Every day in the history of dentistry ..some one some were is coming up with a newer material.

There are several inventions..some experiments and some modifications occurring on dental materials just to get a perfect material

 Butits said that if u want to beat a perfect thing than not only u have to be perfectit requires more than that

LETS DISCUSS ON

Presented by Dr.Rajesh jain

CONTENT
INTRODUCTION HISTORY USES CLASSIFICATION COMPOSITION

INTRODUCTION
They are highly crosslinked polymeric materials reinforced by a dispersion of glass,crystalline or resin filler particles or short fibres bound to the matrix by silane coupling agents. It may be defined as a system composed of a mixture of two or more macromolecule which are essentially insoluble in each other and differ in form .

History

In 1962 Dr. Ray Bowen developed a new type of material known as composite resin. The main innovation was a resin matrix of Bisphenol-A-Glycidyl Methacrylate (Bis-GMA) and a fillers agents. (silica,quartz,glass).

Dr. Ray Bowen

Composite restorative materials

Uses Restoration of anterior and posterior teeth Used as a veneers material. To bulid up cores Cementation of orthodontic brackets,maryland bridges,ceramic crowns,inlays ,onlays,laminates

Pit and fissure sealants

Repair of chipped porcelain restorations

classification
1.Based on polymerization method Self cured. light cured,UV light cured ,Visible light cured Dual light cured.
2. According to Anusavice (Phillips) Based on size of filler particles Conventional 8-12 um Small particle 1-5 um Microfilled 0.04-0.4 um Hybrid 0.6-1.0 um

3.Acco. To Marzoak 6 generations of composites:First generation of composite Second generation of composite Third generation of composite Fourth generation of composite Fifth generation of composite Sixth generation of composite 4. Based on matrix composition Bis-GMA UDMA Bis-EMA TEGDMA Other resin

5) Based on Radiopacity Radiopaque Glasses with barium, strontium, or lithium Ytterbium fluoride (YF3) Not radiopaque 6 ) Based on mode of supply : 2 paste system -base & reactor. Chemically activated Single paste & liquid -chemically cured. Single paste system -supplied in syringes. Light activated. Disposable capsules -compomers

7)According to Graham J. Mount; W.R. Hume : T ype 1 - Macrofilled composite resin T ype 2 - Microfilled composites resin Type 3 hybrid composite resin

8)Based on viscosity Flowable composites. Medium viscosity composites. Packable composites

9).Classification based on area used

Anterior composite Posterior composite

10). Classification according to Bayne and Heyman:

Megafill-1-2m
Macrofill-10-100m

Midifill-1-10m
Minifill-.01-.1m.

Microfill -0.04-0.4m
Nanofill-.005-.01m

Midi - filler 2 um ( beachball) Mini - filler 0.1 um ( canteloupe)

Microfiller .04 um (marble) Nanofiller .02 um (pea)

Relative Particle Sizes

(not to scale)

Composition

RESIN MATRIX FILLER PARTICLES COUPLING AGENT

THEY ALSO CONTAIN:

HYDROQUINONE U.V ABSORBER OPACIFIER COLOUR PIGMENT

Resin matrix
BIS-GMA resin is the base for composite. Diluents are added to increase flow and handling characteristics or provide cross linking for improved strength. Common examples are: RESIN:- BIS-GMA bisphenol glycidylmethacrylate DILUENTS:- MMA methylmethacrylate BIS-DMA bisphenol dimethacrylate UDMA urethane dimethacrylate CROSS LINK DILUENTS TEGDMA triethylene glycol dimethacrylate EGDMA ethylene glycol dimethacrylate

FILLERS

Silica particles Quartz Glass ( Ba, Sr, Zr)

If the composite is made up of the resin matrix AND fillers, it is called Filled Resin

Benefits of fillers(1) reinforcement of the matrix resin, resulting in increased hardness, strength, and decreased wear
(2) reduction in polymerization shrinkage (3) reduction in thermal expansion and contraction (4) improved workability by increasing viscosity (5) reduction in water sorption, softening, and staining

(6) increased radiopacity

Types of fillers used Ground quartzMakes restoration difficult to polish and cause abrasion of opposing teeth and restorations Colloidal silica Used in microfilled composites Thicken the resin Glasses of ceramic containing heavy metals Radiopacity eg.Barium

Coupling Agent
Chemical bond
filler particle - resin matrix
transfers stresses

Organosilane (bifunctional molecule)

siloxane end bonds to hydroxyl groups on filler methacrylate end polymerizes with resin
CH2 OH OH
Bonds with filler

Bis-GMA

CH3-C-C-O-CH2-CH2-CH2-Si-OH O Silane

Bonds with resin

Phillips Science of Dental Materials 2003

Inhibitors
Prevents spontaneous polymer formation
heat light

Extends shelf life Butylated Hydroxytoluene

Phillips Science of Dental Materials 2003

Pigments and UV Absorbers

Pigments
metal oxides
provide shading and opacity titanium and aluminum oxides

UV absorbers
prevent discoloration acts like a sunscreen
Benzophenone

Phillips Science of Dental Materials 2003

Visible-Light Activation
Camphorquinone
most common photoinitiator
absorbs blue light
400 - 500 nm range

Initiator reacts with amine activator Forms free radicals Initiates addition polymerization
O CH2=C-C-O-CH2CH-CH2O CH3 OH CH3 -CCH3 O OCH2CHCH2O-C-C=CH2 OH CH3

Bis-GMA

Polymerization mechanism

1. Chemically activated 2. Light-activated

1.Chemically activated composite system

Two paste system Base paste benzoyl peroxide initiator Catalyst paste tertiary amine activator (N,N-dimethyl-p-toludine)

2.Light activated composite resins

Earliest system---UV light activated system Limitations Limited penetration of light into resin

Lack of penetration through tooth structure

Visible light activated system---

Single paste system

Photoinitiator Camphoroquinone Amine accelerator diethyl-amino-ethyl-methacrylate

Types of lamps used for curing

LED lamps. Using a solid-state, electronic process, these light sources emit radiation only in the blue part of the visible spectrum between 440 and 480 nm QTH lamps. QTH lamps have a quartz bulb with a tungsten filament that irradiates both LTV and white light that must be filtered to remove heat and all wavelengths except those in the violet-blue range (400 to 500 nm).

PAC lamps. PAC lamps use a xenon gas that is ionized to produce a plasma. The high-intensity white light is filtered to remove heat and to allow blue light (400 to 500 nm) to be emitted. Argon laser lamps- have the highest intensity and emit at a single wave length.lamps currently avaialble emit 490 nm

Dual Cure
Consists of 2 light curable pastes
Benzoperioxide and aromatic tertiary amine Light curing promoted by amine/CQ combination Chemical- amine/BPO interaction

APPLICATION: Cementation of bulky ceramic inlays

High intensity curing

High intensity lamps could provide savings in chair time.
However high intensity, short exposure times cause accelerated rates of curing, which leads to substantial residual stress build up.

Depth of cure and exposure time

Light absorption and scattering in resin composites reduces the power density and degree of conversion (DC) with depth of penetration Intensity can be reduced by a factor of 10 to 100 in a 2-mm thick layer of composite which reduces monomer conversion to an accceptable level. The practical consequence is that curing depth is limited to 2- 3mm Light attenuation vary from one type of composite to other depending on opacity,filler size,filler concentration and pigment shade

 Darker shades require long curing time

When polymerising resin through tooth structure exposure time should be increased by a factor of 2 3 to compensate for reduction in light intensity For halogen lamps light intensity can decrease depending on quality and age of light source,orientation of light tip,distance between light tip and restoration and presence of contamination,such as composite residue on light tip
Despite the many advantages of light cured resins,there is still need for chemically cured composites for eg chemicaly cured materials can be used with reliable results as luting agent under metallic restorations.

Polymerization
Initiation
production of reactive free radicals
typically with light for restorative materials

Propagation
hundreds of monomer units polymer network 50 60% degree of conversion

Termination
Craig Restorative Dental Materials 2002

C=C C=C

C=C C=C C=C

C=C C=C C=C

C=C C=C C=C C=C

C=C

C=C

C=C

C=C

polymeriza tion C= C C= C

C= C

C= C

C= C C=C
C= C

C= C C=C

C= C C=C

C= C C=C
C= C
Ferraca ne

Degree of conversion
DC is a measure of percentage of carbon-carbon double bonds that have been converted to single bonds to form polymeric resin The higher the DC the better the strength,wear,resistance

Conversion values of 50%-70% are achieved at room temperature for both types of curing system

Polymerization Shrinkage
Composites exhibit shrinkage while hardening. More common when the restoration has extended onto root surface results in gap formation. Most imp regarding the effects of polymerization shrinkage is C-factor.

C--FACTOR

The C-factor is the ratio of bonded (flow-inactive) to unbonded or free (flowactive) surfaces.

The ratio of the restorations bonded to unbonded ( free) surfaces.

C=BONDED WALLS/UNBONDED WALLS

Higher the C-factor , greater is the potential for bond disruption from polymerization effects. Class IV with C-factor 0.2 is at low risk compared to class I with C-factor 5 is at high risk.

Incremental buildup and cavity configuration

One technique is the attempt to reduce the so called Cfactor(configuration factor) which is related to the cavity preparation geometry A layering technique in which restoration is built up in increments , reduces polymerization stress by minimising the Cfactor.

Incremental technique overcomes both limited depth of cure and residual stress concentration.

Conventional / traditional /macrofilled composite

CompositionGround quartz most commonly used filler Average size : 8- 12 m

Filler loading - 70-80 weight % or 50 60 vol %

Properties
Compressive strengthFour to five times greater than that of unfilled resins ( 250-300 Mpa) Tensile strengthDouble than of unfilled acrylic resins (50 65 Mpa) Elastic modulusFour to six times greater (8-15 Gpa) Hardness Considerably greater (55 KHN) than that of unfilled resins Coefficient of thermal expansionHigh filler resin ratio reduces the CTE significantly.

Esthetics Polishing result in rough surface Selective wear of softer resin matrix

Tendency to stain
Radiopacity

Composites using quartz as filler are radioluscent

Radiopacity less than dentin

Clinical considerationsPolishing was difficult Poor resistance to occlusal wear

Tendency to discolor
Rough surface tends to stain

Inferior for posterior restorations

Microfilled composites
Developed to overcome surface roughness of conventional composites

CompositionSmoother surface is due to the incorporation of microfillers. Colloidal silica is used as the microfiller 200300 times smaller than the average particle in traditional composites Filler particles consists of pulverized composite filler particles

Properties
Inferior physical and mechanical properties to those of traditional composites
40 80 % of the restorative material is made up of resin Increased surface smoothness

Areas of proximal contact- Tooth drifting

.

Compressive strength250- 350 Mpa. Tensile strength30- 50 Mpa. Lowest among composites Hardness 25- 30 KHN. Thermal Expansion Coefficienthighest among composite resins

Clinical considerations
Choice of restoration for anterior teeth. Greater potential for fracture in class 4 and class 2 restorations. Chipping occurs at margins.

Small particle composite

Introduced in an attempt to have good surface smoothness and to improve physical and mechanical properties of conventional composites.

Composition Smaller size fillers usedColloidal silica - present in small amounts ( 5 wt % ) to adjust paste viscosity Heavy metal glasses . Ground quartz also used Filler content 65 70 vol % or 80 90 %

Properties
Due to higher filler content the best physical and mechanical properties are observed

Compressive strengthHighest compressive strength (350 400 Mpa )

Tensile strengthDouble that of microfilled and 1.5 times greater than that of traditional composites ( 75- 90 Mpa )

Hardness Similar to conventional composites ( 50 60 KHN) Thermal expansion coefficientTwice that of tooth structure

Esthetics Better surface smoothness than conventional because of small and highly packed fillers
Radiopacity Composites containing heavy metal glasses as fillers are radio-opaque which is an important property in restoration of posterior teeth

Clinical considerations

In stress bearing areas such as class 4 and class 2 restorations Resin of choice for aesthetic restoration of anterior teeth For restoring sub gingival areas

Hybrid composite
Developed in an effort to obtain even better surface smoothness than that provided by the small particle composite.
Composition 2 kinds of fillersColloidal silica present in higher concentrations 10 20 wt % Heavy metal glasses Constituting 75 % Average particle size 0.4 1.0 m

Properties
Range between conventional and small particle Superior to microfilled composites Compressive strengthSlightly less than that of small particle composite(300 350 Mpa )

Tensile strengthComparable to small particle (70 90 Mpa )

Hardness Similar to small particle ( 50 60 KHN )

Esthetics Competitive with microfilled composite for anterior restoration

Radiopacity Presence of heavy metal glasses makes the hybrid more radio-opaque than enamel

Clinical considerations

Used for anterior restorations including class 4 because of its smooth surface and good strength

Widely employed for stress bearing restorations

Flowable composites
Modification of SPF and Hybrid composites. Reduced filler level Clinical considerations-

Class 1 restorations in gingival areas.

Class 2 posterior restorations where acess is difficult.

Fissure sealants.

Composites for posterior restorations

Amalgam choice of restoration for posterior teeth Mercury toxicity and increased esthetic demand. All types of composites except flowable composites

Conservative cavity preparation

Meticulous manipulation technique.