1.

16 Mechanical failure
1.16.1 1.16.2 1.16.3 1.16.4 1.16.5 1.16.6 1.16.7 Measuring strain Measuring stress Why materials exhibit elastic behaviour Toughness Hardness Stresses on oblique planes Failure theories

Applying load - mechanical

Applying Loads (hydraulic)

Quarter bridge strain gauge circuit.

LVDT Circuit

Dial Gauges

Digital demec gauge

1.16 Mechanical failure

1.16.1 1.16.2 1.16.3 1.16.4 1.16.5 1.16.6 1.16.7 Measuring strain Measuring stress Why materials exhibit elastic behaviour Toughness Hardness Stresses on oblique planes Failure theories

Measuring Stress
http://www.rdpe.com/uk/hiw-sglc.htm

Measuring modulus of elasticity

1.16 Mechanical failure

1.16.1 1.16.2 1.16.3 1.16.4 1.16.5 1.16.6 1.16.7 Measuring strain Measuring stress Why materials exhibit elastic behaviour Toughness Hardness Stresses on oblique planes Failure theories

Why Materials show elastic Force behaviour between

nucleii

Attraction
Repulsion Distance between nucleii Compression

Tension

1.16 Mechanical failure

1.16.1 1.16.2 1.16.3 1.16.4 1.16.5 1.16.6 1.16.7 Measuring strain Measuring stress Why materials exhibit elastic behaviour Toughness Hardness Stresses on oblique planes Failure theories

Toughness
Toughness 2 For an elastic system
Stress (force)

Area = average stress final strain = Energy absorbed = work done

Final strain

Strain (distance)

1.16 Mechanical failure

1.16.1 1.16.2 1.16.3 1.16.4 1.16.5 1.16.6 1.16.7 Measuring strain Measuring stress Why materials exhibit elastic behaviour Toughness Hardness Stresses on oblique planes Failure theories

Shear stress and strain

Area resisting shear

Shear displacement (x)

Shear Force

Shear force

Shear strain is angle

Stress on oblique planes

= y sin(2)
Shear stress (relative units) y = 2

1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0

30

60

90

Movement of dislocation
Grain Boundary

Material subject to two perpendicular stresses

= 0.5 (x - y) sin 2

1.16 Mechanical failure

1.16.1 1.16.2 1.16.3 1.16.4 1.16.5 1.16.6 1.16.7 Measuring strain Measuring stress Why materials exhibit elastic behaviour Toughness Hardness Stresses on oblique planes Failure theories

The Von Mises criterion

2y2 = (1 - 2)2 + (2 - 3)2 + (3 - 1)2 Where y is the tensile strength 1, 2, 3 are the principal stresses
1 = 5 3 = 0
15

10

y
5

0 -5 0 5 10 15 20