ROLE OF EXTREMISM IN THE FREEDOM MOVEMENT

PRESENTED BY: 1. CHARUPADMA PATI 2. SYEDA ALI KHAN 3. MOIMUNA HABEEB 4. SANIA NAAZ

IDEOLOGICAL BASIS OF EXTREMISM

Attachment to rationalism and western ideals had always alienated the liberal moderates of schools form the masses in India. socio-religious has also influenced the extremist ideology like Ramakrishna Paramahamsa and his disciple, Swami Vivekananda , Swami Dayananda and Arya Samaj played a vital role in extremist philosophy They derived inspiration from there traditional cultural values wanted to have relation with other countries and self respect and quality....they opposed moderates who were expected to be servile and respectful to britishers...

They gave a call for passive resistance in addition to swadeshi goods and boycott:---1)social reform movements like arya samaj and theosophical society gave impetus to political radicalism inspired from traditional culture...

2)there were three groups of extremist :-a) Maharashtra group headed by BALGANGADHAR TILAK.. b)Bengal group headed by B C PAL AND AUROBINDO GHOSH.. C)Punjab group headed by LALA LAJPAT RAI.. 3)AUROBINDO GHOSH published new lamps for old in indu prakash in 1853-94...it was the first critique to the moderates.....
4)Tilak asserted swaraj is my birth place and I will have it...he was also the editor of the Maratta and Kesari newspaper...

Reasons for the emergence of extremist:1)Realisation of the true nature of British rule was exploitative... 2)dissatisfaction of the achievements of moderates.. 3)reactionary policies of the Curzon such as Calcutta corporation act(1899),official secret act (1904),the Indian universities act(1904),partition of Bengal(1905).... 4)existence of militant school of thought and the emergence of trained leadership.... 5)the working of the congress led to the discontentment in the minds of people....some of the reasons are.. a)TRUE NATURE OF BRITISH RAJ:-the extensive study of nationalist leaders led to the people to know d exploitative nature of British raj in terms of politics, economy, various policies etc.... b)Increasing westernisation:-westernisation led to influence the Indian culture , politics, Indian life, civilisations...Bankim chandra chatterjee gave a mantra into the minds of people service to motherland.. and Dayanand gave India is for the Indians.... c)Dissatisfaction rose with the achievements of congress:-in this the three persons...pray petition and protest was criticised...Lala Lajpat Rai said Indians should strike a blow for themselves.... d)The economic scenario of India:-during this the economic conditions of India were miserable which ultimately resulted in extremist policy.... e)international influence:-nationalist movements in Egypt, Turkey etc influenced younger generation of India....

Programmes and methods of extremist...

1)SWADESHI:-This was a potent weapon that aimed at making India produce everything that was required for economic security. In no way was the country to be obliged to the British for its requirements. Bonfires of foreign cloth, sugar and salt were popularized. The blazing flames were accompanied by shouts of *Bande Mataram* 2)Boycott:- Swadeshi also meant the boycott of foreign goods. For the Radicals, boycott was not merely of foreign goods but also of government services, honours and titles. Anyone found buying or selling foreign goods was subjected to social boycott, i.e., the Radicals would have no dealings with them. 3)National education:- The movement for national education spread across the country under the leadership of Tilak and Lajpat Rai. According to Tilak, national education was the only means of awakening political consciousness and bringing about an all round improvement. Apart from formal learning, the national educational institutions would impart secular, religious and political education as well and emphasis would be on vernacular teaching. 4)Passive resistance : - The policy of non-violent resistance and concerted political action was adopted by the Radicals to achieve their objective. They promoted the spirit of courage, sacrifice and determination in refusing to cooperate with the government for attaining the ultimate goal of swaraj. 5)Revivalism:- The religious sentiments of the people were stirred by the Radical Nationalists. Tilak revived the Ganesh and Shivaji festival. The greatness of Rana Pratap, Chandragupta Vikramaditya and Shivaji was revived to inspire the masses and instil them with self-confidence and pride about India's glorious past. This had perhaps some negative effect on the relations between Hindu Muslim unity.

MODERATES
1. The Moderates had faith in the British sense of justice and fair play. 2. The Moderates idealized British institutions and culture. They believed that the benefits of the foreign rule were numerous. 3. The Moderates aimed at 'swaraj' within the framework of the British rule. 4. They used constitutional methods of prayers, petitions and resolutions and worked within the framework of law. 5. The Moderates were supported by the western educated Indians, but they could not connect with the masses. 6. The prominent Moderate leaders were Dadabhai Naoroji. Gokhale and Surendranath Banerjea who were willing to accept a slower pace of reforms.

RADICALS
1. The Radicals were suspicious of the intentions of the British. They disliked and questioned them. 2. They believed that Indian culture and traditions were superior and drew inspiration from India's past glory. 3. The Radicals demanded nothing less than 'absolute' swaraj or complete independence as the goal for India. 4. The Radicals believed in an aggressive approach. They used the tools of swadeshi. Boycott, passive resistance and non-cooperation to gain their demands. 5. The Radicals broadened their base to include the masses. The ordinary man on the street as well as the housewife at home was encouraged to defy the might of the British rule, by simply boycotting foreign sugar, salt and soap. 6. Radical leaders like Tilak, Lajpat Rai, Bipin Chandra Pal and Aurobindo Ghosh did not compromise with the British.

THE PROMINENT RADICALS(extremists)

The trio of Radicals who came to be called as Lal-Bal- Pal were Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Bipin Chandra Pal respectively. This leadership aroused unprecedented response from the masses and paved the way for others who followed a positive course for India's freedom struggle.

Bal Gangadhar Tilak (1856-1920)

Born in 1856 at Ratnagiri in Maharashtra, Tilak was called the 'father of radical nationalism'. After successfully completing a degree in law, Tilak became fully involved with the nationalist movement. He founded the Poona New English School and the Deccan Education Society (1884). The Fergusson College at Poona was also established by this Society. His political beliefs Tilak was instrumental in changing the nature of the Congress from being a 'pleader to a demander'. Swadeshi and boycott became the mantra of the nationalists. His assertive demand of Swaraj infused a new life to the spirit of the Indian national movement. To instil confidence in his countrymen, Tilak said, 'Though downtrodden and neglected, you must be conscious of your power of making administration impossible. It is you who manage the rail, road and the telegraph. Tilak died in 1920. Gandhi paid tribute to him in these words, 'Let us erect for the only Lokmanya of India in imperishable monument by weaving into our lives his bravery, his simplicity, his wonderful industry and his love of his country.'

Bipin Chandra Pal (1858-1932)

Born in 1858, in Sylhet (Bangladesh), Bipin Chandra Pal is called the 'father of revolutionary thought in India'. He began his career as the headmaster of school, before entering the national movement. Along with Tilak and Lajpat Rai, he formed the trio who expounded the ideals of swaraj, swadeshi, boycott and national education. Bipin Chandra Pal believed that education of women would bring about moral and social regeneration. He was against the caste system.*He was deeply influenced by Vedantic philosophy. He opposed the principle of noncooperation, and so quietly distanced himself from active politics. Bipin Chandra died in 1932.

Lala Lajpat Rai (1865-1928)

Lala Lajpat Rai was born in 1865 in Punjab. He began his career as a lawyer in Hissar. Later he shifted to Lahore and continued his legal Practice. Lala Lajpat Rai was a prolific writer. He wrote biographies of Mazzini, Garibaldi and Dayanand Saraswati among others. While in America he started a monthly magazine called Young India to spread the message of swaraj. His publications included, Young India, England's Debt to India, The Political Future of India.He also started an Urdu daily, Vande Mataram and English weekly People.

He believed that 'nationalism is nurtured by the blood of martyrs'.

EXTREMIST:After the partition of Bengal there was a nation wide agitaion ..the whole Bengal echoed VENDE MATARAM ...Extremist opposed d movement and wanted to spread swadeshi and boycott in Calcutta session of congress in 1906 extremist forced moderates to pass the resolution of swadeshi and boycott swadeshi was a weapon to achieve industrial nd economic regeneration...it also resulted in renunciation of titles, boycott of British councils nd schools etc all nationalist leaders like aurobindo,lal,bal,pal campaigned through the press to popularise the platform of boycott the campaign was successful and affected the demand of British goods. hartals,demonstrations etc took place...arrest and imprisonment of leaders took place. There was a active participation of students of Bengal and women ..in 1907 a congress session at Surat resulted in an open conflict between moderates and extremist which finally led to split in the congress party.....