Outline of Presentation

Results Discussion

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Chapter 3: Results

Environmental health

Housing condition Water supply Waste disposal Refuse disposal General information Family planning Pregnancy and delivery practices care practices

Maternal and child health

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Housing Condition

Around 70.6 % of the population were living in private houses, 20.2% in rented houses and remaining 9.3% in a government (kebele) houses. Roof of 17.7 % of houses were thatched, 77.8 % were corrugated with iron sheet and remaining 4.4 % were with other types of roofs. Wall of majority of houses, 93.5 % were made up of mud, 5.2 % of bricks or cement, 0.4 % of stone and 0.8 % of wood. Floor of houses, 85.5 % were made up of earth, 8.5 % of wood and remaining 6 % of concrete.

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Housing Condition Contd

Mean number of people living in the same room was 3.33 with SD of 1.916. Minimum number was 1 and maximum number was 9. Number of rooms for human use varies from 1-7, and on average 2 rooms for human use in each HH. Around 76% of the HHs had no store and used the main house for storing. In 29.7% of the HHs, domestic animals lived with human in the same house. Around 21% of HHs had no kitchen, 43% had separate room for kitchen w/c was attached to the main house and 43.15 had a kitchen w/c was separate from the main house. 7/14/12

Housing Condition Contd

About 91.2 % of the houses had window and 26.9% had dual egress. Around 26.9%, 64.7% and 8.4% of the houses had good, fair and bad ventilation. Regarding to the neatness of the rooms 27% had good, 69% had fair and 4% of the houses had bad cleanliness. Good illumination was observed in 48.6%, fair in 44.2% and bad in 7.2% of the houses. Around 30.1% of the houses were in good condition and need no maintenance, more than half (57%) of the houses were in fair condition and need no maintenance, whereas 12.9% of the houses were in poor condition and need urgent maintenance.

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Water Supply

Almost all of the HHs had access to adequate and safe drinking water. Main source of water supply for majority of HHs was public stand point, 47% uses pipe line and 3.6% uses protected spring. And takes less than 5 minutes for 52.4% of HHs to fetch water, 5-10 minutes for 31.15 %, 11-15 minutes for 2.8%, 16-20 minutes for 5.7%, 120 minutes or more for 7.95%.

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Table 1.6: Estimated distance from water source the house, Ejersa kebele 02, 2012
Estimated distance(meters) <10 10-20 21-30 >30 Total Percentage (%) 40.6 36.3 2.8 20.3 100

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Human Excreta Disposal System

Around 89.6 % of the HHs had latrine, whereas 10.4 % had no latrine. Of latrines available to HHs, 81.6 % were pit latrine, 18 % were VIP and 0.4 % were water carriage system. Of these latrines, 65.4 % were owned by family and 43.6 % were communal.

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Figure 1.11: Latrine facility, (Ejersa kebele 02, 2012)

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Figure 1.12 Type of latrine, (Ejersa kebele 02, 2012)

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Human Excreta Disposal System

About 51.3 % of latrines were clean, 15.9 % were dirty, 11 % were filled up and 9.3 % were in need of repaire. Of latrines available to families, 74.7 % are utilized by families, whereas 13.3 % of families do not like to use latrine and 12 % of latrines are not functional. Of those families without latrines, 88.2 % have adequate space for construction and the rest 11.8 % do not have adequate space for construction. Of those families without latrine, only 60 % can afford latrine construction.

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Solid Waste Mgt

About 145 (58 %) of the HHs use open field, whereas 38 % use private pits and 6 % use municipality, burning and burying. Around 94.2% of the HHs slaughter their animals in open field slaughter, whereas 2.5% of HHs use municipality abattoir and 3.3% use other options.

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Insects and Vermin

Around 78.4% of the households had problem with insects and other vermin. Three most common insects and vermin are housefly, bed bugs and rats.

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Figure 1.13 Type of vermin, (Ejersa kebele 02, 2012)

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Maternal and Child Health (MCH)

Of 250 HHs interviewed, 214 HHs had women of child bearing age w/c account for 27 % of the total population. Mean age of women in reproductive age group was 33.13 years with SD of 8.85. Minimum age was 15 years and maximum age 49 years. Of 214 women, 76.3 % were married, 9.3 % were single, 7.4 % widowed and 7 % divorced. Of 214 women, 91.6 % were orthodox christian, 5.6 % protestant, 1.9 % muslim and 0.9 % catholic. Of 214 women, 79.4 % were oromo and 20.6 % were other ethnic groups.
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76.1 % of the husband were oromo and 20.6 % were

Maternal and Child (MCH)

More than half of the women (52%) were illiterate, 6.5% could read and write, 17.4% are 1-6 graders and 23.9 % were in 7-12 schools. No woman studied above grade 12. Educational status of the husband, 39.1% are illiterate, 14.6% can read and write only, 17.9% are 1-6 graders, 27.2% are 7-12 graders and 1.3% has certificate and diploma. Occupational status of the women, about 40.1% are housewives, 28.8% farmers, 13.2% government and private employees and 17.9% earn their living by selling tella and other small scale trading.
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Figure 1.14 literacy statuses of women (15-49 years) and their husband, Ejersa kebele 02, 2012

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Maternal and Child Health (MCH)

Family planning is a way of thinking and living that is adopted voluntarily, upon the basis of knowledge, attitude and responsible decisions by individual and couples, in order to promote the health and welfare of family group and thus contribute effectively to the social development of a country. WHO expert committee, 1971. Among the mothers interviewed, 79.7 % had some knowledge of contraceptives and remaining 20.3 % had no knowledge of contraceptives. Of mothers who had some knowledge, 67.1 % were using some forms of family planning contraceptives.
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Table 1.7 Knowledge, attitude and practice of family planning among women in the reproductive age group (15-49 years), Ejersa kebele 02, 2012
Knowledge of contraceptives Yes No Total Type of method Pill Rhythm Loop Condom Diaphragm Injections Total Usage of contraceptives Yes No Total 143 70 213 67.1 32.9 100 Frequency 169 43 212 Percentage (%) 79.7 20.3 100

90 32 58 41 0 151 169

53.2 18.9 34.3 24.2 0 89.3

Type of method

Injection Pill Others Total Reason to use Spacing Financial reason Others Total Reasons not to use Lack 7/14/12of husband consent Fear of side effect Dont know source

108 27 8 143

75.5 18.9 5.6 100

102 35 6 143

71.3 24.5 4.2 100

25 13 8

35.7 18.6 11.4

Pregnancy and Delivery Practice

Mean age at first marriage 16.65 years with SD of 3.237. Minimum age was 12 years and maximum age 31 years. Mean age at first pregnancy was 17.80 years with SD of 3.694. Minimum age at first pregnancy was 13 years and maximum age was 38 years. Maximum children per woman was 11 children. Average, maximum and minimum number of live births is 2.88, 11 and 0.

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Table 1.9 Total number of pregnancy, (Ejersa kebele 02, 2012)

Frequency 1 2 3 4 >4 Total Total number of pregnancy 22 45 61 20 95 734 Percentage (%) 3 12.1 25 11 48.9 100

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Pregnancy and Delivery Practice

Among 215 mothers interviewed, 0.9% had 3 or more abortions, 6.5% had 2 abortions and 7.9% had one pregnancy. About 84.7% of the pregnancy ended up with birth (live birth or stillbirth). Among 215 mothers who had at least one pregnancy, 2.8% had 1 still birth whereas 97.2% ended up with live birth. Of 647 live births, 53.8% were male and 46.2% were female. From the total live births, 50.8% were male and alive, 3% are male and dead, 43% are female and alive, and 3.2% are female and dead.
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Pregnancy and Delivery Practice

Among 214 pregnant women, 76.6% visited health facility at least once during pregnancy. Of pregnant women who visited HF, 70.9% had a regular follow up and remaining 29.1% went to near by HF to get treatment. Around 70.3% of pregnant mothers gave birth at home, 15.6% at health center, 11.8% at hospital, 1.9% at community health post and 0.5% in other place. Of pregnant women 37.7% were attended by untrained TBA, 25.1% by neighbors and family members, another 25.1% by trained TBA, 11.1% by health personnel and remaining 1% was attended by other person not mentioned above.
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Figure 1.18 Delivery of last child, (Ejersa kebele 02, 2012)

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Child Care practices

Among mothers who gave birth, 37.7% washed their newborn within 24 hours, 6.6% in the 2nd day, 9.4% in the 3rd day and the remaining from 4th to 7th day after birth. About 73.4% of mothers started breast feeding within an hour whereas 26.6% within the first 24 hours but after 1 hour (up to third days). Around 32.9% of children were given other feeds immediately after birth. Most frequently additional feed given in their decreasing order are; water 77.5%, water and butter 12.7%, boiled water with Tena adam 5.6%, butter 2.8% and boiled water with sugar 1.4%.
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Child Care practices

Total duration of breast feeding is; >6 months in 62.8% of children, 6 months for 32.6% of children, 5 months in 0.5% of children,3-4 months 0.5% children and <3 months in 0.9%. Around 20% of the mothers start supplementary feeding before 6 months of age whereas 80% started after 6 months of age. About 78.6 % of children were put on weaning food gradually whereas the rest were put on weaning food abruptly. Mothers paint the nipple with Girawa and other plants that have a bitter taste or apply human hair or scotch tape in their nipple to abruptly start weaning. About 78.6% of the mothers used bottlefeeding for complementary feeding.

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Type of food

Table 1.10 First additional foods for an infant, Ejersa kebele 02, 2012
Frequency Percentage (%) Pulses and Nuts Milk and milk products Eggs Meats Fruits and vegetables Cereals Total 63 192 23 0 20 39 210 30 91.4 11 0 12.4 18.6 100

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Child Care practices

Of children U5 years of age, 64.1 % attended U5 clinic. Among 220 respondents, 1.8 % practice HTPs in the family. Of HTPs, 0.9% practiced FGM, 1.4% practiced uvula cutting and remaining 0.5% practiced milk teeth extraction. Among 212 HHs interviewed, there were 16 children U5 year of age who had health problems two weeks 2 before the survey.

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Figure 1.19 Ailments in under 5 children, (Ejersa Kebele 02, 2012)

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Table 1.11 Morbidity in children under 5 years of age, Ejersa kebele 02, 2012
Frequency Percentage (%) Sickness in the last 2 weeks Yes No Total Sex Male Female Total Age (year/s) 1 2 3 4 Total Ailments Fever 3 6 3 18.8 37.5 18.8 3 5 5 3 16 18.8 31.2 31.2 18.8 100 5 11 16 31.3 68.7 100 16 197 212 7.5 92.5 100

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Diarrhea Cough

Chapter 4: Discussion

Socio-demographic characteristics Vital statistics Environmental health Maternal health

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Socio-demographic characteristics

In the survey carried out in Ejersa 02 kebele, a total of 250 HHs were visited. Of 250 HHs visited, 24 % were female-headed when compared with 26 % (1 HH in every 4) in EDHS, 2011. In 2011 EDHS report, the proportion of population under 15 years of age was 47 %. In the survey conducted at Ejersa 02 kebele, the proportion was 35.2 % w/c is a little bit lower than the national figure. The survey result shows that there is high number of dependent age group in Ejersa 02 kebele. It is also an indirect indicator of low utilization of family planning service. 7/14/12

Socio-demographic characteristics

In EDHS carried out in 2011, the largest ethnic group was Oromo, followed by Amhara (33 % women and 32 % men). Similarly the result of this survey shows that 74.1% of the population belongs to Oromo ethnic group and remaining 25.9 % constitutes the other ethnic groups. Religion is defined as the set of beliefs that guide the people. According to our data, 88 % were Orthodox Christian, 11 % were Protestants, and 1 % was Muslim. In EDHS 2011 report, about half of the population were Orthodox Christians, one-third were Muslims, about one in every five (18 %) were Protestants, and 3 % were followers of traditional religion.

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Socio-demographic characteristics

The results of the survey showed that 79.5 % of the population had attended formation education and could read and write where as 20.5 % were illiterate. Of those who were literate, 44.6% were grade 7-12, 39.7% were grade 1-6, 14.3% read and write only and only 1.4% were above grade 12. More than half of the women (52%) are illiterate, 6.5% can read and write, 17.4% are 1-6 graders and 23.9 and 712 graders. None of the women had educational level above grade 12.

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Socio-demographic characteristics

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Socio-demographic characteristics

In the survey conducted at Ejersa 02 kebele, 48.7% of population were married and remaining 43.7%, 4.5% and 3.1% were single, widowed and divorced respectively. In EDHS 2011 report, married women (62 %) constituted over three-fifths of all interviewed women and over half of men (54 %) age 15-49 were in union, and 44% of women and 27% of had never been married (single). Based on EDHS report of 2011, 6 in 10 people were married whereas 5 in 10 people were found to be married in survey. The proportion of single is slightly higher in Ejersa than in EDHS report.
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Socio-demographic characteristics

In this study, 34 % of the study population were students, 17.4 % were house wives, 10.6 % were government employees, 7.3 % were farmers and remaining 30.7% accounts for small scale trading, unemployed, daily labor workers, under and over age, etc. Excluding students 23.6% of the population had no source of income and were dependent on others. In EDHS 2011, the main occupation of the settled population is farming. In Ejersa 02 kebele there were a lot of industries (flower farms, Tannery) that could employ quite a number of regular and seasonal daily labor workers.
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explain the relative lower number of farmers in the

Socio-demographic characteristics

In this survey, the average monthly income for most HHs was b/n 500-1000 ETB. In this survey, the average number of people living in the same house ranges from 1 to 9 people. In this survey, 77.2% of the population earns up to 1000 ETB per month. Considering the economic inflation and high price in the market throughout the country, 77.2% of the population falls under the category of low socio-economic status. Improving the literacy status, health status, access to electricity, communication and road will definitely improve the living standard of Ejersa 02 kebele.

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Socio-demographic characteristics

Exposure to information on television, radio and in the print media can increase knowledge and awareness of new ideas, social changes, and opportunities and can affect an individuals perceptions and behavior, including those about health. From the 250 households interviewed, 69.2% had exposure to radio, 45.6% to television, 53.2% had mobile telephone, 1.2% had access to public phone, 4.4% had access to postal service, and 2.8% had access to newspapers within a month after their dissemination.

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Socio-demographic characteristics

In EDHS (2011), the level of exposure to mass media was low in Ethiopia, especially exposure to the print media. Respondents were more likely to listen to the radio (30%) than to watch television or read newspapers. Men had greater access than women to each of these media. Women under age 25 were more likely than older women to be exposed to the mass media, primarily because of their educational level was higher. Exposure to mass media was highly influenced by education, and wealth.
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Socio-demographic characteristics

Exposure to specified media sources had increased since 2005. For example, the proportion of women who listen to the radio at least once a week had increased from 16 percent in the 2005 EDHS to 22 percent in 2011, whereas the proportion among men had increased from 31 percent to 38 percent. In general, in Ejersa kebele as compared to the national figure access to radio, TV and mobile phone is higher but not adequate. However access to public and house phone, postal service and newspaper was minute. Hence areas of communication were still prior problems of the society and should be given due emphasis by the kebele and wereda administration bureaus.
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Vital Statistics

In this survey, 46 people were found to be sick in the last two weeks. From our study, the top 3 causes of morbidity were fever, diarrhea, and cough. According to information obtained from Lume wereda health bureau, malaria (clinically diagnosed) was the leading cause of morbidity in all age groups. Since the main manifestation of malaria is fever, any one who had fever and had been living in the area was considered to have malaria unless and otherwise indicated. So malaria was an important public health problem in Ejersa 02 kebele.

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Vital Statistics

According to EDHS, 2005, malaria was a public health concern in Ethiopia, especially among pregnant women and children under 5 years of age. Malaria (clinical without laboratory confirmation) was the leading cause of outpatient visit in Ethiopia. From FDRE, MOH, Health and Health Related indicators, 2001 EC, among 10 top causes of OPD visits in Ethiopia were found to be as follow: Diarrhea (non-bloody and dysentery), acute URTI, pneumonia, TB and other unspecified disease of the respiratory system.

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Vital Statistics

Based on the magnitude, severity, feasibility, and target groups affected, wereda health bureau could put in place intervention measures. Improving the housing condition, water supply, latrine facility and waste disposal would play an enormous role in decreasing the incidence and prevalence of the above mentioned health problems. Spraying the house with chemicals and distributing ITN to the society should be given due emphasis in planning of prevention of malaria.

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Vital Statistics

Health care seeking behavior of the community (46 people who were sick in the last two weeks), only 80.4% sought help. From those sought help, 65.2% in the health institution, 17.4% traditional medicine, 8.7% home/self treatment and remaining 8.7% religious treatment. Always in medicine, the earlier is the better so any sick person should go to a health institution as early as possible. Therefore, the health seeking behavior of the community should also be improved.

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Environmental Health

In EDHS, 2011, 51 % (more than half ) of HHs had earth or sand floors, and about 34 % (one-third) had dung floors. In this survey, every five out of six households (85.5%) had earth and dung floors, about 8.5% had wood floors and remaining 6% had concrete and other floor type. Since maintaining cleanliness is difficult in earth and dung floors, it may have a negative impact on the environmental condition of the community. These housing conditions is expected to be improved with the economic status of each household. In fact, educating the community on hygiene and sanitation is the only effective strategy of maintaining cleanliness since then.

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Environmental Health

The number of rooms used for human use in relation to the number of HH members is an indicator of the extent of crowding, which in turn increases the risk of contracting communicable diseases. According to EDHS, 2011, 70 % of Ethiopian HHs use one room, 25 % use two rooms, and 5 % use three or more rooms for human use. In this survey, the maximum number of people living in the same house was 9 while the minimum was 1. The number of rooms for human use varies from 1-7, on average there were two rooms for human use in every household.
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survey, 8.8% of the houses had no window, 73.1% had

Environmental Health

In 29.7% of the households domestic animals lived with human in the house and this has a negative impact on child health and may predispose children to different respiratory system problems. Thus the community should be thought about the importance of having separate room for animals.

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Environmental Health

In reference to EDHS 2011 the great majority (95 %) of HHs primarily use solid fuel for cooking. The practice is nearly universal in rural HHs, at 99 %, and very common in urban HHs (80 %) as well. Cooking and heating with solid fuels such charcoal, wool, straw, shrubs, grass, agricultural crops, and animal dung) can lead to high levels of indoor smoke, which consists of a complex mix of pollutants that could increase the risk of contracting diseases.

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Environmental Health

According to EDHS 2011, more than half of HHs in Ethiopia (54%) had access to an improved source of drinking water. In this survey, almost every household had access to an improved source of drinking water. Access to improved water by every HH was a thing to be appreciated and exemplary to other kebeles. Most common source of improved drinking water was public stand point (49.4%). And people need to travel 10 minutes or more to fetch drinking water. So the next step should be to tackle this problem.
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to decrease the working load, especially of women and

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Environmental Health

In this study, around 89.6 % of HHs had latrine and rest 10.4% had no latrine (used open field). From our data, 81.6 % of HHs had pit latrine, 18 % had VIP and 0.4% had water carriage system. Among those HHs who had latrine facility, 65.4% were owned by the family and 34.6% were shared or communal. In EDHS, 2011, 8 % of HHs in Ethiopia used improved toilet facilities that were not shared with other HHs. One in ten HHs used shared toilet facilities. Large majority of HHs, 82 %, use non-improved toilet facilities. Most common type of non-improved toilet facility is an open 7/14/12 pit latrine or pit latrine without slabs.

Environmental Health

Overall, 38 % of HHs have no toilet facility. Compare to this result, the availability of latrine facility is a bit higher in Ejersa 02 kebele. But the proportion of house holds that use non- improved or shared toilet facility is almost similar. From the WHO and UNICEF, 2010 definition, it can be concluded that around 82% of the households had inadequate sanitation facility. Improving the latrine status of a community is essential in preventing most of the communicable infectious disease in all age groups. This 7/14/12 in turn has a role in reducing morbidity and mortality of

Maternal and Child Health (MCH)

The term maternal and child health (MCH) refers to the promotive, preventive, curative and rehabilitative health care for mothers and children. It has been known to us that the appropriate age of marriage for an individual should be after the reproductive organs of the individual is properly developed, i.e., enough to conceive. Normally, the age of marriage for a boy should be above 22 and in the same way a girl should get married after she is 20 from the point of view of health.

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Maternal and Child Health (MCH)

In Ethiopia marriage marks the point in a womans life when childbearing becomes socially acceptable. Age at marriage has a major effect on childbearing because women who marry early have on average a longer period of exposure to the risk of pregnancy and give birth to a greater number of children over their lifetimes. In this survey, the mean age at marriage was 16.65 years, which is a similar finding with EDHS 2011 report.

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Maternal and Child Health (MCH)

From EDHS 2011,for women, marriage takes place relatively early in Ethiopia. Among women age 15-49, 63 % married by age 18, and 77 % married by age 20. The median age at first marriage among women age 15-49 is 16.5 years, a slight increase from the 16.1 years reported in the 2005 EDHS. For men age 25-59, the median age at first marriage is 23.1 years. The proportion of women married by age 15 has declined over time, from39 % among women currently age 45-49 to 8 % among women currently age 15-19.

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Maternal and Child Health (MCH)

On the basis of EDHS 2011 report, childbearing begins early in Ethiopia. More than one-third (34 %) of women age 15-49 gave birth by age 18, and more than half (54 %), by age 20. 12% of adolescent women, age 15-19, are already mothers or pregnant with their first child. In this survey the mean age at first pregnancy is 17.80years. As the national report, childbearing begins early in Ejersa too. To overcome this problem, education of the females should be highly advocated.

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Maternal and Child Health (MCH)

As expected, the mean number of children ever born and mean number of children surviving rise monotonically with increasing age of women. A comparison of the mean number of living children with the mean number of children ever born shows that, by the end of their childbearing years, women have lost an average of 1.7 children. In this survey, the mean of the total number of children ever born is 3. Among 215 women who had at least one pregnancy, 0.9% had 3 or more abortions, 6.5% had 2 abortions and 7.9% had one pregnancy. 84.7% of the pregnancy ends with birth (live birth or stillbirth). Similarly 7/14/12 from 215 pregnant women, 2.8% had 1 still birth while 97.2% end with live birth.

Maternal and Child Health (MCH)

In Ejersa 79.7% of women in reproductive age group has knowledge about contraceptives and out of these 67.1% of the women are using some form of contraceptives. The most commonly used method of contraceptive is injectables (75.5%). 71.3% of the women are using for spacing and 24.5% for financial reasons. Among 70 women who are not using any of the contraceptives 25% are due to lack of husbands consent ,18% dont know the source, 13% had fear of side effects, and the rest 44% had variety of reasons like need of fertility, unavailability of contraceptives, cost, religious issues etc.
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Maternal and Child Health (MCH)

In EDHS 2011 report, knowledge of contraception is nearly universal in Ethiopia. Three in every ten currently married women (29 %) are using a method of contraception, mostly modern methods. By far the most popular modern method, used by 21 % of currently married women, is injectables. Use of modern methods among currently married women has increased from 6 % in the 2000 EDHS to 27 % in the 2011 EDHSlargely due to the sharp increase in the use of injectables, from 3 % in 2000 to 21 % in 2011.

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Maternal and Child Health (MCH)

Use of modern methods among currently married women has increased from 6 % in the 2000 EDHS to 27 % in the 2011 EDHSlargely due to the sharp increase in the use of injectables, from 3 % in 2000 to 21 % in 2011. Overall, the 2005 EDHS found that 15 % of married women are using some method of contraception and the majority of users rely on a modern method. Use of modern contraceptive methods has more than doubled from 6 % of currently married women in the 2000 EDHS to 14 % in the 2005 EDHS. The most commonly used modern method is injectables (10 %), followed by the pill (3 %).
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Order

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Vital statistics

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Environmental Health

Determines the health status of a given community to a great extent Imbalance in the relation b/n man and his environment leads to ill-health:

Housing condition Supply of drinking water Waste disposal (solid, liquid) Human excreta disposal system

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Housing Condition

More than half (51 %) of households have earth or sand floors, and about one-third (34 %) have dung floors (EDHS, 2011). In Ejersa 02 kebele, about 85.5 % of HHs have earth or dung floor, 8.5 % have wood floor, and the rest 6 % have concrete and other type of floor. It indicates poor housing condition with regard to cleanliness. Improvement in socio-economic status will lead to improvement in housing condition. Increase in knowledge, change in attitude and practice will lead to improvement in housing condition.
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Housing Condition Contd

In Ethiopia, about 70 % of HHs use one room, 25 % use two rooms, and 5 % use three or more rooms for human use according to EDHS 2011 report. In Ejersa, the maximum number of people living in the same house is nine while the minimum is one. While the number of rooms for human use varies from 1-7; and on average there are 2 rooms for human use in every HH. In this survey, 8.8% of the houses have no window, 73.1% have no dual egress, 8.4% have bad ventilation, and 7.2% have bad illumination. Perhaps, 12.9% of the houses are in poor condition and needs urgent maintenance. In 29.7% of the households domestic animals live with human 7/14/12 house. in the

Housing Condition Contd

More than half (53 %) of HHs cook in the housing unit where they live, while more than one-third (36 %) use a separate building, and about one HH in every ten (9 percent) cooks outdoors. About 21% of HHs have no kitchen for cooking, 43% have separate room for cooking w/c is attached to the main house and 43.15% have a kitchen detached from the main house (Ejersa). Proportion of HHs using living room for cooking is lower when compared to EDHS.

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Water Supply

Water supply is a major part of environmental health; and in Ejersa 02 kebele we studied water supply in terms of source and distance from homes. According to EDHS 2011, more than half of HHs in Ethiopia (54%) have access to adequate and safe drinking water. In Ejersa 02 kebele almost every HH has access to adequate and safe drinking water. About 49.4 % of HHs get water from public stand point. People need to travel 10 minutes or more to fetch water.

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Human Excreta Disposal System

One of the MDG is ensuring adequate sanitation facilities. At the household level, adequate sanitation facilities include an improved toilet and disposal that separates waste from human contact. A household is classified as having an improved toilet if it is used only by members of the HH and if the facility used by the household separates the waste from human contact (WHO and UNICEF, 2010).

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Human Excreta Disposal System

In Ejersa 02 kebele, around 89.6 % of the HHs have toilet facility whereas about 10.4 % of the HHS have no toilet facility. Around 81.6 % of HHs have pit latrine, 18 % have VIP and 0.4 % have water carriage system. About 65.4 % are owned by family and 34.6 % are communal.

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Solid Waste Mgt

The term solid waste includes garbage, food waste & rubbish. Demolition products (bricks), dead animals and other discarded animals. Correlation b/n improper solid waste disposal and incidence of vector born diseases. If allows to accumulate, it creates health hazard b/s it attracts flies, rodents and vermin and causes water and soil pollution.

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Order

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Birth in the last 12 months

About 26 births encountered from 250 HHs in the last 12 months. Mean age of the mothers is 29 years with SD of 7.5 years. Minimum and maximum is 19 and 45 years respectively.

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Table1.3: Birth in the last 12 months in the households

Frequency Percentage (%) Birth in the last 12 months Yes Total Status of birth Live birth Still birth Total Sex of the newborn Male Female Total Place of delivery Home Health institution Total Attendant of delivery 20 6 26 76.9 23.1 100 25 1 26 96.1 3.9 100 26 250 10.4 100

9 17 26

34.6 65.4 100

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TTBA

12 8 6

46.1 30.8 23.1

Death in the last 12 months

A total of 2 deaths occurred in two families out of 250 households. Information regarding, age, sex and cause of death was not found.

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Table 1.4: Death in the last 12 months, (Ejersa kebele 02, 2012)
Death in the last 12 months Yes No Total Frequency 2 248 250 Percentage (%) 0.8 99.2% 100

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Sickness in the last 12 months

Around 46 people became sick in the last 2 weeks before the survey was carried out. Mean age is 23 years with SD of 20.1 years. Age ranges from 1-70 years. Major cause of morbidity was fever, diarrhea, cough, etc. About 1-30 days were lost with an average of 7 days.

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Table 1.5: Sick family members in the last 2 weeks, (Ejersa kebele 02, 2012)
Frequency Percentage (%) Sickness in the last 2 weeks Yes No Total Sex Male Female Total Seek help Yes No Total Where Health institution Traditional health Home self treatment Religious treatment Total 30 8 4 4 46 65.2 17.4 8.7 8.7 100 37 9 46 80.4 19.6 100 14 32 46 30.4 69.6 100 46 202 248 18.5 81.5 100

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Ann

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