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M D H A B I B U R R A H M A N /
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By: Md Habibur Rahman Lecturer Department of Geosciences Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS habibur.rahman@petronas.com.my Office 19-03-14, Extn: 7114
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Outcome
Facies, sequence and depositional environments from logs Electrosequence Analysis Fence Diagram Isometric Projection
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in the grain sizes, it varies because of changes in clay content (the same is true for SP). However sedimentological interpretations based on gamma ray log shapes require the log to vary with grain size. This involves undiclared assumptions: Gamma ray variations are related to clay volume changes, and Clay volume changes are related to grain size differences. Care must be taken in using the gamma ray to indicate the clay volume, because clay radioactivity is not constant (it depends on the clay mineral and 7/23/12 mineral mix) and more importantly there are naturally
Gamma ray-Grain size Relationship The gamma ray doesnot vary because of the changes
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In many cases changes in grain size, which is essential to the identification of sedimentary structures or sequences do not involve changes in clay content or at least changes sufficient to affect gamma ray.
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Neither the relationship between gamma ray value and clay volume nor the relationship between clay volume and grain size are constant, as they should be if the shape of the gamma ray log is to be used as universally applicable facies indicator.
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Electrosequence Analysis
(a tool for sedimentological and stratigraphic interpretation)
the concept: This section describes a system for the identification and analysis of log-based sequence or electrosequences.
Step 2: Electrofacies annotation The annotations that should be marked on the logs are described below in a M D logical order of simple to more and more complex>
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1- Baselines 2- Trend lines 3- Shapes 4- Abrupt breaks 5- Anomalies (log values high or low peaks). Step 3: Electrosequence analysis for log-based sequences, facies and depositional environment
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Electrosequence Analysis
(a tool for sedimentological and stratigraphic interpretation)
Concept
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An electrosequence in an interval defined in wireline logs through which there are consistent or consistently changing log responses and characteristics, sufficiently distinctive to separate it from the other electrosequences. It will typically be tens of metre thick and correspond to the sedimentological succession of facies (i.e. a cycle). The objective of electrosequence analysis is to extract from logs as much geological information as possible by identifying vertically continuous, depositional, stratigraphic and eventually sequence stratigraphic unit. 7/23/12
Electrosequence Analysis
(a tool for sedimentological and stratigraphic interpretation)
Concept
Compared to the log shape study (where only one log is considered), electrosequence analysis uses all the available logs, much other data and covers all the wells, not just the sand bpdies or reservoirs. Above all, electrosequence analysis is a systematic approach to log sequence interpretation and was developed by Elf in France (Serra, 1972, 1973).
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The first principle of the system is that reservoirs and non reservoirs are equally important: geology is not restricted to reservoirs.
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Electrosequence Analysis
(a tool for sedimentological and stratigraphic interpretation)
Concept
In a sand-shale sequence for instance, the environmental information contained in the finegrained, non-reservoir intervals, equals or even exceed that in the reservoir zones.
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The second principle is that no one log can characterize a formation: each logging tool examine the same formation but from different aspects, and all are equally characteristic.
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Electrosequence Analysis
(a tool for sedimentological and stratigraphic interpretation)
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Electrosequence Analysis
(a tool for sedimentological and stratigraphic interpretation)
Interpretation of lithology Electrofacies annotation Electrosequence analysis for log based sequences, facies and depositional environment
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Electrosequence Analysis
(a tool for sedimentological and stratigraphic interpretation) Steps for electrosequence analysis 1. Interpretation of lithology
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Electrosequence Analysis
(a tool for sedimentological and stratigraphic interpretation) Steps for electrosequence analysis 2. Electrofacies annotation Electrofacies: A suite of wireline log responses and characteristics sufficiently distinctive to be able to be separated from the other electrofacies.
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Electrosequence Analysis
(a tool for sedimentological and stratigraphic interpretation) Steps for electrosequence analysis 3. Electrosequence analysis for log based sequences, facies and depositional environment
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Fence Diagrams
Create 3D cross sections or fence diagrams of interpolated lithology, stratigraphy, quantitative data, colors, fractures, and aquifers. Include source log data, borders, and legends. Types of data that can be represented as fence diagrams: Lithology distribution Stratigraphic layers Quantitative data distribution (geochemistry, geophysics, geotechnical) Colors Fracture proximities Aquifer surfaces
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Fence Diagram
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A fence diagram based on lithology data, with superimposed downhole data logs 7/23/12
R oc k W or ks
Lithology Fences
Display interpolated lithology in fence panels Include a lithology color legend and view volumes of the lithology types in the 3D window .
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R oc k W or ks
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Stratigraphy Fences
Display interpolated stratigraphic surfaces in fence panels, or display "straight" linear correlations Include a stratigraphy color legend
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R oc k W or ks
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R oc k W or ks
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Fracture Fences Model fracture locations in 3D and display slices of the model as fence panels Append fracture discs on 3D logs Include a legend to colors and distances
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Aquifer Fences
Display aquifer surface and base in 3D fence panels Combine with an isosurface representing a contaminant plume Float a reference map above the image
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representing three-dimensional objects in two dimensions in technical and engineering drawings. It is an axonometric projection in which the three coordinate axes appear equally foreshortened and the angles between any two of them are 120 degrees.
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Mappable, aerially restricted part of a lithostratigraphic body that differs from it coeval equivalents.
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Facies: Definition
Environment: physical, chemical, biological conditions v s
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Lithofacie s
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Biofacies
Facies: Definition
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(AGI, 1999)
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Facies: Definition
Meandering Stream Facies
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(Boggs, p. 280)
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Facies: Contacts
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(Boggs, p. 464)
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Facies: Contacts
L at er al C o nt a ct s
intercalat ed gradu al
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abru pt
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V er ti c al C o nt a ct s
gradationa l
intertongui ng
pincho ut
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(Boggs, p. 453)
Facies: Succession s
Meanderi ng Stream
Delt a
Regressi ve Shelf
Transgressi ve Shelf
Coarsening Upward
Coarsening Upward
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Fining Upward
(Boggs, p. 260)
Fining Upward
Coarsening Upward
Fining Upward
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Time lines
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(E. McBride)
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http://www.gpc.edu/~pgore/geology/historical_lab/stratig
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http://www.gpc.edu/~pgore/geology/historical_lab/stratig raphy.php
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demonstrate that rocks at distant places are equivalent
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Types of Data: Outcrop descriptions
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(Anderson et al.,
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Correlation Matching
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Basis of Correlation:
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trace lateral continuity lithology* rock properties stratigraphic successions fossil content chemical, magnetic, or geophysical properties
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http://www.gpc.edu/~pgore/geology/historical_lab/stratig
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I r
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I r
I r
I r
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http://www.es.ucsc.edu/~pkoch/lectures/lectur e1.html
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Stratigraphic Successions
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(Boggs, p.
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http://www.gpc.edu/~pgore/geology/historical_lab/stratig raphy.php
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index fossils principles of stratigraphy marker horizons geophysical properties geochemical properties
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http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ozsvath/images/stratig raphy.jpg
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(Boggs, p. 483)
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Fence Diagra ms
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(416M )
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Fence Diagra ms
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Correlation: Examples
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Correlation: Examples
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Correlation: Examples
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Correlation: Examples
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Correlation: Examples
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Bed - named distinctive layer in a member or formation Flow - smallest distinctive layer in a volcanic sequence The component units of any higher rank unit in the hierarchy need not be everywhere the same.
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Formation: The primary formal unit of lithostratigraphic classification. Formations are the only formal lithostratigraphic units into which the stratigraphic column everywhere should be divided completely on the basis of lithology. The contrast in lithology between formations required to justify their establishment varies with the complexity of the geology of a region and the detail needed for geologic mapping and to work out its geologic history.
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Lithostratigra phy
No formation is considered justifiable and useful that cannot be delineated at the scale of geologic mapping practiced in the region. The thickness of formations may range from less than a meter to several thousand meters.