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GM Crops
Crops in which genetic material has been altered in the way it does not occur naturally.
It allow selected genes to be transferred from one organism into another, also between non related speices. Example gene of Bacillus thuringenisis incorporated
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History
The first field trails of GM Crops France and USA 1986, tobacco plants were engineered to be resistant to herbicides.
The people of Republics of China was first country to commercialize transgenic plants, introducing a Virus
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- Nutritional Values
Techniques
Natural forms of gene transfer, such as the ability ofAgrobacteriumto transfer genetic material to plants.
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Food
Modification Herbicide resistant gene taken from bacteria inserted into soybean
Corn, field Resistant New genes, some from the (Maize) toglyphosateorglufosinateherbici bacteriumBacillus des. Insect resistance via producing Bt thuringiensis, proteins, some previously used as added/transferred into plant pesticides in organic crop genome. production. Rice Golden Rice: genetically modified to containbeta-carotene(a source ofvitamin A) Current version of Golden Rice under development contains genes from maize and a common soil microorganism. Previous version contained three new genes: two fromdaffodilsand the third from abacterium
Sugar beetResistance to glyphosate, glufosinate New genes added/transferred herbicides into plant genome 7/25/12 Resistance to certain pesticides, high New genes added/transferred
Tomatoes Variety in which the production of the enzyme polygalacturonase (PG) is suppressed, retarding fruit softening after harvesting
A reverse copy (anantisense gene) of the gene responsible for the production of PG enzyme added into plant genome Bt crystal protein gene added/transferred into plant genome a crystal proteingene(Cry1Ac) from the soilbacterium Bacillus thuringiensisinto thegenomeof various brinjal
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Certain gene products may be allergens, thus causing harm to human health
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Economic Hazards
Elimination of competition
GM seeds are patented Plants with sterile seeds that are infertile are created Farmers are forced to buy seeds every year
Suicide seeds
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Percentage of customers that want to have labelling in products that include GE foods7/25/12 in different countries (Data from: Center for Food Safety, 2000 and Eurobarometer, 1997)
Development of drought
resistant crops
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Development of
Development of frost
resistant crops .
Development of disease
resistant crops
Development of flood
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resistant crops
Benefits
It is healthier than normal foods as they are either pesticide-free or pesticide-resistant, which means that we do not have to eat pesticide.
GM foods can be modified to have a longer shelf life such that it can be stored for longer
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Benefits
GM crops are mostly altered for extra nutritional value for more health benefits.
This includes modifying crops so that they produce an extra amount of healthy substances such as Vitamins as well as things like Iron and Antioxidants
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Benefits
Certain GM crops such as bananas can be modified such that they serve as vaccines to certain diseases.
These vaccines can be ingested along with the banana, making it convenient and less painful than injections
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REGULATION OF GMOs
The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) develop policy, regulations and review of all environmental (field trials to commercial plantings of genetically engineered microorganisms, animals and plants). Permits are issued by APHIS after scientific review of of potential environmental impacts.
The Food and Drug Administration determines the safety of new plant or animal products. It does not focus on the mechanism by which they were produced. New plants produced by Biotechnology or by traditional breeding methods must be tested for safety and nutrition in an alike manner.
The Environmental Protection Agency establishes regulations and registration requirements based upon the toxicity and environmental impact of new pesticidal products or plants with introduced pesticidal traits.
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Thank you
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