SOFTWARE MODEM

INTRODUCTION
PCs implement Modem in software
Modem uses Frequency Shift Keying Technique.

The FSK Scheme transmits sinusoidal tones wit 0 and 1 assigned to

different frequencies. The 01 pattern creates the chirping characteristics of modem.

Higher Speed Modems are backward compatible with 1200 baud rate

FSK scheme and begin a transmission with a protocol to determine which speed and protocol should be used.

Frequency Shift Keying

FSK DETECTION SCHEME

The scheme used to translate audio input into bit stream is illustrated in

Fig
The analog input is sampled and resulting stream is sent to two digital

filters
One Filter passes frequencies in the range that represents 0 and other

passes frequencies that represent 1

The output is sent to detectors that computes the average value of

signals over the past n samples.

FSK DETECTION SCHEME

Transmitting and Receiving Process

The transmitting and receiving modem agree in advance on the baud rate. But the transmitter and receiver are physically apart and are not synchronized in any way. This error is reduced by sending the waveform for longer time. The receiver will look for the start of the byte ( 0 bit or space). By measuring the length of the start bit, the receiver knows where to look for start of first bit. It runs detection algorithm at predicted middle of bit. The modem will not implement hardware interface or software to a telephone line or software interface for dialing a phone number. We will assume that we have analog audio inputs and output s for sending and receiving.

Transmitting and Receiving Process continued

Rather than implementing , we will put the transmitters message in memory and save the receivers result in memory as well. The receiver will look for the start of the byte ( 0 bit or space). By measuring the length of the start bit, the receiver knows where to look for start of first bit. It runs detection algorithm at predicted middle of bit. The receiving bits in modem is shown in Fig.

Fig: Receiving bits in Modem

FSK FREQUENCY - V.21 Modem

Calling modem transmits data on channel 1 and receives data on channel 2 (originate mode) Called modem transmits data on channel 2 and receives data on channel 1 (answer mode)

REQUIREMENT TABLE

SPECIFICATION CLASS DIAGRAM

SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
The modem consists of one small subsystem ( called interrupt handler) and two small subsystems called transmitter and receiver. Two sample interrupt handlers are required one for sample input and another for sample output handling. The transmitter section is simple. It consists of waveform generating circuits.

TRANSMITTER SECTION WAVEFORM GENERATION

The best way to generate wave form that retains proper shape over long distance is by using table look up. Table look up can be combined with interpolation to generate high resolution waveforms without excessive memory costs, which is more accurate than oscillators.

The required no of samples can be found with experimentation in A/D converter and the sampling code.

WAVEFORM GENERATION USING OSCILLATOR LOOK UP

TYPICAL WAVEFORM

RING SIGNALS

RECEIVER SECTION
The Filters and Receivers can be implemented with circular buffers. But that module must feed a state machine that recognizes the bits. The recognizer must use a timer to determine when to start and stop computing the filter output based on the starting point of the bit. It must determine the nature of the bit at the proper interval.
It must also detect the start bit and measure it using counter.

The hardware architecture is simple. In addition to that A/D, timer is

required. The amount of memory to implement the algorithm is small.

Figure shows a before (channel 1) after (channel 2) comparison of the receive signal.

COMPONENT DESIGN AND TESTING

The Transmitter and Receiver can be tested on host platform since the timing critical code only delivers data samples. A test bench can be used to feed the receiver code sinusoidal inputs and test its bit recognition rate. It is advisable to test the bit detectors before testing the receiver operation.
If a DSP library for target processor is used to implement the filters ,

then substitute must be found for the host processor testing. Then the receiver must be tested to target system for proper functioning.
Receiver must not run long and not miss the deadline. It is easy to

estimate the computation time during implementation since bulk data are in filters

HANDSHAKING SIGNALS
Before exchanging data over the telephone line the involved modems have

to negotiate a common communication standard.

STATE MACHINE DIAGRAM

STATE MACHINE EXPLANATION

The first transition of the ring signal activates the Ring Detection state. a valid incoming call is detected, the ring detection algorithm will accept the

call and set the OFF_HOOK status flag. This switches to the Answering Handshake state. After the negotiation handshake, the state machine switches to Data Mode. Now the modem is fully active and data transfer over the phone line is possible by simply accessing the USART module.

SYSTEM INTEGRATION AND TESTING

Two ways to test the modem. By having the modems transmitter send bits to its receiver or by connecting two different modems.
Single Unit testing, called loop back testing in the telecom industry is

simple and a good first step. Loop back testing can be done in two ways.
First a shared variable can be used to directly pass data from

transmitter to receiver . Second an audio cable can be used to plug the analog output to the analog input. In this case, it is also possible to pass analog noise to test the resiliency of the detection algorithm

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