THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY

Since communication began Scientific study of society started 15th in18th century (scientific Revolution) Social philosophers: Are we social by nature of not?

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY

HENRI SAINT-SIMON
1760-1825

Behavior of the society is determined by law of nature and can be determined in the same way as astronomers, physicists, biologists, chemists and other natural scientists. Positive sociology

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY

AUGUSTE COMTE - Founder of Sociology

1798-1857

- Student and secretary of SaintSimon - Mental hygiene! - Society based on rationality and science!

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE

AUGUSTE COMTE

- Stages of science
Metaphysical abstract
Theological fictitious

Scientific positive

AUGUSTE COMTE Sociology

science of the associated life of humanity
Methods and techniques of natural sciences must also be applied in the study of society

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY

AUGUSTE COMTE
SOCIAL STATICS
ORDER, STABILITY, and social organization that which holds societies group together and endure.

SOCIAL DYNAMICS

processes of social life related to institutional DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIAL CHANGE.

- social statics structure of the society

- social dynamics social change

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY

HERBERT SPENCER
1532-1903

- He applied the concept of Darwins theory of evolution to societies in order to explain how they change or evolve, over time.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY

HERBERT SPENCER
1532-1903

Evolutionary process Primitive to complex societies

Survival of the fittest Governed by conflict

Social progress
Natural selection (adaptation)

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY

EMILE DURKHEIM

1858-1917

- focused on the concept of social integration. - society does not operate under the rule of natural science but by distinct social facts and phenomena.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY

EMILE DURKHEIM

1858-1917

- Social solidarity social forces that hold society together

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY

EMILE DURKHEIM
- SOCIAL INTEGRATION
density of social relationships - The more people are connected to one another the stronger and meaningful are the sentiments that emerge out of these relationships. - Focused less on the individual but more the characteristics of groups

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY

EMILE DURKHEIM
- He also examined the social solidarity the tendency of people to maintain social relationships.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY

EMILE DURKHEIM
MECHANICAL SOLIDARITY
- People were knit together by their engagement in SIMILAR TASKS. They derived a sense of oneness from being so much alike.

ORGANIC SOLIDARITY
- Society is held together by the interdependence fostered by the DIFFERENCES among people.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY

EMILE DURKHEIM
MECHANICAL SOLIDARITY ORGANIC SOLIDARITY

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY

EMILE DURKHEIM
- People were knit together by their engagement in similar tasks. They derived a sense of oneness from being so much alike.

MECHANICAL SOLIDARITY

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY

EMILE DURKHEIM
ORGANIC SOLIDARITY Society is held together by the interdependence fostered by the differences among people.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY

EMILE DURKHEIM
- Individuals with social bonds are less inclined to suicide than individuals who are weakly integrated into group life.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY

KARL MARX
- CLASS CONFLICT the believed that society is divided into those who own the means of producing wealth and those who do not.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY

FRIEDRICH ENGELS
1820-1903

- Together with Karl Marx, they proposed to address the class struggle by adhering to the Communist Manifesto.

Bourgeoisie

(oppressor)

Proletariat

(oppressed)

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY

KARL MARX
- CLASS CONFLICT

have nots

haves

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY

MAX WEBER
Belief systems affect peoples action and in turn the economic system of the society.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY

MAX WEBER

1864-1920

- Focused on the study of HUMAN SUBJECTIVITY: the intentions, values, beliefs, and attitudes that underlie peoples behavior.

- VERSTEHEN understanding or insight.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY

MAX WEBER
VERSTEHEN sociological method used PLACING ONESELF IN THE SHOES OF OTHER PEOPLE and identify what they think and how they feel.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY

MAX WEBER
Went against Marx (conflict theory of materiality) and introduced the SUBJECTIVE MEANINGS of the sociologist in studying society.

Sympathetic understanding! (society is more than a collection of objects)

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY

FERDINAND TOENNIS

1855-1936

All social relationships are creations of human will.

Essential
Will

Basic, INSTINCTIVE, organic tendency which drives human activity

Arbitrary

DELIBERATE, purposive form of volition which determines human activity with regard to the future

Essential will

Arbitrary will

Peasants

Businessmen

Artisans

Scientist

Common men

Upper class

Typology of Society (out of the expression of the will)

Gesselschaft Arbitrary will Essential will Upper class

Gemeinschaft

Commoner

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY

GEORGE SIMMEL
1858-1918

Society CANNOT BE understood as a psychic entity independent of individual minds, as a kind of mysticism or conceptualism that ascribes to mere concepts.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY

GEORGE SIMMEL
1858-1918

Mutual relations may not last long while some are purified in the course of time such as the state, church, education, economic group or even social conspirators!

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY

EDWARD TAYLOR
1832-1917

Responsible for the first 50 years of Anthropology in Britain Popularized comparative methodology in study (statistical correlation) Introduced the concept of ANIMISM OR BELIEF IN SPIRITUAL BEINGS in the study of anthropology

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY

WILLIAM GRAHAM SUMNER
1840-1910

Dealt extensive researches on folkways FOLKWAYS ARE HABITS OF INDIVIDUAL AND CUSTOMS OF THE SOCIETY which arise from efforts to satisfy needs

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY

THORSTEIN VEBLEN
1857 1929

Dealt extensive researches on economic aspect of the society labor performance and labor saving machinery.

There is in mankind a tendency towards craftsmanship as an end in itself developed by cultural heritage and community stock technical knowledge.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY

BRONISLAW MALINOWSKI
1884-1942

the relation of SOCIAL ACTIVITY WITH RITUAL or instrumental, governed by set of rules and facilitated linguistic usages Social grouping Social organization Linguistics

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY

BRONISLAW MALINOWSKI
known for his detailed first-hand anthropological observations on the Trobriand islanders. Kula trading expeditions

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY

PITIRIM SOROKIN
1889-1968

view society in a MACROSCOPIC PERSPECTIVE rather than detailed account Made an encyclopedic survey on social forms of art, systems of truths, laws, relations war and revolution.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY

TALCOTT PARSONS
1902-1979

REJECTED sprit of age theory of society, pursuit of self interest, operation of coercive force -society is not mere automatic response from a stimuli (VS positivist theories of society)

Sociology rejects

Philosophical framework Uniqueness of historical epochs

Based on universals of social life Dynamic relation between important event and human society All embracing paradigm (includes middle ground and miniature Sociology is theories) An abstract terminology not immediately known to the world

QUIZ