Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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I
SE
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t
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4
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And at side wall the bend centre line radius I = 1. The thickness
apply at mid span /2.
Intrados
R1
Extrados
THICKNESS CALCULATION AS PER B 31.1
ASME B 31.1 Power Piping Code in clause 104.1.2
gives formula for minimum thickness as
tm = Pdo + A
2(SE +Py)
Where;
tm = Min. reqd. wall thickness
P = Internal design Pr.
Do = Outside Dia. of Pipe
SE = Max. Allowable Stress
From Appendix A.
Y = Coefficient From Table
104.1.2.(A)
A = Additional Thickness to compensate for
1) Mat. removed for threading
2) Corrosion and erosion
B 31.1 PIPE BENDS- THICKNESS OF PIPE
Table 102.4.5 give min. recommended thickness prior to
bending as;
Radius of min. thk.
Bends Prior to bending
>
6D 1.06 tm.
5D 1.08 tm.
4D 1.14 tm.
3D 1.25 tm.
31.3 Do not contain above table but gives the formula to calculate
the same.
EMPIRICAL FORMULA FOR PIPE THICKNESS
SCH. NO = 1000 P
S
/S
S
= 2000 t/d
P
S
= Internal working pressure psi
S
S
= Allowable stress psi
t = Wall thickness in inches
d = Nominal pipe size
THICKNESS OF STRAIGHT PIPE UNDER EXTERNAL
PRESSURE
The pipe with a large ratio of diameter to wall thickness
will collapse under an external pressure which is only a small
fraction of internal pressure which it is capable of
withstanding.
To determine the wall thickness under external
pressure, the procedure outlined in the BPV Code ASME
Section VIII Div. 1 UG-28 through UG-30 shall be followed.
Example:
A 6" (150 mm) NB pipe has an external Design
Pressure of 400 psig at 750
0
F. The material of construction
of pipe is seamless austenitic stainless steel to ASTM A 312
TP 304L. The corrosion allowance is nil. Calculate thickness
and select proper schedule.
Refer ASME Section VIII Div.1. UG 28
Assume value of t and determine ratios
L and Do
Do t
Do for 6" NB pipe = 6.625"
Assume SCH 5 S pipe
Nominal thickness = 0.109"
Minimum thickness considering negative mill tolerance of
12.5%
t = 0.875 x 0.109 = 0.095"
Consider, L
= 50
Do
Since L is unspecified
Do 6.625
= = 69.7
t 0.095
From Graph (Fig. G) in ASME Section II Part D
Factor A = 0.000225
From Graph (Fig. HA-3) in ASME Section II Part D
Factor B = 2750 For the above factor A and for 750
0
F
Allowable pressure Pa
4 B
=
3 Do/ t
4 x 2750
= = 52.6 psig
3 x 69.7
This is less than the Design Pressure
Therefore, assume higher thickness.
Consider SCH 80 S pipe
Nominal thickness = 0.432"
Minimum thickness = 0.875 x 0.432
= 0.378"
Do 6.625
= = 17.5
t 0.378
Do
Factor A for the new value of is 0.0038
t
Corresponding factor B = 5500
Allowable Pressure, Pa
4 x 5500
= 419 psig
3 x 17.5
More than Design Pressure
Hence select SCH 80S pipe
SOCKETWELD SCREWED BUTTWELD FLANGED SPIGOT/SOCKET BUTTRESS
Type
ELBOWS 180
o
TEES CROSS CAPS REDUCERS STUBENDS COUPLINGS SWAGE NIPPLE UNIONS SPECIAL
RETURNS FITTINGS
45
o
90
o
ELBOWS ELBOWS
SR. LR.
EQUAL REDUCING
CROSS CROSS
LONG SHORT CONCENTRIC ECCENTRIC
STUBENDS STUBENDS
END CONNECTIONS
EQUAL REDUCING
TEES TEES
CONCENTRIC ECCENTRIC
REDUCERS REDUCERS
FULL HALF REDUCING
COUPLINGS COUPLINGS COUPLINGS
WELDOLET SOCKOLET THREADOLET ELBOWLET SWEEPOLET NIPOLET LATROLET
FIGURE 2.1
STANDARD PIPE FITTING
LR ELBOWS SR ELBOWS
PIPE FITTINGS
DIMENSIONAL STANDARDS
1. ASME B 16.1
- Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
2. ASME B 16.3
- Malleable-Iron Threaded Fittings
3. ASME B 16.4
- Grey Iron Threaded fittings
4. ASME B 16.5
- Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
5. ASME B 16.9
- Factory-Made Wrought Steel Butt welding
Fittings
6. ASME B 16.11
- Forged Fittings, Socket welding and
Threaded
7. ASME B 16.28
- Wrought Steel Butt welding Short Radius
Elbows and Returns
8. ASME B 16.42
- Ductile Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged
Fittings
9. BS 1640
- Butt weld Fittings
10. BS 3799
- Socket weld and Screwed end fittings
11. BS 2598
- Glass Pipelines and Fittings
12. IS 1239 Part-II
- M.S. Fittings
13. IS 1538
- Cast Iron Fittings
14. MSS-SP-43
- Stainless Steel Fittings
PIPE FITTINGS
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON END CONNECTIONS -
SOCKET WELD/SCREWED FITTINGS
(DIMN STD ASME B16.11/BS 37 99)
Classification based on the maximum Cold non-shock
Working pressure.
a. 2000 # Class only for SCRD fittings
b. 3000 # Class
c. 6000 # Class
d. 9000 # Class only for SW fittings
Class Type of fitting Pipe used - Rating
Designation based
of fitting SCH No Wall
Designation
2000 Threaded 80 XS
3000 Threaded 160 --
6000 Threaded -- XXS
3000 Socket Welding 80 XS
6000 Socket Welding 160 --
9000 Socket Welding -- XXS
SW/SCRD FITTING MATERIALS
1 ASTM A105 - Forged Carbon Steel
2 ASTM A181 - Forged Carbon Steel for General
Purposes
3 ASTM A182 - Forged Alloy Steel and Stainless
Steel
4 ASTM A234 - Wrought Carbon Steel and
Alloy Steel pipe fittings for
moderate and elevated
temperatures
5 ASTM A350 - Forged Alloy Steel for Low
Temperature Services
Beveled end fittings are covered under ASME B 16.9, B16-28
and BS 1640. Thickness to suit pipe thickness.
BW FITTING MATERIALS
1. ASTM A 234 - Carbon Steel and Alloy steel pipe
fittings
2. ASTM A 403 - Austenitic Stainless Steel fittings
3. ASTM A 420 - Alloy Steel for low temperature
Services
Flanged fittings are covered under ASME B 16.5 and BS 1650
for carbon and alloy steel piping and ASME
B 16.1 for cast iron fittings.
FLANGED END FITTING MATERIALS
1. ASTM A 216 - Carbon Steel Castings
2. ASTM A 351 - Stainless Steel Castings
3. ASTM A 352 - Alloy Steel Castings
4. ASTM F 1545 - Plastic Lined Fittings
5. IS 1538 - CI Fittings
ELBOWS
45
o
90
o
ELBOWS ELBOWS
Fig. 2.4
Fig. 2.7
LR ELBOWS SR ELBOWS
Fig. 2.3 Fig. 2.2
Fig. 2.5
Fig. 2.6
180
o
RETURNS
SR. LR.
Fig. 2.8
TEES
EQUAL REDUCING
TEES TEES
Fig. 2.10 Fig. 2.9
CROSS
EQUAL REDUCING
CROSS CROSS
Fig. 2.11
REDUCERS
CONCENTRIC ECCENTRIC
REDUCERS REDUCERS
Fig. 2.12 Fig. 2.13
STUBENDS
LONG SHORT
STUBENDS STUBENDS
CLASS A CLASS B
Fig. 2.15 Fig. 2.16
COUPLINGS
FULL HALF REDUCING
COUPLINGS COUPLINGS COUPLINGS
Fig. 2.17 Fig. 2.18
SWAGE NIPPLE
CONCENTRIC ECCENTRIC
Fig. 2.19 Fig. 2.20
SPECIAL
FITTINGS
WELDOLET SOCKOLET THREADOLET ELBOWLET SWEEPOLET NIPOLET LATROLET
Fig. 2.22 Fig. 2.24 Fig. 2.25 Fig. 2.27 Fig. 2.23 Fig. 2.28 Fig. 2.26
Fig. 2.2 : Short Radius 90 degree Elbow
(R=1D)
Fig. 2.4 : Elbows - 45
o
Fig. 2.5 : 90 deg Elbows Socket weld
Fig. 2.6 : Mitre Bend 90
o
Fig. 2.7 : Mitre Bend 45
o
Fig. 2.8 : Long Radius Return
Fig. 2.9 : Tees Butt weld
Fig. 2.10 : Tees Socket weld
Fig. 2.11 : Cross
Fig. 2.12 : Concentric Reducer
Fig. 2.13 : Eccentric Reducer
Fig. 2.14 : Cap
Fig. 2.15 : Stub End Class A
Fig. 2.16 : Stub End Class B
Fig. 2.17 : Full Coupling
Fig. 2.18 : Half Coupling
Fig. 2.19 : Concentric Swage Nipple
Fig. 2.20 : Eccentric Swage Nipple
Fig. 2.21 : Union
Fig. 2.22: Weldolet
Fig. 2.23:Sweepolet
Fig. 2.24: Sockolet
Fig. 2.25: Thredolet
Fig. 2.26 : Latrolet
Fig. 2.27 : Elbolet
Fig. 2.28 : Nipolet
3.1 BASED ON ATTACHMENT TO PIPE
3.1.1 SLIP-ON
3.1.2 SOCKET WELD
3.1.3 SCREWED ON
3.1.4 LAP JOINT
3.1.5 WELDING NECK
3.1.6 BLIND
3.0 FLANGES
CLASSIFICATION - BASED ON
Fig. 3.1 : Slip-on Raised Face Flange
Fig3.2:Socket Welded Raised Face Flange
Fig. 3.3 : Threaded Raised Face Flange
Fig. 3.4 : Lap Joint Flange with Stub End
Fig.3.5:Welding Neck Raised Face Flange
Fig.3.6 : Reducing Slip-on Flange
Fig.3.7 : Expander or Reducer Flange
3.2 Based On Pressure-temperature Rating
The flanges are also classified by
the pressure temperature rating in ASME
B 16.5 as below :
3.2.1 150 #
3.2.2 300 #
3.2.3 400 #
3.2.4 600 #
3.2.5 900 #
3.2.6 1500 #
3.2.7 2500 #
TABLE 2
PRESSURE TEMPERATURE RATING FOR
GROUPS 1.1 THROUGH 3.16 MATERIALS
TABLE 2-1.1 RATINGS FOR GROUP 1.1 MATERIALS
Nominal Forgings Casting Plates
Designation
C-Si A 105 (1) A 216 Gr.WCB (1) A 515 Gr. 70 (1)
C-Mn-Si A350 Gr. LF2 (1) A 516 Gr.70(1)
(2)
A 537 Cl, 1 (3)
Notes:
1) Upon prolonged exposure to temperature above
800
0
F, the carbide phase of steel may be converted to
graphite. Permissible, but not recommended for
prolonged use above 800
0
F.
2) Not to be used over 850
0
F.
3) Not to be used over 700
0
F.
WORKING PRESSURES BY CLASSES, psig
Class
Temp.,
0
F 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500
-20 to100 285 740 990 1480 2220 5705 6170
200 260 675 900 1350 2025 3375 5625
300 230 655 875 1315 1970 3280 5470
400 200 605 845 1270 1900 3170 5280
500 170 600 800 1200 1795 2995 4990
600 140 550 730 1095 1640 2735 4560
650 125 535 715 1075 1610 2685 4475
700 110 535 710 1065 1600 2665 4440
750 95 505 670 1010 1510 2520 4200
800 80 410 550 825 1235 2060 3430
850 65 270 355 535 805 1340 2230
900 50 170 230 345 515 860 1430
950 35 105 140 205 310 515 860
1000 20 50 70 105 165 260 430
TABLE 2-1.2 RATINGS FOR GROUP 1.2 MATERIALS
Nominal Forgings Casting Plates
Designation
C-Mn-Si A 216 Gr.WCC (1)
A 352 Gr.LCC (2)
2 Ni A 352 Gr.LC2 A 203 Gr. B (1)
3 Ni A 350 Gr. LF3 A 352 Gr.LC3 A 203 Gr. E (1)
Notes:
1) Upon prolonged exposure to temperature above 800
0
F, the
carbide phase of steel may be converted to graphite.
Permissible,but not recommended for prolonged use above
800
0
F.
2) Not to be used over 650
0
F.
WORKING PRESSURES BY CLASSES, psig
Class
Temp.,
0
F 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500
-20 to100 290 750 1000 1500 2250 3750 6250
200 260 750 1000 1500 2250 3750 6250
300 230 730 970 1455 2185 3640 6070
400 200 705 940 1410 2115 3530 5880
500 170 665 805 1330 1995 3325 5540
600 140 605 805 1210 1815 3035 5040
650 125 590 785 1175 1765 2940 4905
700 110 570 755 1135 1705 2840 4730
750 95 505 670 1010 1510 2520 4200
800 80 410 550 825 1235 2060 3430
850 65 270 355 535 805 1340 2230
900 50 170 230 345 515 860 1430
950 35 105 140 205 310 515 860
1000 20 50 70 105 155 260 430
3.3 BASED ON FACING
3.3.1 FLAT FACE
3.3.2 RAISED FACE
3.3.3 RING TYPE JOINT
3.3.4 TONGUE AND GROOVE
3.3.5 MALE AND FEMALE
Fig. 3.8 : Flat Face
Fig. 3.9 : Raised Face
Fig. 3.10 : Ring Joint
Fig. 3.11 : Tongue and Groove Joint
Fig. 3.12 : Male / Female Joint
3.4 Based On Face Finish
- Smooth finish
- Serrated finish.
The serrations are specified by the
number which is the Arithmetic Average Roughness
Height (AARH).
3.5 Based On Material Of Construction
Flange Materials :
3.5.1 ASTM A105 - Forged Carbon Steel
3.5.2 ASTM A181 - Forged Carbon Steel for
General Purpose
3.5.3 ASTM A182 - Forged Alloy Steel and
Stainless Steel
3.5.4 ASTM A350 - Forged Alloy Steel for low
temperature services
PARAMETERS FOR SPECIFICATION
1 BORE/INSIDE DIAMETER - ID - B
2 OUTSIDE DIAMETER - OD - O
3 BOLT CIRCLE/PITCH CIRCLE DIAMETER - BCD/PCD
4 No OF BOLT HOLES - N
5 BOLT HOLE DIAMETR - |
6 RAISED FACE DIAMETER
7 HUB DIAMETER - X
8 LENGTH THROUGH HUB - Y
9 THICKNESS OF FLANGE - C
10 THICKNESS OF RAISED FACE
GASKETS
Proper selection of gasket depends upon
following factors.
- Compatibility of the gasket material with the
fluid.
- Ability to withstand the pressure-temperature of
the system.
Based on the type of construction, gaskets are
classified as:
- Full Face
- Inside bolt circle
- Spiral wound metallic
- Ring type
- Metal jacketed
The material which is most commonly
used is the Compressed Asbestos Fibre.
Indian Standard IS 2712 specifies three different
materials at three different grades.
- IS 2712 Gr W/1, W/2 and W/3 - for Steam, Alkali
and general applications.
- IS 2712 Gr A/1 - for Acid applications.
- IS 2712 Gr O/1, O/2, O/3 - for Oil applications.
Asbestos free gaskets are also available for above
applications. For very corrosive applications, PTFE or
PTFE enveloped gaskets are used.
For high temperature and high pressure applications, spiral
wound metallic gaskets are used.
ASME B 16.5 does not recommend the use
of 150# rating gaskets on flanges other than welding neck
and lapped joint type.
The spiral wound gasket will perform when
the flange face is 125-250 AARH finish.
Dimensional Standards
- API 601 - Metallic Gasket for
Refinery Piping
- BS 3381 - Metallic Spiral Wound
Gaskets
- ASME B16.20 - Metallic Gaskets for pipe
flanges
- ASME B16.21 - Non-metallic Gaskets for
pipe flanges
GASKET APPLICATION
Based on Manufacturers Technical Publication the
following Rule of Thumb is used for selection of Gasket
material.
MATERIAL MAXIMUM MAXIMUM
P x T TEMP (T)
(PSI x
0
F) (
0
F)
Rubber Sheet 15,000 300
Woven Asb-
Rubberized Sheet 1,25,000 400
Compressed
Asbestos sheet 2,50,000 850
Metal Gasket 2,50,000 Depends on type
This Table does not imply that none of these materials
listed have ever been used above the Pressure Temp. value
shown.
The designer should refer Manf. Cat. for the recommended
upper temp. limits.
The thickness normally selected by piping engineers
2mm for rubber. 2mm for CAF. For 150 & 300 lb flanges.
The installation bolt force must seat the gasket properly to
withstand the effect of internal pressure. Bolt stress value
depend upon the material of constn. of bolt Flange finish
could be suitable for the gasket selected.
Please find herewith given below cost comparison of
various ring gaskets used. As 11/2 size is the most used
size, it has been considered for comparison.
Sr. Type Cost/No.
No.
1. Acid proof gasket Rs. 13.00
2. Permanite gasket Rs. 13.00
3. Ammonia gasket Rs. 10.00
4. Virgin Teflon gasket Rs. 161.00
5. Spiral wound (asb.) gasket Rs. 14.00
6. Spiral wound (grph) gasket Rs. 38.00
7. Teflon envelope gasket Rs. 110.00
Rate excludes taxes (15.3% ST and 4% octroi)
BOLTING
For low pressure, low temperature services,
machine bolts are used and studs are used otherwise.
Flanged joints using low strength carbon steel bolts
shall not be used above 200
o
C or below 29
o
C
Material Of Construction For Bolting
Bolting materials normally used are
ASTM A 307 - Low Carbon Steel Bolting Material
ASTM A 320 - Alloy Steel Bolting material for low
temperature service
ASTM A 563 - Carbon and alloy steel nuts
ASTM A 193 - Alloy Steel Bolting Material for high
temperature service
ASTM A 194 - Alloy Steel nut material for high
temperature service
IS 1367 - Threaded steel fasteners
NON FERROUS PIPING
The commonly used materials are:
- Aluminum
- Alloy-20
- Hastalloy
- Lead
- Monel
- Nickel
- Titanium
NON-FERROUS PIPING MATERIALS
1. ASTM B-241 Seamless Aluminum and Aluminum Alloy
Pipe
2. ASTM B-42 Seamless Copper Pipe
3. ASTM B-43 Seamless Red Brass Pipe
4. ASTM B-315 Seamless Copper Alloy Pipe & Tube
5. ASTM B-466 Seamless Copper Nickel Pipe & Tube
6. ASTM B-467 Welded Copper Nickel pipe
7. BS-334 Chemical Lead Pipe & Fittings
8. ASTM B-161 Seamless Nickel Pipe & Tube
9. ASTM B-165 Seamless Nickel Copper Alloy (Monel) Pipe
10. ASTM B-337 Seamless & Welded Titanium and Titanium
Alloy Pipe
11. ASTM B-658 Seamless & Welded Zirconium and
Zirconium Alloy Pipe.
NON-METALLIC AND LINED PIPING
The commonly used materials are PTFE, FRB,
FRV, PVC, CPVC, PP, HDPE, LDPE, UHMW HDPE, Glass,
Cement, Ceramic, etc.
To add mechanical strength with the
corrosion properties of non-metallic materials, the concept of
lining of material is established. The combination normally
used in the industry are :
- Mild Steel Rubber Lined (MSRL),
- Mild Steel Glass Lined (MSGL),
- Mild Steel Cement Lined,
- Mild Steel PP Lined,
- FRP with PP Lining,
- Mild Steel PTFE lined,
- Mild Steel PVDF lined
TIPS FOR THE PREPERATION OF PIPING SPECIFICATION
The approach should be to minimize the number of
different elements and thus simplify and rationalize inventory.
- MATERIALS
* Carbon Steel shall be used for temperature upto 425C
(800 F) only.
* Low temperature steel shall be used for temperature
below -29 C (-20 F)
* Alloy steel shall be used for temperature above 426 C
(801 F)
* Stainless steel shall be used for corrosive fluids.Basic
material of construction specified by Process Licenser to
be referred for the type.
* Galvanized steel piping shall be used for services
such as drinking water, instrument air, nitrogen
(LP) etc.
* Selection of Non-ferrous, Non metallic and Lined piping
shall be as per the recommendation from the Process
Licenser.
- PIPING JOINTS
* Butt welded connection shall normally be used for
all Alloy/Carbon steel piping 2" (50 mm) NB and
larger and also for Austenitic Stainless Steel.
* Alloy/Carbon steel piping 1 (40 mm) NB and
below shall be socket welded.
* Threaded connection shall be avoided except in
galvanized piping.
* Flanged joints shall be minimized as they are
points of potential leakage. It may be used to
connect piping to equipment or valves, connecting
pipe lines of dissimilar materials, where spool
pieces are required to permit removal or servicing
of equipment and where pipes and fittings are with
flanged ends.
- PIPING COMPONENTS
Pipes :
* All pipe lines carrying toxic/inflammable fluids
shall be seamless.
* Utility piping can be ERW or Seam welded.
* Steam pipe lines shall preferably be seamless.
Fittings :
o Fittings shall preferably be seamless.
o Butt weld fittings shall be used for pipe sizes 2(50 mm) NB and
above for all Alloy/Carbon steel piping.
o For stainless steel piping where thickness is less, all fittings could be
butt welding type.
* Welding tees shall be used for full size branch
connections. For reduced branch sizes upto 2 steps less
than run diameter, it can be fabricated. For smaller sizes half
couplings shall be used. Full size unreinforced branch
welding can be done where pressure temperature condition are
mild.
Flanges :
* Rating shall be based on the pressure temperature
conditions. However 150 lb flanges are not
permitted beyond 200C (400F).
* Socket welding flanges may be used for all pressure
ratings upto 1 (40 mm) NB size except on lines
subjected to severe cyclic conditions.
* Screwed flanges shall be used for galvanized
steel/cast iron piping.
* Slip on flanges are used in 150 lb and 300 lb
rating upto a maximum of 200C. Welding neck
flanges shall be used for higher pressure ratings.
* Raised face is used for flanges upto 600 lb rating.
For flanges 900lb rating and above RTJ is
recommended. Tongue and groove facing
shall be used selectively.
* Depending on pressure and temperature,
gasket shall be either CAF, spiral wound metallic or
selected based on the corrosive nature of the fluid.
* Use flat face flanges to mate with cast iron valves
and equipment.
* Use Spiral wound gasket with inner ring for
Vacuum service
* Low strength carbon steel bolting shall not be
used above 200
o
C and below 29
o
C
************