Load Runner: Bhargava

Load runner
Bhargava
Dt:24/05/2011
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Components of load runner
Virtual User Generator
Creates Scripts as one Single User.
Load Runner Controller
Generates load and collects test results
Load Runner Analysis
Compiles and displays test results with graphical and statistical tools
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VUGen
We use Virtual User Generator (VUGen) to record the

protocol from a vast variety of user applications.
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Recording modes
HTML based scripts URL based scripts HTML based scripts :

HTML based mode, records script for every user action that is
performed during recording HTML based mode does recording as you perform clicks and doesnt give you inside information like what is happening behind the recording HTML mode is recommended for browser applications while URL mode is recommended for non-browser applications. Functions developed under this are

web_url web_link
web_submit_data web_submit_form
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URL based scripts

URL based mode records each and every browser request to the
server and resources received from the server
Functions developed under this

web_submit_data
web_concurrent_start web_concurrent_end
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What is Parameterization
Parameterization is a process of replacing constants with

variable values.
Parameterizing a Vuser script has the following

advantages:
It reduces the size of the script. It provides the ability to test your script with different values
Parameterization involves the following tasks:

Replacing the constant values in the Vuser script with parameters Setting the properties and data source for the parameters
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Parameter Types
File or Table Parameter Types XML Parameter Types Internal Data Parameter Types User-Defined Function Parameters
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Parameterization
What are parameters Defining and creating parameters Defining Parameter Properties Data Assignment Methods Data Update Methods Internal Data Parameter Types
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What are parameters
Username and Password should be parameterized if different credentials need to be used.
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Parameterization Decision-Maker
Do not parameterize Is there a unique constraint? No
Is there a date constraint?
No Does data get cached? No
No
Is this a data dependent field?
Yes Yes
Yes Yes
Parameterize Parameterize Parameterize Parameterize
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Data Assignment Methods

When using values from a file,
VuGen lets you specify the way in which you assign data from the source to the parameters. The following methods are available:
Sequential Random Unique
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Data Assignment Methods

Sequential The Sequential method assigns data to a Vuser sequentially. As a running Vuser accesses the data table, it takes the next available row of data. If there are not enough values in the data table, VuGen returns to the first value in the table, continuing in a loop until the end of the test. Random The Random method assigns a random value from the data table to each Vuser at the start of the test run. Unique The Unique method assigns a unique sequential value to the parameter for each Vuser. In this case you must make sure there is enough data in the table for all the Vusers and their iterations. If you have 20 Vusers and you want to perform 5 iterations, your table must contain at least 100 unique values.
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Data Update Methods
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Data Update Methods

Examples Assume that your table/file has the following values: Kim; David; Michael; Jane; Ron; Alice; Ken; Julie; Fred Sequential Method If you specify update on Each iteration, all the Vusers use Kim in the first iteration, David in the second iteration, Michael in the third iteration, and so on. If you specify update on Each occurrence, all the Vusers use Kim in the first occurrence, David in the second occurrence, Michael in the third occurrence, and so on. If you specify update Once, all Vusers take Kim for all iterations.
Important: If you select the Sequential method and there are not enough values in the data table, VUGen returns to the first value in the table, continuing in a loop until the end of the test.
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Data Update Methods

Random Method
If you specify update on Each iteration, the Vusers use

random values from the table for each iteration.
If you specify update on Each occurrence, the Vusers use

random values for each occurrence of the parameter.
If you specify update Once, all Vusers take the first

randomly assigned value for all the iterations.
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Data Update Methods

Unique Method
If you specify update on Each iteration, for a test run of 3

iterations, the first Vuser takes Kim in the first iteration, David in the second, and Michael in the third. The second Vuser takes Jane, Ron and Alice. The third Vuser, Ken, Julie, and Fred.
If you specify update on Each occurrence, then the Vuser

uses a unique value from the list for each occurrence of the parameter.
If you specify update Once, the first Vuser takes Kim for all
iterations, the second Vuser takes David for all iterations, and so on.
Data File Replacement Methods
Sequential Vuser Iteration
Random
Unique
Vuser 1
Vuser 2 Vuser 3 Vuser 4
1 2 3 4
a a b c c d d h
a b c d
a f b e c j d g
e f g h
|
a l b m c k d n
17 |
i j k l
a i b c c e d b
m n
param1
o p
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Internal Data Parameter Types

Internal data includes data such as:

Date/Time Group Name Iteration Number
Load Generator Name

Random Number Unique Number Vuser ID
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Date/Time
Date/Time replaces the

parameter with the current date and/or time.
Select a format from the

format list or specify your own format.
The format should

correspond to the date/time format recorded in your script.

Symbol c #c H I M S p d m b B Description complete date and time in digits complete date as a string and time hours (24 hour clock) hours (12 hour clock) minutes seconds AM or PM day month in digits (01-12) month as a string - short format (e.g. Dec) month as a string - long format (e.g. December)
y
Y
year in short format (e.g. 03)

year in long format (e.g. 2003)
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Iteration Number Iteration Number replaces the
parameter with the current iteration number.
Select one of the available

formats or create a new one.
Click Close to save the settings

and close the Parameter Properties dialog box.
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Load Generator Name Load Generator Name replaces
the parameter with the name of the Vuser scripts load generator. The load generator is the computer on which the Vuser is running.
Select one of the available

formats or create a new one.
Click Close to save the settings

and close the Parameter Properties dialog box.
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Random Number Random Number replaces the
parameter with a random number.
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To set the properties for the Random Number parameter type:
Enter a range defining the set of possible parameter values. You

specify minimum and maximum values for the range of random numbers.
Select a Number format, indicating the length of the random

number. Specify %01lu (or %lu) for one digit, %02lu for two digits, and so on. You can view a sample of how VuGen will display the value, in the Sample value box.
Select an update method, instructing the Vuser when to update

parameter valuesEach occurrence, Each iteration, or Once.
Click Close to accept the settings and close the Parameter

Properties dialog box.
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Unique Number Unique Number replaces the
parameter with a unique number.
When you create a Unique

Number type parameter, you specify a start number and a block size. The block size indicates the size of the block of numbers assigned to each Vuser.
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Vuser ID Vuser ID replaces the
parameter with the ID number assigned to the Vuser by the Controller during a scenario run.
When you run a script from

VuGen, the Vuser ID is always 1.
This is not the ID number that

appears in the Vuser window -it is a unique ID number generated at runtime.
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Questions - To Review Your Skills

Parameterize Username and Password through script view. Parameterize Departure and Return Dates such that Return Date is 1
week after Departure Date.
Parameterize No. of Passengers with Iteration Number, Random

Number and Unique Number.
Parameterize Departure City and Arrival City with update method as

Sequential/Each Iteration.
Execute parameterized script with update method as Sequential/Once. Execute parameterized script with update method as Random/Each
Iteration.
Execute parameterized script with update method as Random/Once. Execute parameterized script with update method as Unique/Each
Iteration.
Execute parameterized script with update method as Unique/Once.

Configuration of Run Time Settings
Run-Time Settings Run Logic Pacing Log Settings Think Time Network Run-Time Settings Browser Settings Internet Preferences Miscellaneous Run-Time Setting
Runtime Settings
The run-time settings define the

way that the script runs. Example:
Emulate a user who responds

immediately to output from the server, or a user who stops and thinks before each response.
To specify how many times the

Vuser should repeat its set of actions.
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Run Logic
LoadRunner repeats all of

the Actions the specified number of times.
Init and End sections are

not iterated.
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Pacing
The Pacing Run-Time settings
let you control the time between iterations.
The pace tells the Vuser how

long to wait between iterations of your actions.
You instruct the Vusers to

start each iteration using one of the following methods: As soon as the previous
iteration ends.
After the previous iteration ends

with a fixed/random delay of / to seconds.
At fixed/random intervals, every
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..Pacing
As soon as the previous iteration ends:
The new iteration begins as soon as possible after the previous iteration
ends.
After the previous iteration ends with a fixed or random delay of

Starts each new iteration a specified amount of time after the end of the
previous iteration. Specify either an exact number of seconds or a range of time. For example, you can specify to begin a new iteration at any time between 60 and 90 seconds after the previous iteration ends.
At fixed or random intervals, every [to ] seconds:

Specify the time between iterationeither a fixed number of seconds or a
range of seconds from the beginning of the previous iteration. For example, you can specify to begin a new iteration every 30 seconds, or at a random rate ranging from 30 to 45 seconds from the beginning of the previous iteration. Each scheduled iterations will only begin when the previous iteration is complete.
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Log
To determine how much
information should be logged to the output.
Standard Log: Creates a

standard log of functions and messages sent during script execution to use for debugging.
Extended Log:
Parameter Substitution Data returned by Server
Advanced Trace
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Think Time
Ignore think time: Ignore the recorded think time. Replay the think time: As recorded:
Example: lr_think_time(10) waits ten seconds.
Multiply recorded think time by:

Example: If a think time of four seconds was recorded, you can
instruct your Vuser to multiply that value by two, for a total of eight seconds. To reduce the think time to two seconds, multiply the recorded time by 0.5.
Use random percentage of the recorded think time:

Example: If the think time argument is 4, and you specify a
minimum of 50% and a maximum of 150%, the lowest think time can be two (50%) and the highest value six (150%).
Limit think time to: Limit the think times maximum value.
Speed Simulation settings

Using the Speed Simulation
settings, you can select a bandwidth that best emulates the environment under test.
Available Options:
Use maximum bandwidth:
Vusers run at the maximum bandwidth that is available over the network.
Use bandwidth: Indicate a

specific bandwidth level for your Vuser to emulate.
Use custom bandwidth: Indicate

a bandwidth limit for your Vuser to emulate.
Browser Settings
You can set the browser
properties in the following areas:
User-Agent (browser to be
emulated)
Simulate browser cache Download non-HTML resources Simulate a new user each
iteration
You can also set advanced

options for caching and checking for newer resources.
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.. Browser Settings
User-Agent (browser to be emulated):

All Internet Vuser headers include a User-Agent header that
identifies the type of browser (or toolkit for Wireless) that is being emulated.
Simulate browser cache:

A cache is used to keep local copies of frequently accessed
documents and thereby reduces the time connected to the network. By default, cache simulation is enabled. When the cache is disabled, Vusers will ignore all caching functionality and download all of the resources for every request.
Cache URLs requiring content (HTML):

This option instructs VuGen to cache only the URLs that require
the HTML content. The content may be necessary for parsing, verification, or correlation. When you select this option, HTML content is automatically cached. This option is enabled by default.
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.. Browser Settings
Check for newer versions of stored pages every visit

to the page:
This setting instructs the browser to check for later versions of the
specified URL, than those stored in the cache. This option generates more traffic during the scenario or session execution. By default, browsers do not check for newer resources, and therefore this option is disabled.
Download non-HTML resources

Instructs Vusers to load graphic images when accessing a Web
page during replay. When real users access a Web page, they wait for the images to load. Therefore, enable this option if you are trying to test the entire system, including end-user time (enabled by default). To increase performance and not emulate real users, disable this option.
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.. Browser Settings
Simulate a new user each iteration:

Instructs VuGen to reset all HTTP contexts between
iterations to their states at the end of the init section. This setting allows the Vuser to more accurately emulate a new user beginning a browsing session. It deletes all cookies, closes all TCP connections, clears the emulated browsers cache. This option is enabled by default
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Internet Preferences
Use the Internet

Protocol
Preferences node in the
Run-Time Settings tree, to set the settings related to the following areas:

Image and Text Checks Generating Web Performance Graphs Advanced Web RunTime Options
.. Internet Preferences
Image and Text Checks:

The Enable image and text checks option allows the Vuser to
perform verification checks during replay by executing the verification functions: web_find or web_image_check.
This option only applies to statements recorded in HTML-based

mode. Vusers running with verification checks use more memory than Vusers who do not perform checks (disabled by default).
Generating Web Performance Graphs:

Instructs a Vuser to collect data used to create Web Performance
graphs. You view the Hits per Second, Pages per Second, and Response Bytes per Second (Throughput) graphs during test execution using the online monitors and after test execution using the Analysis.
Miscellaneous Run-Time Settings
You can set the following

Error Handling Multithreading Automatic Transactions
Miscellaneous run-time options for a Vuser script:
Click the Run-Time
Settings button or select Vuser > Run-Time Settings to display the Run-Time Settings dialog box. Select the General: Miscellaneous node from the tree in the left pane.
. Miscellaneous Run-Time Settings

Error Handling
Continue on Error:
This setting instructs Vusers to continue script execution when an error occurs. This option is turned off by default, indicating that the Vuser will exit if an error occurs.
Fail open transactions on lr_error_message.
This option instructs VuGen to mark all transactions in which an lr_error_message function was issued, as Failed. The lr_error_message function is issued through a programmed If statement, when a certain condition is met.
Generate Snapshot on Error:
This option generates a snapshot when an error occurs. You can see the snapshot by viewing the Vuser Log and double-clicking on the line at which the error occurred.

It is not recommended to enable both the Continue on Error and
Generate Snapshot on Error options in a load test environment. This configuration may adversely affect the Vusers performance.
Multithreading Vusers support multithread environments. The primary advantage of a

multithread environment is the ability to run more Vusers per load generator.
The Controller uses a driver program (such as mdrv.exe or r3vuser.exe) to

run your Vusers. If you run each Vuser as a process, then the same driver program is launched (and loaded) into the memory again and again for every instance of the Vuser. This limits the numbers of Vusers that can be run on any load generator.
If you run each Vuser as a thread, the Controller launches only one
instance of the driver program (such as mdrv.exe), for every 50 Vusers (by default). This eliminates the need for multiple re-loading of the driver program/process saves much memory space, thereby enabling more Vusers to be run on a single load generator.
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Automatic Transactions
You can instruct LoadRunner to handle every step or
action in a Vuser script as a transaction. This is called using automatic transactions. LoadRunner assigns the step or action name as the name of the transaction. By default, automatic transactions per action are enabled.
To enable automatic transactions per step, check the

Define each step as a transaction check box. (disabled by default)
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Execute 2 iterations of load test script recorded only in

Action Class. Execute 5 iterations of load test script recorded in vuser_init, Action and vuser_end classes.
Execute scripts by using different options available for

Pacing run-time setting. Execute scripts by using different options available for Log run-time setting.
Execute scripts by using different options available for

Think Time setting. Notice the difference in time taken for script execution when browser cache is simulated and when it is disabled.
Verify the use of Continue on Error option.

Correlation
What is correlation
Types of Correlation Automatic Correlation Manual Correlation
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What is Correlation
Sometime, after creating a script, a simple playback fail even though
the recording of the same actions succeeded.
Many applications use dynamic values that change each time you use
the application. For example, some servers assign a unique session ID for every new session. When you try to replay a recorded session, the application creates a new session ID that differs from the recorded session ID.
LoadRunner addresses this issue through correlation. Correlation

saves the changing values to a parameter.
When running the emulation, the Vuser does not use the recorded
valueinstead, it uses the new value assigned to it by the server.
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Automatic Correlation
You will instruct VuGen to insert a step that saves the original session
ID to a parameter. In each replay session, VuGen saves the new unique session ID to a parameter. In the subsequent steps, it uses the saved value instead of the originally recorded value.
Record a new script with the same steps that you recorded previously
and save the script as Basic_Tutorial_Cor.
Click Verify Replay in the Task Pane and click the Start Replay button
at the bottom of the instruction pane. VuGen runs the new script. You may notice several error messages in the Replay Log tab in the Output window, indicated by the red-colored text.
Click Verify Replay in the Task Pane to view the Last Replay Summary
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Automatic Correlation
Click the link Show and resolve dynamic server values in the
instruction pane under the heading Dynamic Server Values.
VuGen scans the script, searching for differences between the

recorded values and the playback values.
VuGen displays a list of these differences that may require

correlation in the Correlation Results tab in the Output window.
Select the first entry in the Correlation Results tab, and click
Correlate.
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Manual Correlation
Record a new script save the script as Manual_Cor_1. Record another script using the same steps as above and save the
script as Manual_Cor_2.
Now for script Manual_Cor_2, click on Tools > Compare with script
option and select Manual_Cor_1 script to compare with.
Notice that a WDiff window is displayed, showing both the scripts

and the differences in recording are highlighted in yellow color.
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Manual Correlation
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Manual Correlation
Notice that there is a difference in the userSession value in

both the scripts.
Navigate to Script view and add the following line to the

code:
web_reg_save_param("myval", "LB=userSession value=", "RB=>", LAST );
Now search for the userSession value and replace the

hard-coded valye by parameter as: {myval}
Replay the script and notice that it plays back successfully.
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Manual Correlation
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What is correlation and why is it done? Perform Automatic correlation on the script. Perform Manual correlation on the script.
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Thank You
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Load runner

Components of load runner

Virtual User Generator

Creates Scripts as one Single User.

Load Runner Controller

Generates load and collects test results

Load Runner Analysis

Confidential Mindteck 2010

We use Virtual User Generator (VUGen) to record the

Confidential Mindteck 2010

HTML based scripts URL based scripts HTML based scripts :

URL based scripts

Functions developed under this

Confidential Mindteck 2010

Parameterization is a process of replacing constants with

Parameterizing a Vuser script has the following

Parameterization involves the following tasks:

Confidential Mindteck 2010

Confidential Mindteck 2010

Confidential Mindteck 2010

What are parameters

Username and Password should be parameterized if different credentials need to be used.

Confidential Mindteck 2010

Do not parameterize Is there a unique constraint? No

Is there a date constraint?

No Does data get cached? No

Confidential Mindteck 2010

Data Assignment Methods

Sequential Random Unique

Confidential Mindteck 2010

Data Assignment Methods

Confidential Mindteck 2010

Data Update Methods

Confidential Mindteck 2010

Data Update Methods

Confidential Mindteck 2010

Data Update Methods

If you specify update on Each iteration, the Vusers use

If you specify update on Each occurrence, the Vusers use

If you specify update Once, all Vusers take the first

Confidential Mindteck 2010

Data Update Methods

If you specify update on Each iteration, for a test run of 3

If you specify update on Each occurrence, then the Vuser

Data File Replacement Methods

Sequential Vuser Iteration

Vuser 2 Vuser 3 Vuser 4

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Internal Data Parameter Types

Load Generator Name

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Internal Data Parameter Types

Date/Time replaces the

Select a format from the

The format should

Internal Data Parameter Types

year in short format (e.g. 03)

Confidential Mindteck 2010

Internal Data Parameter Types

Select one of the available

Click Close to save the settings

Confidential Mindteck 2010