CURRENT MODELS OF HEVS

Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid Honda Accord Hybrid Honda Civic Hybrid Ford Escape Hybrid GMC Sierra Hybrid Toyota Prius Toyota Highlander Hybrid

According

to the Business News on 19th January, 2009, M&M is planning to Launch Hybrid Electric Vehicles in India in a couple of Years.

 So,

the HEVs have more efficiency, Low Fuel Economy, High Reliability and Less Air Pollution.

Optimum

Utilisation of these Vehicles will yield in good Results, especially Reduction of pollution.