PNEUMONIA

PNEUMONIA
DEFINITION

Is an inflammatory process of the lung parenchyma that is commonly caused by infectious agents.

CLASSIFICATION OF PNEUMONIA
According to causes

Bacterial (the most common cause of pneumonia) Viral pneumonia Fungal pneumonia Chemical pneumonia (ingestion of kerosene or inhalation of irritating substance) Inhalation pneumonia (aspiration pneumonia)

CLASSIFICATION OF PNEUMONIA (CONT)

According to areas involved

Lobar pneumonia; if one or more lobe

is involved Broncho-pneumonia; the pneumonic process has originated in one or more bronchi and extends to the surrounding lung tissue.

PNEUMONIA
MODE OF TRANSMISSION

Ways you can get pneumonia include: Bacteria and viruses living in your nose, sinuses, or mouth may spread to your lungs.
You may breathe some of these germs directly into

your lungs (droplets infection).

When foreign materials like food, liquids, vomit, or

fluid from the mouth) are breathed into the lungs, this is called aspiration pneumonia

PNEUMONIA
PREDISPOSING FACTORS

Immuno-suppresed patients
Cigarette smoking

Impaired consciousness ( loss of brain

function due to dementia, stroke, or other neurological conditions)

PNEUMONIA
PREDISPOSING FACTORS

Chronic lung disease (COPD)

Frequent suction
Other serious illness such as

heart disease, liver cirrhosis, and DM Recent cold, laryngitis or flu

REVIEW OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

REVIEW OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF PNEUMONIA

Pneumonia---Simple Schematic Diagram

Predisposing Factors:
Precipitating Factors:

a Age

(Persons who are older are more

(Males are more susceptible than

susceptible

Gender
females)

Lifestyle Present Health Condition Environment

Exposure to Pathogen or Source of Infection Invasion of Microorganisms into the lungs via orifices which connects to URT Proliferation of Microorganisms Proliferation of Microorganisms Inflammation Process Tissue Injury
(Caused by biologic agents)

Irritation of the Respiratory Tract

Vasodilation
(Increased blood flow to the area)

Increased Permeability
(Protein Rich Exudate Containing Immunoglobulins and complement moves into injured area)

HyperSecretion of Mucus

Respiratory Congestion (alveolar sacs become inflamed and fluid filled

Respiratory Insufficiency (Gas exchange is impaired

Emigration of Leukocytes Increase in the number of leukocytes Phagocytosis

Signs and Symptoms

Fever Cough Shortness of breath Sweating Shaking chills Increased WBC count Chest pain that fluctuates with breathing (pleurisy) Headache
Muscle pain

Fatigue

Pneumonia

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF PNEUMONIA

NURSING DIAGNOSIS AND INTERVENTIONS

NURSING DIAGNOSIS
Ineffective airway clearance related to

inflammation, accumulation of secretions Impaired gas exchange related to changes in alveolar capillary membrane Activity intolerance related to decreased blood oxygen levels Increase in body temperature related to the infection process. Anxiety maybe related to situational crisis, threat to or change in health status.

PNEUMONIA
INDEPENDENT NSG. INTERVENTIONS:

Monitor respiratory rate and status and note

abnormal breath sounds Give the comfortable position that allows the patient to breathe well Perform chest physiotherapy (Back Tapping) Instruct patient to expectorate mucus secretions Provide health teaching regarding the importance of personal hygiene Provide sputum culture/sensitivity test Monitor fluid intake and output Explain all procedures to the patient and

PNEUMONIA
DEPENDENT NSG. INTERVENTIONS:
Administer oxygen as per doctors orders

Administer antibiotics as prescribed

Provide supplemental humidification via use of

nebulizer

PNEUMONIA
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS

History taking

Physical examination
Chest x-ray

Blood test
Sputum culture

PNEUMONIA
PREVENTIVE MEASURES

Wash hands Dont smoke- smoking damages your lungs 'natural defenses against respiratory infections. Stay rested and fit- proper rest and moderate exercise can help keep immune system strong Eat a healthy diet.