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\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|
dx
dh
h K R x
S
. .
2
(3)
dx x
S
K
R
dh h
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
. .
.(4)
Re-writing (3),
} }
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
H d
d
s
dx x
S
K
R
dh h
2 /
0
2
.
2 /
0
2 2
2 2
.
2
s H d
d
x x S
K
R h
(
=
(
+
On integrating (4) between limits, we get,
( )
(
=
(
+
8 4 2
2 2 2
2
S S
K
R d H d
| |
5 . 0
2
4
(
+ = H d
R
KH
S
.(5)
Re-writing (5) for S, we get,
In case if the drain is assumed to be placed
at the junction of two layered soil with K
1
and
K
2
as hydraulic conductivity for the top and
bottom layer than,
5 . 0
2
1 2
4 8
(
+
=
R
h K Hd K
S
In case of pipe drains the term d is to be
replaced by, d(e), called equivalent depth to
moderate the effect of raising water table due
to the presence of impermeable layer at
shallow depths.
Random drainage - herringbone -
grid iron types
Pipe materials - tile, plastics cement -
Envelope materials. Load factors -
blind inlet - filters - mole drains,
drainage wells
Mole drains :
These are cylindrical channels artificially produced in the
subsoil by a mole plough.
In principle and hydraulics they are similar to pipe drain except
that they are not lined with tiles or plastic pipes.
Moling is considered as a temporary method of drainage as
moles deteriorate and have to be reconstructed for
effectiveness.
Deep open ditches :
If closely spaced, they also work similar to pipe drains or mole
drains for lowering water table and removing excess water.
However, they are difficult to maintain and provide lot of
inconvenience for crossing of men, animals and farm
equipments.
Pipe materials satisfy the following conditions:
1. The pipe materials should withstand various
pressure and stresses like tensile, Compression
and hoop under water hammer condition.
2. It should be resistant to corrosion and abrasion
caused by the water.
3. It should be durable having sufficient strength to
bear the external loads coming over it.
4. It should be structurally safe.
5. It should have minimum possible weight.
6. It should be economical and uniform in size and
shape.
7. It should be capable of easy hoisting and handling
at site.
CONSTRUCTIONS
1. Pipe inlet laid below the ground
surface.
2. Tile line section placed over the
inlet
3. Coarse materials are filled on the
inlets.
4. Size of the materials is become
less towards the surface
5. Finally back filling with sand.
LOAD FACTOR
The load factor is the ratio of the
strength of a rigid conduit under given
bedding conditions to its strength as
determined by three edge bearing test.
Generally it ranges from 1.2 to 1.5 for
drainage pipe laying conditions.
DRAINAGE WELL
The use of wells for the purpose of
draining land is called drainage well.
The soil permeability plays an important
role in determining the feasibility of well
drainage.