ROCKS AND MINERALS STORY TELLERS OF THE WORLD

General term used to describe different solid materials found in the earths surface
Different materials make many variety of rocks Depend on the kind of Environment they were formed

ROCKS ARE FORMED BY ONE OR COMBINATION OF THE FOLLOWING PROCESSES

HEAT
PRESSURE LAYERING

ROCK

Igneous Rocks
Intrusive Extrusive

Sedimentary Rocks
Based in Origin

Metamorphic Rocks

Fragmental

Chemical
Organic

A rock formed from molten rock that has cooled and solidified
When rocks are buried deep within the earth, they melt (MAGMA) Ejected from a volcano by extreme pressure Cools down to form Igneous Rocks

High pressure Temperature

GRANITE
Granite is a common and widely occurring type of intrusive, felsic, igneous rock.
Granites usually have a medium- to coarsegrained texture.

BASALT
a common extrusive volcanic rock.

It is usually grey to black and fine-grained due to rapid cooling of lava at the surface of a planet

PUMICE
A solidified frothy lava typically created when super-heated, highly pressurized rock is violently ejected from a volcano.
It can be formed when lava and water are mixed.

FLINT
a hard, sedimentary cryptocrystalline form of the mineral quartz
Flint was used for the manufacture of flint tools during the Stone Age.

KNAPPING

When magma cools down deep beneath the earth, crystals precipitate. Grow from molten liquid, producing a coarse grained rock

When magma cools rapidly near the surface, there is no time for crystal precipitation

Finely-grained crystalline and glassy rock is formed

Intrusive

Formed inside the earth Formed on the Earths Surface

Igneous Rocks
Extrusive

Intrusive Rock Formation

Cools Slowly Magma

(Beneath the Earth)

Large Crystals

Extrusive Rock Formation

Magma

Cools Quickly

(Surface)

Microscopic Crystals (Glass Like)

The ROCK is Igneous if:

Presence of air pockets (vesicles).

Glassy and black

Black color and crystals too small to see with the naked eye. Large, interlocked crystals (granite).

Sedimentary Rocks
These are formed when igneous rocks are eroded as a sediment under the sea.
Mostly plants and animal materials are cemented together by minerals and compacted due to the pressure from the weight of the sediments

FOSSILS

Sedimentary Rock Formation

Rocks

Subjected to forces

Break

Sedimentary Rocks

Sand and Gravel along the beaches and river banks are carried elsewhere and become sandstone or conglomerate

Compacted and dried mud hardens into shale

Classification of Sedimentary Rocks are classified into their origin or sources

SEDIMENTARY

FRAGMENTAL CHEMICAL ORGANIC

SEDIMENTARY

FRAGMENTAL
Formed from rock CHEMICAL fragments such as sand, gravel or clay. These fragments become ORGANIC cemented together because of pressure and chemical reactions

It is comprised of numerous grains or fragments that have been welded together by the heat of volcanic eruption.

SEDIMENTARY

CHEMICAL
Formed from FRAGMENTAL dissolved minerals that are left when ORGANIC liquids evaporate Example: Rock Salt

SEDIMENTARY

ORGANIC
Formed either FRAGMENTAL directly or indirectly from substances that ORGANIC From marine was once living organisms that
Example: Limestone Coal

produce CaCO3
From Giant Ferns million years ago

COAL

LIMESTONE

Metamorphic Rock
Formed from either igneous or sedimentary rocks that has been changed by tremendous heat and pressure deep beneath the earth Metamorphism does not actually melt the rocks It transform it into denser, more compact rocks

SLATE
mainly composed of quartz and muscovite Slate can be made into roofing slates, also called roofing shingles

MARBLE
composed of recrystallized carbonate minerals
Marble is commonly used for: Sculpture Building material

GNEISS
a common and widely distributed type of rock formed by high-grade regional metamorphic processes from pre-existing formations that were originally either igneous or sedimentary rocks.

SCHIST
constitute a group of medium-grade metamorphic rocks, chiefly notable for the preponderance of lamellar minerals

THE ROCK CYCLE

What is in a rock?

MINERALOGY is the study of minerals ROCKS

MINERALS

Naturally occurring solid a rock is an aggregate chemical substance formed of minerals and/or VERSUS through mineraloids and does biogeochemical processes, not have a specific chemical composition. having characteristic chemical composition, highly ordered atomic Minerals range in composition from structure pure elements and simple salts to specific physical properties very complex silicates with thousands of known forms.

A mineral that is composed of the elements silicon and oxygen

QUARTZ (SiO2)

It is formed naturally

FELDSPAR

Also occurs naturally

But never part of a living organism

Has similar structure as silicon with additional elements

Silicon and Oxygen

Contain atoms of: Aluminum Sodium Potassium Calcium

Sodium

SALT
Chloride

It occurs naturally

All minerals occur as crystals May have been part of any living organism

Formed Naturally

Have a definite composition

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS

A mineral is stable over a range of temperatures and pressures

It can be identified and describe based on several distinctive physical properties

DENSITY

COLOR

DENSITY

STREAK LUSTER

HARDNESS

It is the first thing that is noticed in a mineral Used for identification

COLOR
Identified with the color YELLOW

SULFUR

The color of a mineral depends on its chemical composition

It is not a reliable technique in identifying many minerals

QUARTZ

Clear

Lavender

Purple

Brown

Yellow

Pink

STREAK

The color left by a pulverized mineral on a plate

Unique in all minerals

Also used for identification

Rub the mineral across an unglazed porcelain tile or streak plate

Produces a unique streak, color or line of powder

More reliable in identification of minerals

LUSTER
Metallic Luster
Mineral having the appearance of a metal

Ability to reflect light

Non-Metallic Luster
TOPAZ

Dull Pearly Silky Glassy Waxy Brilliant

HARDNESS Brittleness
The measure of strength of the mineral structure relative to the strength of its chemical bonds

VERSUS

Associated with the physical structure of the mineral

The smaller atoms

Harder the mineral

Important in the gem industry

THE HARDNESS OF THE MINERAL DETERMINE ITS USE

HARD MINERALS SOFT MINERALS
Used as pencil lead, talcum powder and paper gloss

Used for polishing, grinding, and abrasive purposes

A minerals hardness is determined by how easily it can be scratched by other minerals or substances
A copper coin A piece of glass A finger nail A steel file Streak plate

In 1822, Friedrich Mohs devised the first scale of hardness for minerals Since it the minerals in the Mohs scale are hard to find, common items where used for the same purpose

DENSITY

Amount of matter in a given volume

Each mineral has a characteristic density

Mass Density Volume

Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a mineral compared to the density of water.

It is a more specific way to compare the densities of minerals.

In the surface, rocks tend to have changes in its structure, it can undergo a physical or a chemical change
WEATHERING

The process by which rock material is broken into smaller fragments or particles

WEATHERING

Physical
Disintegration of rocks and minerals by physical or mechanical means

Chemical
Chemical alteration or decomposition of rocks and minerals

PHYSICAL WEATHERING

Development of Joints Plant and animal activity

Crystal Growth

Heat

Animal Burrowing or moving through rock cracks

Frost action

DEVELOPMENT OF JOINTS
Results from the expansion due to cooling or relief of pressure as overlying rocks are removed by erosion

CRYSTAL GROWTH
Water seeps through fractures and pore spaces

Can contain ions that precipitate to crystals

Exerts an outward force which weakens the rock

weathering

HEAT
Sudden exposure to high temperature may cause expansion and eventual breakage of rocks

Plant and Human Activities

Plant roots can extend into fractures and grow, causing expansion of the fracture which will eventually may break the rock

Animals burrowing or moving through cracks can break rocks

FROST ACTION

As the water freeze it expands and exerts force on its surroundings

When rocks are in a continued process of weathering it is transformed into

SOIL
natural body consisting of layers of mineral constituents of variable thicknesses, which differ from the parent materials in their Morphological Physical Chemical Mineralogical characteristics

SOILS MOVE FROM ONE PLACE BY ANOTHER IN THE PROCESS CALLED EROSION The process by which soil, sediments, and rock fragments were removed from landscapes. Major Agents

Wind

Water