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SCIENCE PRESENTATION WORK ON

ELECTRICITY

CONTENTS
ELECTRICITY ELECTRIC CURRENT POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE ELECTRIC CURRENT SYMBOLS FOR ELECTRIC CIRCUIT OHMS LAW VERIFICATION OF OHMS LAW RESISTANCE FACTORS FOR DEPENDENCE OF CURRENT RESISTORS IN SERIES RESISTORS IN PARALLEL ELECTRICAL ENERGY AND POWER HEATING EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT EXTRA QUESTIONS

ELECTRICITY
Electricity is one of the basic forms of energy. Electricity is associated with electric charge, a property of certain elementary particles such as electrons and protons, two of the basic particles that make up the atoms of all ordinary matter. Electric charges can be stationary, as in static electricity, or moving, as in an electric current.

ELECTRIC CURRENT

IT IS THE AMOUNT OF CHARGE FLOWING THROUGH A PERTICULAR AREA IN UNIT TIME. IT IS ALSO DEFINED AS THE RATE OF FLOW OF ELECTRIC CHARGE. CHARGE Q

CURRENT =

TIME

OR

I =

LIGHTNING A CAUSE OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

The SI unit of electric charge is coulomb (C) . It is the charge contained in 6x10 18 electrons .
The SI unit of current is called ampere (A). One ampere is the current flowing through a conductor if I coulomb of charge flows through it in 1 second.

1coulomb 1ampere = 1 second

Electric Current is measured by an ammeter. It is always connected in series in a circuit.

ELECTRIC POTENTIAL AND POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE

Electric current will flow through a conductor only if there is a difference in the electric potential between the two ends of the conductor. This difference in electric potential between the two ends of a conductor is called potential difference. The potential difference in a circuit is provided by a cell or battery. The chemical reaction in the cell produces a potential difference between the two terminals and sets the electrons in motion and produces electric current .

Work done Potential difference = Charge The SI unit of potential difference is volt (V). or V =

W Q

One volt is the potential difference when 1 joule of work is done to move a charge of 1 coulomb from one point to the other. 1 joule 1J 1 volt = or 1 V = 1 coulomb 1C Potential difference is measured by a voltmeter. It is always connected in parallel across the two point between which the potential difference is to be measured.

ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
It is a continuous and closed path of an electric current. A schematic diagram of an electric circuit comprising of a cell, electric bulb, ammeter and plug key.

cell +

bulb

A ammeter

plug key

SYMBOLS OF COMPONENTS USED IN ELECTRIC CIRCUITS

1. An electric cell +

2. A battery or combination of cells 3. Plug key or switch (open) 4. Plug key or switch (closed) -

5. Electric bulb 6. A resistor of resistance R -

7. Variable resistance or rheostat 8. Ammeter 9. Voltmeter +

10. A wire joint -

11. A wire crossing over without joining -

OHMS LAW
Ohms law is a relationship between the potential difference across a conductor and the current flowing through it. OHMS LAW STATES THAT The current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference between its ends provided its temperature remains constant. I V OR
V I

VI
= R

OR

V I

= constant

Where R is a constant called resistance for a given metallic wire at a given temperature.

VERIFICATION OF OHMS LAW

+ -

R
+ V

B -

+ A -

Set up the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram. First use one cell and note the current (I) in the ammeter and the potential difference (V) in the voltmeter across the nichrome wire AB. Repeat by using two cells, three cells and four cells and note the readings in the ammeter and voltmeter. Then plot a graph between the current (I) and potential difference (V). The graph will be a straight line.

This shows that the current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across its ends.

I V OR V I OR

V I

= R

where R is a constant called resistance of the conductor.

Potential difference ( V )

Current ( I )

RESISTANCE
Resistance is the property of a conductor to resist the flow of current through it.

According to Ohms law R =

V I

The SI unit of resistance is ohm ().

If the potential difference across the two ends of a wire is 1 V and the current flowing through it is 1 A then the resistance R of the conductor is 1 ohm (1 ). V

Since I =
R The current flowing through a resistor is inversely proportional to the resistance. So if the resistance is doubled, then the current gets halved.

FACTORS ON WHICH THE RESISTANCE OF A CONDUCTOR DEPENDS

The resistance of a conductor depends upon its:i) Length ii) Area of cross section iii) Material of the conductor. Resistance is directly proportional to the length of the conductor and inversely proportional to the area of cross section of the conductor. Rl R I /A or R l A or R = l A

Where (rho) is a constant of proportionality called Resistivity of the material of the conductor. The SI unit of resistivity is ohm meter ( m). Conductors like metals and alloys have low resistivity 10-8 m to 10-6 m. Insulators like rubber, glass etc. have high resistivity 1012 m to 1017 m.

RESISTORS IN SERIES
A R1 V1 R2 V2 R3 V3 B

+
+ -

V A

( )

When three resistors R1, R2 and R3 are connected in series across AB i) The current in all the resistors is the same. ii) The total voltage (PD) across the resistors is equal to the sum of the voltage across each resistor. V = V1 + V2 + V3 iii) The equivalent resistance is the sum of the resistances of each resistor. RS = R1 + R2 + R3

RESISTORS IN PARALLEL
R1
R2 R3 I1

I2
I3

+ +

()

- A +

When three resistors R1, R2 and R3 are connected in parallel across AB, i) The voltage (PD) in all the resistors is the same. ii) The total current in all the resistors is the sum of the current in each resistor. I = I1 + I2 + I3 iii) The reciprocal of the equivalent resistance is the sum of the reciprocals of each resistance. 1 1 1 1 = + + Rp R1 R2 R3

ELECTRICAL ENERGY AND ELECTRIC POWER

ELECTRICAL ENERGY
It is the work done to maintain the flow of current in a conductor. W=QXV W=IXtxV W = I2Rt I=Q/t Q=IXt V = IR

The unit of electrical energy is joule (J).

ELECTRIC POWER
It is the rate at which electric current is used. Power = Work done Time Power = I2R P=W t W = I2Rt = I2Rt t

R = V = I2 X V = I X V I I or Power = I X V The SI unit of power is watt (W). One watt is the power when 1A of current flows across a potential difference of 1V. 1000 W = 1kW 1kWh = 1000 watt x 3600 seconds = 3.6 x 106 joules The commercial unit of power is watt hour (Wh) or kilo watt hour (kWh). One kWh is the power consumed when 1W of power is used for 1 hour.

HEATING EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

A R + V B

() - A +

If a current I flows through a resistor of resistance R and t be the time for which a charge Q flows through it, then the work done to move the charge through potential difference V W=QXV P =W = QXV Q = I or P = V X I t t t or Heat energy supplied = P X t = V X I X t According to Ohms law V = IR Heat produced H = I2Rt

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF HEATING EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

The heating effect of electric current has many useful applications. i) It is used in electric iron, electric toaster, electric oven, electric kettle, electric heater etc. ii) It is also used to produce light in electric bulbs. The filament used in electric bulbs should retain heat and should not melt. So a metal having high melting point like tungsten is used as the filament for making electric bulbs.

iii) It is used as fuse in electric circuits. The fuse protects circuits and appliances from damage due to high current. It is a wire having a low melting point. If high current flows through the circuit the fuse wire melts and breaks the circuit and protects the circuit and appliances from damage. The fuse wire is made of a metal or an alloy of metals like aluminium, copper, iron or lead.

TIME FOR QUESTIONS TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

1. What does an electric circuit mean?

It is a continuous and closed path through which current flows.

2. Define the unit of current.

The unit of electric current is ampere (A). 1 A is defined as the flow of 1 C of charge through a wire in 1 s.

3. Calculate the number of electrons constituting one coulomb of charge.

One electron possesses a charge of 1.6 1019 C, i.e., 1.6 1019 C of charge is contained in 1 electron.

1 C of charge is contained in 1 = 6.25 x 1018

1.6 x 10-19 = 6 x 1018 electrons.
Therefore, 6 x 1018 electrons constitute one coulomb of charge.

4. Name a device that helps to maintain a potential difference across a conductor.

A source of electricity such as cell, battery, power supply, etc. helps to maintain a potential difference across a conductor.

5. What is meant by saying that the potential difference between two points is 1 V?
If 1 J of work is required to move a charge of amount 1 C from one point to another, then it is said that the potential difference between the two points is 1 V.

6. How much energy is given to each coulomb of charge passing through a 6 V battery?
The energy given to each coulomb of charge is equal to the amount of work required to move it. The amount of work is given by the expression, Potential difference = Work done Charge Work done = Potential difference x Charge Where, Charge = 1 C Potential difference = 6 V Work Done = 6 x 1 = 6J Therefore, 6 J of energy is given to each coulomb of charge passing through a battery of 6 V.

7. On what factors does the resistance of a conductor depend?

The resistance of a conductor depends upon the following factors: (a) Length of the conductor

(b) Cross-sectional area of the conductor

(c) Material of the conductor (d) Temperature of the conductor

8. Will current flow more easily through a thick wire or a thin wire of the same material, when connected to the same source? Why?
Resistance of a wire, Where, = Resistivity of the material of the wire l = Length of the wire A = Area of cross-section of the wire Resistance is inversely proportional to the area of cross-section of the wire. Thicker the wire, lower is the resistance of the wire and vice-versa. Therefore, current can flow more easily through a thick wire than a thin wire.

9. Let the resistance of an electrical component remains constant while the potential difference across the two ends of the component decreases to half of its former value. What change will occur in the current through it?
The change in the current flowing through the component is given by Ohms law as, V=IxR Where, Resistance of the electrical component = R Potential difference = V Current = I The potential difference is reduced to half, keeping resistance constant. Let the new resistance be R' and the new amount of current be I '.

Therefore, from Ohms law, we obtain the amount of new current.

Therefore, the amount of current flowing through the electrical component is reduced by half.

10. Why are coils of electric toasters and electric irons made of an alloy rather than a pure metal?
The resistivity of an alloy is higher than the pure metal. Moreover, at high temperatures, the alloys do not melt readily. Hence, the coils of heating appliances such as electric toasters and electric irons are made of an alloy rather than a pure metal.

11. Use the data in Table to answer the following

Electrical resistivity of some substances at 20C

Conductors Material Silver Resistivity ( m) 1.60 108

Copper
Aluminium Tungsten Nickel

1.62 108
2.63 108 5.20 108 6.84 108

Iron
Chromium

10.0 108
12.9 108

Mercury Manganese Constantan (alloy of Cu and Ni) Alloys Manganin (alloy of Cu, Mn and Ni) Nichrome (alloy of Ni, Cr, Mn and Fe) Glass Insulators Hard rubber Ebonite Diamond Paper (dry)

94.0 108 1.84 106 49 106 44 106 100 106 1010 1014 1013 1016 1015 1017 1012 1013 1012

(a) Which among iron and mercury is a better conductor?

(b) Which material is the best conductor?

(a) Resistivity of iron = 10.0 x 10-8 m Resistivity of mercury = 94.0 x 10-8 m Resistivity of mercury is more than that of iron. This implies that iron is a better conductor than mercury. (b) It can be observed from Table that the resistivity of silver is the lowest among the listed materials. Hence, it is the best conductor.

12. Draw a schematic diagram of a circuit consisting of a battery of three cells of 2 V each, a 5 resistor, an 8 resistor, and a 12 resistor, and a plug key, all connected in series. Three cells of potential 2 V, each connected in series, is equivalent to a battery of potential 2 V + 2 V + 2 V = 6V. The following circuit diagram shows three resistors of resistances 5 , 8 and 12 respectively connected in series and a battery of potential 6 V.

13. What determines the rate at which energy is delivered by a current?

The rate of consumption of electric energy in an electric appliance is called electric power. Hence, the rate at which energy is delivered by a current is the power of the appliance.

PRESENTED BY MAHESH PRASAD PATI