Diversity in living organisms

By: lakshya bansal Class 9th B Roll No. 05

Classification
Early Attempts at Classification Organisms need to be grouped into meaningful categories Over time categorization has become much more specific and simplified Naming organisms John Ray - first to use the term species SPECIES - Organisms that are similar in shape/structure and they reproduce with each other to create viable offspring

Evolution

Evolution or change over time, is the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms. Charles Darwin first described this idea of evolution in 1859 in his book origin of species .

Seven classification groups of living things

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Two Kingdom System

Two kingdom system was given by a famous taxonomist Linnaeus ( also known as father of taxonomy ). the two kingdoms which were given by him were Plantea and Animalia.

Kingdoms Given by Linnaeus

PLANTEA

ANIMALIA

Five Kingdom system

Some scientist encloses Euglena in a room where no light or air can come. Being a plant euglena should die. But it doesn't happened and it still alive. This means it`s must be a heterotrophic. On this basis scientist think of more kingdoms.

Who gave five kingdoms ???

Whittaker an another taxonomist introduced the idea of five kingdoms in 1969. He named these kingdoms: Monera, Protista , Fungi, Plantae and Animalia.

Monera
oldest and most abundant organism Prokaryotic Undergo asexual reproduction They dont well defined body. Unicellular structure Mode of nutrition heterotropes/autotropes Cell wall is made up of pepidoglycan. EXAMPLE: bacterium, mycoplasma etc.

BACTERIA
A structure of bacteria consist of 70 ribosome and a chromosome which is not encloses in nucleus( called prokaryotic) . ARCHAEBACTERIA: these are very ancient bacteria. EUBACTERIA: these are more and more modern bacteria ( true bacteria).

Structure of bacteria

BASIC SHAPES OF BACTERIA

COCCUS: spherical shape BACILLUS: rod shaped SPERILLA: spiral shaped VIBRIYO: comma shaped ( , )

Fungus kingdom

Eukaryotic Made up of hyphae No root, stem and leaf No chlorophyll

Saprophytic or parasitic

Reproduce by forming spores Cell wall is made up of Chitin. EXAMPLE: yeast, mushrooms etc.

Benefits Of Fungi
Use in making alcohol Various acids Bread ( yeast ) cheese

Protista kingdom
Unicellular; microscopic Nucleus present

Eukaryotic

Autotrophic or heterotrophic EXAMPLE: amoeba, paramecium, euglena etc.

PROTISTA

Plant Kingdom
Eukaryotic Most plants contains photosynthetic pigments (e.g. chlorophyll) for photosynthesis

Autotrophic

Can be divided into two groups:

Non-flowering plants Flowering plants

Thallophyta (thallos- undifferentiated; phytaplant)

Aquatic May be unicellular or multicellular No root, stem or leaf Contain photosynthetic pigments (e.g. chlorophyll) for photosynthesis Vascular tissues are absent. EXAMPLE: algae

Bryophyta (Bryon- moss; phytaplant) Amphibians of plant kingdom . Have stems & leaves of the structure. No tissues for water . E.g. finaria, marchantia

PTERIDOPHYTA
These are green autotrophic plants. The plant body is differentiated into roots, stem and leaves. Vascular tissues are present. Sex organs are multicellular. EXAMPLES: ferns, club moss, water fern etc.

Gymnosperms

Reproduction by producing seeds

Seeds develop in cones, not enclosed by fruits naked seeds

Needle-shaped leaves to reduce water loss EXAMPLE: cycas, pinus etc.

Angiosperms
These are called flowering plants. These have two types of plants Monocotyledons Dicotyledons With flowers for reproduction Seeds are produced inside the fruit (matured ovary)

TYPES OF ANGIOSPERMS
Angiosperms, on the basis of the number of cotyledons present inside the seed, are divided into two classes.
DICOTYLEDONAE
1.
2. 3.

Seeds contain two cotyledons in the embryo.

Leaves are dorsiventral. Tap root is present.

MONOCOTYLEDONAE
1.
2. 3.

Seeds contain only one cotyledon in the embryo

Leaves are isobilateral. Fibrous root system is present.

DIFFERENCE IN GYMNOSPERMS AND ANGIOSPERMS ANGIOSPERM

GYMNOSPERM Seeds are naked. Xylem lack vessels and Phloem lack companion cells. The ovules are not contained in the ovary. Seeds are enclosed bye fruit wall. Xylem contains vessels and phloem contains companion cell. The ovules are contained in the ovary.

ANIMALIA
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS: Most complex of all kingdoms Multicellular (made of many cells) They obtain food from OUTSIDE SOURCES They move from place to place to get food They swallow their food and they digest food inside the body.

9 Phyla of the Animal kingdom

Porifera Coelenterata Plathyhelminthes Nematoda Annelida Arthropoda Mollusca Echinoderm Chordata Vertabrata

PORIFERA (porous animals)

They live mostly in the sea. They have cellular organization. they are non motile. The body is porous; the pores are called Ostia. Mouth and canals are absent.

COELENTERATA (hollow sac

animals)
o All coelenterates are found in water. Most of the forms live in the sea. oBody is radially symmetrical. oThey have a tissue level of organization. o Exoskeleton is present. o Reproduction is both asexual as well as sexual. o Coelenterate have a central cavity called coelenterons. EXAMPLE: hydra, physalia, etc.

PLATHYHELMINTHES
Bilateral symmetry of body. Tissue organizations Triploblastic. Lack of body cavity. Parasitic animals. Exoskeleton is absent EXAMPLE: planaria, liver fluke etc.

Nematoda

Bilaterally symmetrical Triploblastic Pseudocoelum Tissues present, no real organs present Normal parasitic e.g.: ascaries Filaria worm EXAMPLE: ascaris, enterobius

Annelida
Triploblastic, well differentiated True coelum present Well organized body Segmented Habitat soil, water EXAMPLE: earthworm, leech

Arthropoda: Makes up 75% of the animal kingdom Basic Characteristics: hard external skeleton segmented body jointed legs Ex: beetle, milli & centipede, spider, crab

Molluska: Hard shell surrounding soft body parts Live in water & damp places Examples: Snail, & Sea Scallop

Only a few do not have shells: Octopus & Sea slug

Echinoderms: Means spiny-skin Star shaped Spiny Ex: Starfish & Sea Urchin

Protochordata
Long rod-like structure which separte the nerve system from gut Muscles helps into movement attach Bilaterally symmetrical Triploblastic Body cavity - e.g. : harmonia, aphiorus

Vertabrata
Presence of vertebral column Presence of notochord Dorsel nerve chord Triploblastic Body cavity present These are grouped into 5 classes

Pisces
Aquatic organisms Streamlined body Respiratory organ gills Scales are present Two chambered heart Skeleton structure

Amphibian

Oviparous Scales present Mucus skin 3 chambered heart Respiratory organ: lungs or gills Habitat water and land E.g. : toad, frog

Reptilla
Oviparous, lay egg in land Tough skin Respiratory system : Lung 3 chambered heart E.g. : snake, cobra, flying lizards

Aves
Oviparous, lay egg in land Skin covered with feathers Respiratory organ: lung 4 chambered heart E.g. : ostrich, crow, etc

Mammals
Viviparous, give birth to young ones Respiratory organ lung 4 chambered heart Warm blooded organisms Presence of sweet, oil, mammary glands e.g.: whale, dolphin.