SUBMITTED BY:SUBMITTED TO: DEPTT. OF ELECT & COMM. PARUL GARG ROLL NO.

D-5104 ECE DEPARTEMENT

 First it was to be set up at G.N.D.T.P. but air force

personal restricted it & it was shifted to 22km apart from Bathinda city & named as GURU HARGOBIND THERMAL PLANT. Its purpose is to produce electricity. The factors favoring the installation are:To fulfill power demand. Low initial cost & low generation period as compared to hydroelectric generating center. Good railway connection. It meets 20-25% of power requirements in Punjab. Companies involved are TATA HONEYWELL & BHEL.

 Total no. of units are four & forth is standby. First two units are commenced in 1990s &
210MW electricity is generated by each unit. Third unit is commenced on 14 April 2008 & produces 250MW electricity. Fourth unit is still standby as commencement of fourth unit is waited in July & it will produce 250MW electricity. Its overall cost is 35 crores. Its overall efficiency is 95%. It distributes power from Barnala Sub distribution Mansa, Bathinda, Delhi, Ludhiana as per requirement.

COAL HANDLING SYSTEM TURBINE AND GENERATOR SECTION

ELECTRICITY

BOILER SECTION

STEAM

CW SYSTEM

ASH HANDLING SYSTEM

CONDENSATION CYCLE

MILLS The coal in pulverized state does not get burnt

in boiler so coal from rail wagon is sent to mills where it is crushed & formed into form which can be used in boiler. Its operating parameters are: Designed air flow per mill is 53.89 tons/hr. Recommended mill outlet temperature is 85C , if below 60-80C then it may not dry the coal sufficiently and may cause choking. If temperature exceed from 95C then it lead

to mill on fire.

PRIMARY AIR FANS Firstly for crushing of coal in mills hot air is
provided by PA fans. Secondly the coal from mills in powder form is pushed to boiler furnace with the help of hot out steam supplied by PA fans. Number of fans are two per boiler. Its capacity is 70 cubic meter/sec. Its fan speed is 1480 R.P.M.

FORCED DRAUGHT FANS For combustion of fuel, air is required which is

called as secondary air and it is provided by FD fans. Number of fans are two per boiler. Its capacity is 110 cubic meter/sec. Its fan speed is 1480 R.P.M.

INDUCED DRAFT FAN It is used to suck the gases out of the furnace
& throw them into the stack . The temperature at which it work is 125-250 degree centigrade. Number of fans are three per boiler. Its capacity is 230 cubic meter/sec. Its fan speed is 980 R.P.M.

TURBINE & GENERATOR There are three turbines & a generator having common shaft. When steam from boiler falls on blades of turbine then turbine & generator rotates resulting in production of electricity. Its rated output is 210MW. Its rated speed is 3000 R.P.M. Inlet steam pressure is 150kg/cm2. Inlet steam temperature is 535 degree centigrate. Weight of turbine is 475t approximately.

CONDENSATE CYCLE Steam after doing the useful work in turbine &
generator comes to condenser for cooling & can be reused in the process. Then it is pumped to deareater by CEP through different heating stages & these are: GLAND STEAM COOLER DRAIN COOLER LP HEATERS HP HEATERS The approximate temperature rise of condensate after passing through above heating stages is from 40/45 at hot well to 166C at the deaerator ( at full load).

GLAND STEAM COOLER Its basic purpose is to increase the temperature

of water. It increases the temperature by 2 degree centigrade. It is single pass heat exchanger & having tubes which condensate the water. Number of zigzag shaped tubes are 313.

Material used for tubes is stainless steel. LP HEATERS After passing from GSC it goes to LP heaters
Where temperature increases.

DRAIN COOLER If temperature of water rises beyond in LP

heaters then water goes to this & it decreases the temperature. There are 510 straight tubes & material used for it is Brass. Material for tube plate & shell is Carbon Steel. Tubes surface area is 35m . Water passing from here goes to LP heaters & HP heaters and goes to dearator.

DEARATOR The water coming from drain cooler

contain certain gases like carbon dioxide, oxygen, ammonia etc. So this water cannot be reused for process of plant. So to prevent from internal corrosion we use DEARATOR. Its design temperature is 250 C & it operate at 170 C. Its design pressure is 7.4 Kg/cm & it operate at 6.8 Kg/cm.

BOILER FEED PUMP

It is the important auxiliary of the powerhouse. It takes supply of water from Dearator &
supply to boiler drum. Pump type is FK6D30. Its direction of rotation is anti clockwise. Its input power is 3008.8kw. Its speed is 5145 R.P.M. Its efficiency is 82%.

INTRODUCTION
In every process industry there are so many parameters like pressure, temperature, flow, level etc that are to be measured & controlled. So measurement system is required to measure all these parameters. Operation of measurement system can be described in terms of functional elements which are as follow: Primary sensing element Variable conversion element Data presentation element

The primary sensing element is the most important part of the measurement system. It includes a sensor & a transducer. Sensor is a device that detects a measurand or quantity to be measured. Its output goes to transducer. Transducer converts signal into electrical signal.

SENSORS
Depending upon the quantity to be measured different types of sensors are:Pressure sensors Flow sensors Temperature sensors Level sensors pH sensors

PRESSURE SENSORS
Pressure measurement is most important
industrial measurement. Its principle is applied in other measurement like temperature, flow, liquid level. Pressure =force/area, N/m2. It has same unit as stress.

 Pressure can be measured as absolute, gauge ,

differential pressure. Absolute pressure is the absolute value of the force per unit area on the containing walls by a fluid. Gauge pressure is the difference between absolute pressure & atmospheric pressure. Differential pressure is the difference between two pressure. Pg =Pa- Ps Pd= P1-P2

CLASSIFICATION OF PRESSURE SENSING DEVICES

CLASSIFICATION OF PRESSURE SESING DEVCE

Depending on principle of working Mechanical Manometer Electro Mechanical Electronic

Depending on Pressure range High Pressure up to 70000 Mpa

Low In Micro

Potentiometeric Transducer

Mcleod gauge

Mechanical

Elastic Element

Strain Gauge

Knudsen Gauge

Electro Mechanical

Photo Electric Transducer Piezoelectric Transducer

Praini Gauge

 MECHANICAL INSTRUMENT:Pressure measurement is made by balancing the unknown force produced by pressure under measurement like manometer, elastic element.

ELECTROMECHANICAL
INSTRUMENT:Employ mechanical means for detecting pressure & electrical means for indicating like strain gauge.

ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENT:Physical changes caused by pressure are detected & indicated by electronic means like gauges used for vacuum measurement.

MANOMETERS
The principle of working is that the unknown
pressure is balanced against gravitational force of liquid heads. Manometer bodies are made up of brass, steel, aluminum & tubes are made up of Pyrex. Its range is low vacuum to 0.1 MN/m2. Its types are: U-tube Well type Inclined type Ring type Micro manometer

WHICH ONE IS THE BEST MANOMETERIC FLUID WATER OR MERCURY? Cheap & convient is water but it has following drawback.. It evaporates and therefore, the gauge needs frequent topping off. It is also transparent so it makes readability difficult, a die has to be used to make it coloured. But mercury is best suited for this. Other manometeric fluids are: Transformer oil Aniline Carbon teterachloride Bromophome

U-TUBE MANOMETER
It is used for measurement of liquid & gas
pressure. The manometer is filled with a manometeric fluid whose specific gravity is known. The difference between the pressures on two limbs of the Manometer is a function of h. So the pressure is P=P1+ghf= P2 + ghm P = P1-P2 = gh(m- f)

They are available with the ranges up to 40kN/m2. Its maximum operating pressure is up to 3MN/m2. Its dynamic response is poor. But in this there is a small change in pressure, so one leg of this is converted into well shape & named as Well type manometer. But in Well type again there is small change in the leg of Well type manometer. So then the vertical leg is placed at some inclination angle which is named as Inclined tube manometer & if there is small change in pressure in the well causes large change in the measurement level of liquid in the inclined leg. It is shown in the figure.

 They have much higher sensitivity then

that of vertical limited. They are available in ranges from 0-10mm of water to 0-100mm of water using water as manometeric fluid & up to 0-1250mm of mercury using mercury as manometeric fluid.

ELASTIC PRESSURE ELEMENT

Its principle of working can be explained through flow chart.
Displacement caused by pressure Displacement actuates Pointer on scale

If Signal is direct Measure

No

Show the value of Pressure

Secondary Transducer converts signal into electrical form

Electrical signal is shown as O/P

TYPES OF ELASTIC ELEMENT

TYPES OF ELASTIC ELEMENTS

BOURDON TUBE

BELLOWS

DIAPHRAGM

C - SHAPE

SPIRAL

HELICAL

BOURDON TUBE

 In C-type, geared sector & pinion arrangement is

used for magnification of the output & pointing on the scale. But it led to backlash error & its accuracy is poor which is + 1%. So to improve this spiral or helical type is used. In spiral type displacement is increased by increasing the number of coils & there is no need of further magnification. In helical displacement is larger than spiral type. Bourdon tubes are made up of brass, stainless steel, bronze, monel, phosphorous bronze, alloy steel.

BELLOWS
Metallic bellows are having series of circular
parts joined in such a manner that they are contracted or expanded axially by change in pressure. Material used should be flexible, ductile. For construction of bellows brass, bronze, beryllium etc can be used.

 Bellows can be used for measurement of

differential, absolute, gauge pressure . It is shown in fig.

LOW PRESSURE SENSING DEVICES

It is used for measurement of low
pressure. For these measurements gauges are used. They are:McLeod gauge Knudsen gauge Pirani gauge Ionization gauge

MCLEOD GAUGE

STRAIN GAUGE
Its principle of working is piezoresistive effect. In this if a metal conductor is stretched or compressed its resistance changes on account of the fact that both length & diameter of conductor changes which also led to change in resistivity of conductor.

SEMICONDUCTOR STRAIN GAUGE:These gauges depend for their action upon piezoresistive effect i.e. the change in value of resistance due to change in resistivity.

 Material used for these gauges are silicon,

germinum. It is used for very small strains of the order of 0.01 microstrain. Piezoresistive pressure transducer which have semiconductor strain gauge are available in pressure ranges from 15kPa to 350MPa. For these types of gauges pressure is applied directly to a silicon diaphragm.

HOW STRAIN GAUGE IS USED TO MEASURE PRESSURE ? Strain gauge can be used to produce an electrical signal in proportion to the change in resistance caused by distortion of an elastic element.

Strain gauges are used in G.H.T.P. for pressure measurement.

 In this plant measurement of pressure is

done by taking impulse line. Accuracy is < + 0.25% of calibrated span. Maximum pressure range is 175.4kg/cm2 (approx.) which is BFP common discharge. Pressure in boiler drum is 150kg/cm2. Minimum pressure is 0.884kg/cm2 which is in condenser.