MAKING THINGS SIMPLER Review of Related Literature

Contents

Definition

Composed of discussions of facts and principles to which the present study is related
(Calderon, J.et.al, 1993, Methods of Research and Thesis Writing)

Definition
Retrospective presentation of previously written materials like research studies, experiments, observations, ideas and comments that have existing relevance and relationships to the research study under consideration.
(Young, F. 2002, Fundamentals of Research Writing)

DEFINITION

Connected, associated. Having a close harmonic connection. A logical or natural association between two or more things: connection.

(http://home.earthlink.net/)

DEFINITION this is written information that could have a relation or relevance to a specific topic of your thesis or dissertation
(http://wiki.answers.com)

Importance
Serves as a foundation of the proposed study (Calderon, 1993, Methods of Research and Thesis Writing) Guide the researcher in pursuing his research venture (Calderon, 1993, Methods of Research and Thesis Writing) Guide the researcher in making comparisons between his findings with the findings of other similar studies (http://thesisnotes.com/)

Functions/Purposes
Provides the conceptual or theoretical framework of the planned research Provides the researcher with the information about past researchers related to his intended study
SOURCE: Aquino, G./1992/Fundamentals of Research

Functions/Purposes
Gives investigator a feeling of confidence Provides findings and conclusions of past investigations which the researcher may relate to his own findings and conclusions
SOURCE: Aquino, G./1992/Fundamentals of Research

Functions/Purposes
Gives the researcher information about the research methods used, the population and sampling considered, the instruments used in gathering the data, and the statistical computation in previous research
SOURCE: Aquino, G./1992/Fundamentals of Research

Kinds

Research Literature Conceptual Literature

SOURCE: Aquino, G./1992/Fundamentals of Research

Characteristics Surveyed materials must be as recent as possible Materials reviewed must be objective and unbiased
SOURCE: Calderon, 1993, Methods of Research and Thesis Writing

Characteristics
Materials surveyed must be relevant to the study Reviewed materials must not be too few nor too many SOURCE: Calderon, 1993, Methods of Research and Thesis Writing

Characteristics
Surveyed materials must have been based upon genuinely original and true facts or data to make them valid and reliable SOURCE: Calderon, 1993, Methods of Research and Thesis Writing

Parts of Review of the Related Literature

Related Readings Related Literature Related Studies

Sources of Review of the Related Literature

Library Index Abstracts

Sources of Review of the Related Literature

Computerized Information and Data Banks/Online Databases Calling on experts Government Publications

Sources of Review of the Related Literature

World Wide Web Citations and reference lists of those who have gone before you

Bibliography
OLeary, Z. The Essential Guide to Doing Your Research Project. London: Sage. 2010 Sevilla, Consuelo G., Ochave, Jesus A., Punsalan, Twila G., Regala, Bela P., and Uriarte, Gabriel G. Research Methods. Quezon City: Rex Printing Company, Inc., 1992 Leedy, Paul D. Practical Research: Planning and Design. New York, New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1985 Leedy, Paul D. and Ormrod, Jeanne Ellis. Practical Research: Planning and Design. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc., 2005 Calmorin, Laurentina P. and Calmorin, Melchor A. Methods of Research and Thesis Writing. Quezon City: Rex Printing Company, Inc., 1995

Explain

A review may be a selfcontained unit, an end in itself, or a preface to and rationale for engaging in primary research

Initial Steps: Library Technique

Initial Steps: Library Technique

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Preparing a Working Bibliography Evaluation of Material Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Sources Art of Reading Mechanics of Note-taking (next reporters)

1) Preparing a Working Bibliography

What to include and what to leave out How to compile a bibliography Sorting the bibliography

What to include and what to leave out

Compile an exhaustive list of published materials pertaining directly or closely to his thesis-subject Aim:
Have general knowledge of the amount and character of work involved in the research Assure that the research has not been carried out by some one else To begin the investigation at an advantageous point

Compiling a Bibliography
Bibliographical sources of available libraries will constitute the chief fount of information The usefulness of:
Card catalogs Reference book lists

Watch for bibliographical references in footnotes of works consulted

Sometimes for future use

Compiling a Bibliography
TIP: Use of Index Cards, each source placed in 1 index card containing the ff:
Authors name/editors name Brief title of the work Call-number/ Reference number in the library

Sifting the Bibliography After compiling, its not the end point of getting source materials
Need for cross-references will arise additional sources of info will be acquired from time to time during the process itself

2) Evaluation of Material Criteria

Accuracy and dependability
TEST: Prior knowledge vs. the information

Up-to-dateness
New is generally better

2) Evaluation of Material Criteria

Suitability for specific requirements
Judge a book by its cover

Authority
Prominence and reliability of the author or editor

2) Evaluation of Material

Criteria
Scope
Introduction, preface, and foreword of the book

2) Evaluation of Material Criteria

Arrangement
Good books have indexes, bibliographies, and appendixes

Illustrations, tables and diagrams

Aid to quick comprehension and analysis

2) Evaluation of Material

Criteria
Publisher
Certain publishers earned the trust and confidence of the public as well as that of professionals and scholars

3) Primary, Secondary, Tertiary Sources Evaluation of material includes determination of the sources of information;
Firsthand, usually the best and purest
Experiments, doctoral dissertations, newspapers, annual reports of research foundations

3) Primary, Secondary, Tertiary Sources

Evaluation of material includes determination of the sources of information;
Secondhand, testimonies
Persons experiencing the matter

Thirdhand, compiled and based from secondary

Textbooks

4) Art of Reading READ

Intelligently, not casually Directionally, not aimlessly

Critical quality over careless quantity

4) Art of Reading Importance of relax and rest for more quality readings TIP:
Skim the whole book or article Read carefully the selected section the second time

Actual Steps: Framework

Writing the Introduction

Define or identify the general topic, issue, or area of concern

Writing the Introduction

Point out:
overall trends in what has been published about the topic conflicts in theory, methodology, evidence, and conclusions gaps in research and scholarship; or a single problem or new perspective of immediate interest.

Writing the Introduction

Establish:
the writer's reason (point of view) for reviewing the literature;

Writing the Introduction

Establish:
explain the criteria to be used in analyzing and comparing literature and the organization of the review (sequence); when necessary, state why certain literature is or is not included (scope).

Writing the Body

Group research studies and other types of literature according to common denominators such as qualitative versus quantitative approaches, conclusions of authors, specific purpose or objective, chronology, etc.

Writing the Body

Summarize individual studies or articles with as much or as little detail as each merits according to its comparative importance in the literature, remembering that space (length) denotes significance

Writing the Body

Provide the reader with strong "umbrella" sentences at beginnings of paragraphs, "signposts" throughout, and brief "so what" summary sentences at intermediate points in the review to aid in understanding comparisons and analyses

Writing the Conclusion Summarize major contributions of significant studies and articles to the body of knowledge under review, maintaining the focus established in the introduction.

Writing the Conclusion

Evaluate the current "state of the art" for the body of knowledge reviewed, pointing out major methodological flaws or gaps in research, inconsistencies in theory and findings, and areas or issues pertinent to future study.

Writing the Conclusion Conclude by providing some insight into the relationship between the central topic of the literature review and a larger area of study such as a discipline, a scientific endeavor, or a profession.

Structures

First Structure

Second Structure

Third Structure

 The reader puts materials in a form that can easily be recalled and used in the future Results in various from various sources

Quotation
Exact words of an author are reproduced, enclosed in quotation marks It is essential to copy each statement accurately, and to indicate the exact page reference so that the quotations may be properly footnoted in the report

 Used only when the original author has said something so well, so concisely, or so vividly that the researcher cannot possibly improve upon it When researcher wishes to introduce some statement by an authority as evidence in support of some contention of his own

Man Is Guided by His Aims Man is guided in his acts by the aims he sets in life. A man who does not plan his future and just drifts along with the current is worst than a beast, because as an aimless man he may be a social liability. Aims or objectives serve as the guiding start for a fruitful and beneficial life. Macario Naval Gaudencio V. Aquino, Administration and Suervision for Philippine Schools. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc., 1967, p.39

Paraphrase
The reader restates the authors thoughts in his or her own words secured from the reference material

Aims Lead to a Fruitful Life A man who has no aim in life may become a social liability. Aims guide the individual to a fruitful life. Macario Naval Gaudencio V. Aquino, Administration and Suervision for Philippine Schools. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc., 1967, p.39

Summary
The reader states in condensed form the contents of the article

Outlines Outlines are the framework upon which long written works are constructed. There are two ways in which to develop a subject, either logically or chronologically. Elliott S.M. Gatner and Francesco Cordasco, Research and Report Writing. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1960, pp. 37-39.

Evaluation
The reader records his or her own reaction, indicating agreement or disagreement, or interpreting the point of view of the writer

The Computer One important implication that may be drawn from the statement by Best is that there is a compelling need for program matters to exercise utmost care and precision in order that the results of computer operation would not become invalid. Reaction by G, V. Aquino on The Computer, in John W Best, Research in Education, 4th ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1981, p. 209

What form should the note take?

The factor that will help the researcher, on what form to use is his decision as to what form a particular information is to be used ultimately

May a single note include several types?

Yes, when it seem appropriate. However, other authors suggest that each entry should be separate from all others.
Facilitate organization of the researchers material when he begins the writing of the first draft of his report No overlooking of some information and to deal with the right sequence

Method for taking notes

Skim the reference source before copying any notes. Use 4x6 cards. File each note card under a definite topic or heading. Include only one topic on a card. Be sure that notes are complete and clearly understandable.

 Distinguish clearly between a summary, quotation, reference, and an evaluative statement Dont plan to recopy or type your notes. Keep a supply of note cards. Be careful not to lose your notes. Keep a permanent file of your notes.

Sample Review of Related Literature

Foreign Literature According to (Gross, 1992, p.47) in his article entitled: The Green Great? It May Be Japan, the lure of profit is one of the most powerful influences on firms market decisions. A case in point is the entrepreneurial response to emerging industries in pollution abatement equipment and synergy-saving technologies. Nowhere is the reaction more striking than in Japan. Promoting a technology-oriented solution to environmental problems. Japans industrial sector has already taken the lead in these new high-growth green markets. He further added that Japan is pursuing opportunities proffered by environmental markets with momentum virtually unmatched by any other nation. Patterned after their time-tested success in achieving dominance in other word market, the Japanese are using a technology-based approach toward developing these new industries.

Schlesinger (1990) cited examples like in the case of car manufactures like Toyota, Nissan, Honda, and Mazda. These companies are intensely focused on developing cleaner-runner engines, superior catalytic converters, and lightweight car bodies. Fuji Electrics innovative efforts have won the world dominance in fuel-cell technology. And an ongoing research project directed by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry plans to use biotechnology to manufacture hydrogen, believed to be the energy source of the future. Dumanaoski (1990) also emphasized that potential profit rather than environmentalism is the most likely motivation for Japans tenacious efforts to cultivate environmental markets, despite the nations own problems with air and water pollution. Densely populated and heavily reliant on manufacturing, this small eastern nation has witnessed measurable environmental damage associated with its steady advance toward industrial growth and development. Yet, Japans leaders have been criticized for being shortsighted about environmental issues.

In the international forum, the country has been a relative latecomer to efforts aimed at global warming and ozone depletion, responding only after being pressured by its global partners. After years of abuse to its natural resources associated with its post-World War II industrial buildup, Japan did embark on a tough cleanup plan, but only after many lives had been lost to industrial-poisoning accidents.
And lastly, he stated that Japanese corporations are confronting environmental problems and turning them into business opportunities for growth and worldwide commercial success.