Plagiarism-a not to do subject

Definition Plagiarism is defined as presenting someone elses work, including the work of other students, as ones own. Any ideas or materials taken from another source for either written or oral use must be fully acknowledged, unless the information is common knowledge. What is considered common knowledge may differ from course to course.
NOTE:

A student must not adopt or reproduce ideas, opinions, theories, formulas, graphics or pictures of another person without acknowledgment. Offering materials assembled or collected by others in the form of projects or collections without acknowledgment, is also a form of plagiarism.

Avoid plagiarism by giving credit, when

You use another persons ideas, opinions or theories.

You use facts, statistics, graphics, drawings, music, etc., or any other type of information that does not comprise common knowledge.

You use quotations from another persons spoken or written word.

You paraphrase another persons spoken or written word.

To avoid plagiarism
Begin the writing process by stating your ideas; then go back to the authors original work.

Use quotation marks and credit the source (author) when you copy exact wording.
Use your own words (paraphrase) instead of copying directly when possible. Even when paraphrase another authors writings, you must give credit to that author.

If the form of citation and reference are not correct, the attribution to the original author is likely to be incomplete. Therefore, improper use of style can result in plagiarism. Get a style manual and use it.

Figure below helps to avoid plagiarism

My Words? Yes My Idea? No No Direct Quote Yes Direct Quote or Block Quote

Paraphrase

Citation Proper acknowledgement of original author(s) And References Full bibliographic reference, so the reader can find the right publication

A Plagiarism Case detected in EURO-PAR95

Details: C.V.Papadopoulos is the real person who has registered as a Ph.D student at the Univ. of Piraeus, GR. (earlier he was registered at the National Technical Univ. of Athens, but he was expelled because of plagiarism cases) He has managed to publish several plagiarized papers to international journals and conferences. FTP over the internet seems to be the means, he used for his actions. Unfortunately, the current state of the art in the area of authentication, access control, authors rights, etc., are unable to identify, beyond doubt, the intruders FTP action.

All plagiarism cases though they involve various names of authors and affiliations, they all give as correspondence address that of C.V.Papadopoulos.

Plagiarized published papers of C.V.Papadopoulos

Paper of C.V.Papadopoulos Title: On the heterogeneity of Distributed databases-Integrating Commit Protocols Authors: Constantinos V.Papadopoulos, Univ. of Piraeus and KEPYO,GR. Published at: IEEE Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, Poland, June 1994.

Source of Plagiarism
Title: Integration of Commit Protocols in Heterogeneous Databases Authors: Ayellet Tal (Princeton Univ), Rafael Alonso (Matsushita Information Technology Laboratory) Source: Princeton technical report TR-375-92

Plagiarized PUBLISHED papers of C.V.Papadopoulos

Paper of C.V.Papadopoulos Title: "Provably Optimal Algorithms for Signal Routing

Authors: Constantinos V. Papadopoulos, Univ. of Piraeus, GR

Published at: Journal of Computer Systems Science and Engineering, November 1994, vol.9, no 4. Source of Plagiarism Title: "Provably Good Performance-Driven Global Routing Authors: Jason Cong, Andrew Kahng, Gabriel Robins, UCLA Sources: UCLA technical report CSD-910013, April 91 and IEEE CAD, vol 11, no 6, 1992.

Plagiarized PUBLISHED papers of C.V.Papadopoulos

Paper of C.V.Papadopoulos Title: A New Hashing Algorithm for Parallel Processors"

Authors: Constantinos V. Papadopoulos, National Technical Univ. of Athens, GR

Published at: Parallel Algorithms and Application Journal, Vol 4, November 1994 Source of Plagiarism Title: "Work Efficient Hashing on Parallel and Vector Computers" Authors: Thomas J. Sheffler and Randal E. Bryant, CMU Source: CMU report MCU-CS-92-172

Plagiarized PUBLISHED papers of C.V.Papadopoulos

Paper of C.V.Papadopoulos Title: "On the Parallel Execution of Combinatorial Heuristics"

Authors: Constantinos V. Papadopoulos, Univ. of Piraeus, GR

Published at: IEEE Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Massively Parallel Computing Systems (MPCS), Los Alamitos, CA, May 1994 Source of Plagiarism Title: "A Massively Distributed Parallel Genetic Algorithm (mdpGA)" Authors: Shumeet Baluja, CMU Sources: CMU technical report CMU-CS-92-196R .

Plagiarized PUBLISHED papers of C.V.Papadopoulos

Paper of C.V.Papadopoulos Title: "On the Parallelism of Data"

Authors: Constantinos V. Papadopoulos, Univ. of Piraeus, GR

Published at: Proceedings of Parallel Languages and Architectures Europe, PARLE'94, Athens, 1994 Source of Plagiarism Title: "Relations + Reductions = Data-Parallelism" Authors: V.Austel, R.Bagrodia, M.Chandy, M. Dhagat, UCLA Sources: UCLA report CSD-930009, latest version to appear in the J. of Parallel and Distributed Computing

Plagiarized PUBLISHED papers of C.V.Papadopoulos

Paper of C.V.Papadopoulos Title: "A Multiprocessor Architecture for Concurrent Data Structures" Authors: Constantinos V. Papadopoulos, IBM Zurich! (certainly he is not there) Published at: EURO-PAR'95 Source of Plagiarism Title: "Transactional Memory: Architectural Support for LockFree Data Structures" Authors: : Maurice Herlihy (DEC Cambridge Res. Lab), J.Elliot B. Moss(Univ. of Massachusetts) Sources: DEC technical report CRL-92-07

Plagiarized PUBLISHED papers of C.V.Papadopoulos

Paper of C.V.Papadopoulos Title: "Implementation of Dynamic Data Structures on Distributed Memory Multiprocessors"

Authors: Constantinos V. Papadopoulos, IBM Zurich!

Published at: EURO-PAR'95 Source of Plagiarism Title: "Supporting Dynamic Data Structures on Distributed Memory Machines" Authors: Anne Rogers (Princeton Univ), Martin Carlisle (Princeton Univ), John Reppy (AT &T Bell Labs), Laurie Hendren (McGill Univ) Sources: Princeton report TR-447-94, also to appear in ACM Trans. Progr. Lang. and Systems

Plagiarized PUBLISHED papers of C.V.Papadopoulos

Paper of C.V.Papadopoulos Title: "A Formal Study on the Fault Tolerance of Parallel and Distributed Systems"

Authors: Constantinos V. Papadopoulos, Univ. of Piraeus, GR

Published at: IEEE Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Architectures and Algorithms for Parallel Processing (ICA^3PP 95), Australia, April 1995 Source of Plagiarism Title: "On the Fault Tolerance of Some Popular Bounded-Degree Networks" Authors: Tom Leighton (MIT), Bruce Maggs (NEC Research Institute, Princeton), Ramesh Sitaraman (Princeton Univ) Sources: Princeton report CS-TR-385-92

Find the plagiarized context with reference a practice

Please read the original source material carefully and then select the entry, either "A" or "B," that you think has not been plagiarized
Practice 1 Original Source Material: A nave mental model in the context of computer programming is that a computer is an intelligent system, and that giving directions to a computer is like giving directions to a human being.
Source: Merrinboer, J. J. van. (1997). Training complex cognitive skills. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications.

A) One kind of mental model for the computer is the nave model. A nave mental model in the context of computer programming is that a computer is an intelligent system. This model is nave because giving directions to a computer is like giving directions to a human being. References: Merrinboer, J. J. van. (1997). Training complex cognitive skills. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications.

B) One kind of mental model for the computer is the nave model. According to van Merrinboer (1997), "A nave mental model in the context of computer programming is that a computer is an intelligent system, and that giving directions to a computer is like giving directions to a human being" (p. 145). References: Merrinboer, J. J. van. (1997). Training complex cognitive skills. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications.

Not plagiarized

Practice 2
Original Source Material: In the traditional behavioral paradigm, feedback is the consequence of a response, typically reinforcement for an appropriate behavior. Source: Driscoll, M. P. (2000). Psychology of learning for instruction (2nd ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

A) Feedback is not conceived of identically between the various schools of thought in instruction. "In the traditional behavioral paradigm, feedback is the consequence of a response, typically reinforcement for an appropriate behavior" (Driscoll, 2000, p. 65). References: Driscoll, M. P. (2000). Psychology of learning for instruction (2nd ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

B) Feedback is not conceived of identically between the various schools of thought in instruction. In the traditional behavioral paradigm, feedback is the consequence of a response. That response is typically reinforcement for an appropriate behavior.

Not plagiarized

Why do students plagiarize?

They feel apprehensive about tackling a new subject. They fear that everything worth writing about it has already been written. They feel anxious about the fact that others may have written so much better about a particular topic than they could ever do. These fears, insecurities, and frustrations are among those that tempt students to plagiarize. NOTE: Whatever the reasons, plagiarism is a serious ethical violation.

Plan your writing

Ask two questions before starting:
What is new in your work? What are you going to write?

Emphasize on the originality and significance of your work. Organize your thinking and decide the structure (outlines) of your paper. Stick on your central points throughout the whole paper and remove all unnecessary discussions.

Writing
Purpose of your writing: disseminating your research results.
Dont write if there is nothing to write
Dont make a simple problem complicated to fool people Dont hide technical details

Reader-oriented writing: Write in a way that would

lead readers to follow your thinking, NOT in the way of your thinking.
Well-organize your thinking Give enough and clear explanation (never leave reader to guess) Try to present your idea in an accurate way (no ambiguous) Always think how readers would interpret your writing (assume youre a reader)

Use simple/ plain English

Purpose of technical writing: express your idea correctly & clearly.

Choose a Right Title

The title should be very specific, not too broad. The title should be substantially different from others.
Topology control for multihop wireless networks, IEEE Trans. on Comm, 93. Topology control of multihop wireless networks using transmit power adjustment, infocom00. Distributed topology control for power efficient operation in multihop wireless networks, infocom01.

Avoid general / big titles, e.g.,

Research on data mining, Some research on job assignment in cluster computing, A new framework for distributed computing,

Write a concise Abstract

The use of an abstract:
for search purpose. giving readers a paper-summary before getting into details.

An abstract should tell:

the problem that the paper discusses. the work that has been done, or method being used. original findings / achievements.

An abstract usually does NOT have:

reference numbers multiple paragraphs

Choose a right set of keywords

The use of keywords:
database search, categorizing your work (for editors to choose reviewers).

The keywords must be specific and, as a whole, represent the main topic of the paper. Avoid using the words that are not the main topic, such as calculus, simulations, etc.

Examples of an abstract / keywords

Organization of your Thesis

Top-down writing method Planning sections and subsections Sketching: use a sentence to represent the points (paragraphs) in each subsections Writing details: expend a sentence in the sketch into a paragraph Adjustment: break / merge paragraphs, add / merge sections
N.B. keep a logical flow from section to section, paragraph to paragraph, and sentence to sentence.

How to write a Thesis

And be read. And respected.

Motivation and preparation Frame of mind Style and structure Dirty Tricks

Motivation Writing papers (that are read) is the only way to be respected as a scientist Science: only useful if communicated Conference talks: transitory Reproducibility: from detailed papers

[] Authors need to maximise every opportunity to get their message heard []; literacy will be seen, increasingly, as something that could make or brake a paper, and with it, the career of the authors.

Preparation
Read and critique (edit) your colleagues papers before submission

You will develop a sense what constitutes a good paper learn to see traps (e.g. overstating) and avoid them learn to critique your own work hopefully be of use to your colleagues, rather than lose all your friends!

Ideally, an editor makes the changes that the writer would make himself, after letting the piece lie for a year.

Preparation
Keep up with the relevant literature

Develop a data base of references that may need to be cited Keep thinking about the relation of your own work to that of others Understand the arguments used in relevant work Try to explain and resolve differences between results (and design experiments to do so, if necessary) Make sure you cite all the relevant work

Preparation
Discuss your work with people inside and outside your group It is better to hear whats wrong before your paper is submitted!

Give talks or present posters at conferences Seek out those who have worked on the subject Discuss (by email or in person) with authors of relevant work Find out if your colleagues think your line of reasoning makes sense Pursue all the criticisms received and find an answer to those questions

Frame of Mind
Writing a paper is a chance, not a chore! Recap the context of your work Think through your results and arguments in detail Check your logic If you get stuck while writing, be open for new ideas of interpretation

Frame of Mind

Get the time balance right between writing and producing data

A week is not enough to write up five years of research! Allow time to perform extra checks and experiments you will be surprised how many issues come up once you think through the results properly.

How to get started

Distill your main new insight in your mind, in one sentence Then try and argue your case. Start with a section you find easy (Methods? Introduction?) Do not worry too much about wording and word count cut and edit later Imagine you explain your work to a colleague write down what you would say, in plain language

Style: Clarity first!

Write with care and try to communicate Think of those with limited command of English (but superior command of physics) Make short, simple, concrete sentences & avoid buzzwords Use only words whose meaning you know

Technicalities

Look at the journal you are planning to submit to Adhere to the Guide to Authors Test your figures on your grandmother can she read the symbols? Do not use 20 shades of green Make sure you cite all relevant work - few referees like being ignored

Finishing touches

Critique your own work Think hard about the main new message of your paper; then write the Abstract and Conclusions Ask a critical colleague to read and edit Fill in any holes with literature or new experiments
this can take several iterations

Why bother with references?

good research
good communication

plagiarism

Plagiarism
The most blatant form of plagiarism is to repeat as your own someone elses sentences, more or less verbatim . . . Other forms of plagiarism include repeating someone elses . . . apt phrase without appropriate acknowledgement, paraphrasing another persons argument as your own, and presenting anothers line of thinking as though it were your own.
The MLA Handbook (New York: MLA, 1988), pp. 22-23.

as your own
Everything you write in an essay which you do not explicitly say is someone elses thoughts or words is thereby being presented as your own.
Including something in a bibliography does not tell us which sentences of the essay come from that source and which you are claiming as your own. So we must take them ALL to be presented as your own.

Forms of Plagiarism 1
Submitting the work of another person in its entirety as if it were your own.
Buying essays from the internet Copying another students essay

Forms of Plagiarism 2
Taking anothers essay, retyping it and making occasional changes
Deleting some ideas Adding new ideas Changing the conclusion

Forms of Plagiarism 3
Inserting all or part of a sentence or paragraph from another source into your essay without putting the inserted material in quotation marks
Even if you cite the source

Forms of Plagiarism 4
Taking an idea from another source without citing it
Even if you put the idea into your own words

What matters here is causation not whether you are original

Most of your own ideas will have been thought up by someone else That is OK, as long as they get into your essay because you thought them up for yourself.

Forms of Plagiarism 5
Paraphrasing a sentence or paragraph from another source without saying this is what you are doing
Even if you put the source in your bibliography

Ways to Avoid Plagiarism 1

Bad note-taking is the most common source of unintentional plagiarism
Spend time thinking about what you have read before taking any notes Notes should summarize what you have read Do not cut and paste material from the internet into a notes file.

Using the Web

the good, the bad, and the under-construction

Websites are sources which must be acknowledged

But take care

Many traditional academic resources are available online
E.g. primary texts, journals, research papers

But the internet also contains much obscure and unreliable material.
If there is no named author or the author does not have an academic affiliation (i.e. does not give a University address), dont use the source. If you are not sure, ask your tutor before using it in your essay

Ways to Avoid Plagiarism 2

The principles of good referencing are just as important in note-taking as in essays
Enclose all material copied from another source into your notes in quotation marks with the source attributed. Add references as you go along, even when the essay is in very rough draft When you are writing the essay you will be under much more pressure, so dont assume that you can check references later

Ways to Avoid Plagiarism 3

If you do not have enough time to write a proper essay before the deadline: ask for an extension.
For procedural work: ask your module tutor

For assessed work: ask the Examinations Officer

(Christian Piller in Philosophy)

Responsibility
Issues of plagiarism fall under the principle of strict liability.
Even if you did not mean to plagiarise, you are just as responsible as if you did mean to do so. So, you must actively strive to avoid plagiarism at all costs.

The prohibition against plagiarism applies to both procedural work and assessed work.

Plagiarism Detection You will not get away with it!

Every year we catch students
Six so far this year

Lecturers are trained experts Electronic detection tools

If you found the source, so can we!

Penalties for Plagiarism

University offence - we have to report it and follow rules Range of consequences:
fail module, lower degree class, fail degree.

Procedure 1
Work that does not contribute towards your degree, e.g. procedural work or 1st year
Sources are identified

University is notified
Student formally warned that if ever caught again registration with University will be terminated

Examiners asked to check work more carefully

Procedure 2
Work that does contribute to your degree result gets Penalty Marks:
The essay containing plagiarism is given an academic mark for the work that is your own ALL other work is checked carefully for plagiarism If any is discovered, that work is remarked A penalty mark reflecting the percentage of degree affected by plagiarism is applied TO ALL YOUR MODULES

Publish or perish

Publish and perish The Seven Deadly Sins

Data manipulation, falsification Duplicate manuscripts Redundant publication

Plagiarism
Author conflicts of interest

Animal use concerns

Humans use concerns

What constitutes redundant publication?

Data in conference abstract? No Same data, different journal? Yes Data on website? Maybe Data included in review article? OK if later Expansion of published data set? Yes

What makes a good research paper?

Good science Good writing Publication in good journals

What constitutes good science?

Novel new and not resembling something formerly known or used (can be novel but not important) Mechanistic testing a hypothesis - determining the fundamental processes involved in or responsible for an action, reaction, or other natural phenomenon Descriptive describes how are things are but does not test how things work hypotheses are not tested.

What constitutes a good journal?

Impact factor average number of times published papers cited up to two years after publication. are

Immediacy Index average number of times published papers cited during year of publication.

are

Journal Citation Report, 2003

Journal Impact Factor Immediacy Index

Nature 30.979 06.679 Science AM J MATH 0002-9327 002353 00.962 00.122 29.162 05.589 Hypertens AJ P Heart Physiol Rev Am J Math Ann Math 05.630 03.658 36.831 00.962 01.505 00.838 00.675 03.727 00.122 00.564
5907 journals

Things to consider before writing

1. Time to write the paper?
- has a significant advancement been made? - is the hypothesis straightforward? - did the experiments test the hypothesis? - are the controls appropriate and sufficient? - can you describe the study in 1 or 2 minutes? - can the key message be written in 1 or 2 sentences?

Those who have the most to say usually say it with the fewest words

Things to consider before writing

1. Time to write the paper?
- has a significant advancement been made? - is the hypothesis straightforward? - did the experiments test the hypothesis? - are the controls appropriate and sufficient? - can you describe the study in 1 or 2 minutes? - can the key message be written in 1 or 2 sentences?

2. Tables and figures

- must be clear and concise - should be self-explanatory

3. Read references
- will help in choosing journal - better insight into possible reviewers

Things to consider before writing

4. Choose journal
- study instructions to authors - think about possible reviewers - quality of journal impact factor

5. Tentative title and summary 6. Choose authors

Authorship

Guidelines on authorshop, International committee of Medical Journal Editors, Reprinted by kind permission of the Editor of the British Medical Journal of Sept 14, 1985. J Clin Pathol 39: 110, 1986

Writing the manuscript

The hardest part is getting started.

Parts of a manuscript
Title Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion Acknowledgements References

Write in what order?

Title Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion Acknowledgements References

Methods and materials

Best to begin writing when experiments still in progress. Should be detailed enough so results can be repeated by others. Reference published methods where appropriate. Include animal/human use approval information. Use descriptive subheadings
Animals Surgical procedures Histochemistry

Results
Briefly repeating protocols can be effective

Tables and figures must be straight forward and concise

Present main findings referring to tables/figures. Do not speculate or over discuss results.

Abstract
Critical part of paper
State main objective
Summarize most important results

State major conclusions and significance

Avoid acronyms

Write and rewrite until flawless

Title
Will determine whether paper gets read Avoid long title (see journal rules) Avoid abbreviations Title format: The effects of heat on ice Heat melts ice The role of heat in melting ice

Words and expressions to avoid

Jargon a considerable amount of on account of a number of Referred to as In a number of cases Has the capacity to It is clear that It is apparent that Employ Fabricate Preferred use much because several called some can clearly apparently use make
Day, RA. How to write and publish a scientific paper, 5th edition, Oryx Press, 1998.

Process of Research
Completion of research Preparation of manuscript Submission of manuscript Assignment and review Decision Rejection Revision Resubmission Re-review Acceptance Publication Rejection

There is no way to get experience except through experience.