Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Preamble
Water Supply is a State Subject as per Article 246 of the Constitution. (Item 17 of the List-II State List under 7th Schedule) States/Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) are responsible for planning, designing, implementation and operation & maintenance of water services Govt. of India formulates policy guidelines, provides financial and technical assistance and facilitates mobilization of external assistance
Total Population : 1028.7 million (as per Census 2001) Urban Population : 286.11 million (27.8%) (as per Census 2001)
Increase in population: 217 m to 286 m (1991 to 2001)
Increase in number of Cities with Million Plus population : 23 to 35 (1991 to 2001)
Year Towns (No.) Cities/UAs (with million+ population) Total Population Urban Population Urban Population (% of Total) Decennial Growth (Urban) (%)
5 7 9 12 23
2001
35
1028.3
286.11
27.81
Urban system
(2005)
People in slums
: 60 mill +
Urban challenge
1-2 Million
2-5 Million 5 -8 Million + 8 Million
Year
1901 1 1951 5
1991 23
2001 35
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III
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CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
STATES
STATES
STATES
Target
Target -5: Reduce by Two-Thirds, between 1990 and 2015, under five mortality rate ( Diarrhoea is an important issue here, related to water supply) Target -9: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policy and programmes and reverse the loss of environmental resources Target -10: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation
Millennium Development Goals - Water and Sanitation Coverage The overall progress so far in Urban Areas across the country The Progress in achieving access to water sources is on target
Population having access to improved Drinking Water Sources (%) Rural 65 77 86 Population having access to improved Drinking Water Sources (%) Urban 85 89 91
Water Supply Coverage
Population having Population having access to improved sanitation access to improved sanitation (%) Rural (%) Urban 4 44 13 63 18 63
Source: World Health Organisation
Sanitation Coverage
JNNURM Objective: Universal, Safe and Sustainable Access to Water for Urban Areas:
Need to:
Improve the efficiency of services.
Ensure universal access. Sustainable services
For sewerage/sanitation the issues are Accessibility Meeting environmental effluent norms
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Even in metropolitan areas, large number of people still do not have access to water networks
23% of households in Delhi & Kolkata, and 55% of households in Chennai are not connected to piped water supply These households thus rely on informal or non-revenue generating sources of water, which may represent a net drain to water providers
Source: World Bank Study, May 2005 13
Karol Bagh
City Civil lines & Rohini West Delhi Pahar Ganj. New & South Delhi 148 Shah Dara 130 NajafGarh/Dwarka 74 Narela 31 Mehrauli 29
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central / state support High costs due to operational inefficiencies Lack of autonomy
They are focused on obtaining grants for investment rather than on service provision for which they are not held accountable
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COVERAGE TARGETS
It is proposed to achieve the following coverage targets by the end of the Eleventh Five Year Plan i.e. 31.3.2012 As per Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), of which India is one of the signatories, the above targets are required to be achieved
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100% population coverage 100% population coverage (which includes 70% population to be provided with sewerage and sewage treatment and 30% population with low cost sanitation, septic tanks etc).
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for water & sanitation for 100% coverage & national norms for quantity alone
Bringing in quality into service delivery is expected to
require more investment especially SOFT infrastructure- managerial approach into the sector
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Peculiar problems in Water & sanitation Water, an essential need Economic loss due to unsafe, inadequate water & Environmental cost due to bad sanitation not quantifiable easily There is no Central Act on the subject
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Importance of Benchmarking
In order to bring water & sanitation services under
quantifiable & verifiable service level indicators, Ministry has formulated Standardised Service Level Bench marks (SSLBMs)
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Benchmarking- WS
Coverage of WS connections (Popln)- 100%
Per capita availability of WS at consumer end- 135 Lpcd Extent of metering of WS connections -100% Extent of Non-Revenue Water -15% Continuity of Water Supply -24x7 Efficiency of redressal of Customer Complaints-80% Quality of Water Supplied -100% Cost recovery of in Water Supply Services- 100% Efficiency in collection of Water Supply Charges- 90% Number of persons receiving less than 70 Lpcd -0
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Benchmarking-Sewerage
Coverage of Wastewater network services-100%
Collection efficiency of Wastewater network-100% Adequacy of Wastewater treatment capacity-100% Quality of Wastewater treatment-100% Extent of reuse & recycling of treated Wastewater-20% Extent of cost recovery in Wastewater management-100% Efficiency of redressal of Customer Complaints -80%
Benchmarking- MSWM
Household level Coverage of Solid Waste management services-100% Efficiency of Collection of Municipal Solid Waste-100% Extent of segregation of Municipal Solid Waste-100% Extent of Municipal Solid Waste recovered / recycled-80% Extent of scientific disposal of Municipal Solid Waste100% Extent of cost recovery in Solid Waste Managementservices-100% Efficiency of redressal of Customer Complaints-80% Efficiency in collection of user charges-90%
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infrastructure, Ministry wants infrastructure development with managerial tools for measurement of quality in service delivery, sustainability of operation, conservation through demand side management etc. Such a model of infrastructure demands separation of functions of policy, operation & regulation, all of which are invested in State institutions at present.
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Approach to Regulation
With performance standards Competition on tariff setting Removing barriers to competition & monopoly
In an essential service like water supply where provision of service is more sacrosanct than recovery of costs, the Regulation of Investment & rate of return can be extremely slippery
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Approach to Regulation
There are no regulators in the WatSan sector as on
date similar to TRAI, ERAI Only Maharashtra has adopted an Act on the subject ( Mah Water Resources Regulatory Authority Act 2005) The Maharashtra Water Resources Regulatory Authority is primarily for planning & allocation of State Water Resources & Water Tariff System Being a State sector, legislation has to be made by States.
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Functions of Regulator
To ensure equity of access of service
Geographical dispersal of services Adherence to SLBMs for quality of service Viable tariff structure Protection of consumer rights
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Functioning of Regulator
Independent & Autonomous
Accountable to scrutiny by legislature Legally accountable Subject to Judicial review
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Attributes of Regulator
Coherence in policy- in tariff, subsidies & adequate
returns Credibility & Predictability- credible through legislative backing that Investors will be able to recover their costs Legitimacy & transparency- participatory form of regulation & public disclosure of all costs etc
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sanitation sector due to emotive potential Adverse public perception on leasing / transfer of public assets Adverse opinions on what constitutes reasonable return rate The political mine-field of tariff imposition
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Way Forward
Separation of functions in WatSan sector essential. It
has to be institutionalized by statute Participatory approach to policy making Initial opening of Sewerage & Sewage Treatment sector to private players to generate public goodwill Initial guarantee of investment by State Governments rather than ULBs for financial security of investment
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Lake, Kolkata, a water & sewerage project under JNNURM is being implemented by JUSCO. The company invests the share of State & ULB ( to the extent of 65% of cap. expdtr + GoI 35%= Rs.39 crore) JUSCO will do O&M for next 30 years after implementation. The State & ULB have laid down fixed tariff structure, raised by 5% every 5th year. Limitation- it serves only commercial areas ( IT hub)of 2.00 Sq.Km 35
coverage with PPP with an Spl. Purpose Company NMC will retain ownership of all fixed assets required to provide water supply services in Nagpur City. The SPC will operate, maintain, repair, refurbish and provide for replacing any granted facilities according to committed service levels targets. Operator will be recovering user charges to meet the O&M cost. NMC has proposed to raise its share of 30% through SPC participation(Rs. 116 cr.).GoI will fund50% & St Govt 20%.
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to improve the citys chronically unreliable WSS with PSP The project took off and much work was done in leakage reduction But revenue collection could not be implemented due to public resistance against metering. It is notable that this is happening in a progressive State like Maharashtra.
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But the basic requirement is: Investing in better management Implementing quantifiable services for quantity, quality, duration, redressal etc.
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Investment in Water SectorThe need is for investments in Service delivery, reliability & measurement for sustainable water supply services PVT & Public sectors can enter with Management contracts Point of delivery operations such as meter reading, bill delivery &collection Take up stand alone components such as WTPs, Pumping Stations, Long distance bulk transfer etc.
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THANKS
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