Technical Fabrics

Definition of Technical Fabrics

Fabrics manufactured primarily for their technical

performance and functional properties rather than their aesthetic or decorative characteristics

Methods for producing fabrics

Weaving
Knitting Lace making Net making Felting Tufting Non-woven processes
A 3-D Fabric

Warp (Ends) & Weft (Picks)

Woven Fabric Specifications

Fabric construction Warp count x weft count/ ends per inch x picks per inch Fabric area density / GSM
Cover factor Type of weave Crimp Fabric width Thickness

Fabric area density

The loom state cloth area density depends on the

weaving specification, that is, yarns, thread spacing and weave, and on any additives, such as size, which are used to improve the weaving process. Finished cloth area density is frequently altered by chemical treatments . The area density of the fabric can be varied by changing the linear density or count of the yarns used and by altering the thread spacing, which affects the area covered by the yarns in relation to the total area.

Cloth cover factor

Cloth cover factor = warp cover factor + weft cover factor
Cover factor in SI units = Cover factor formula by Pierce =

Changing the area density and/or the cover factors may affect:

strength, stiffness, stability, porosity, filtering quality and abrasion resistance of fabrics

Area density and cover factor

Low area density fabrics of open construction include

bandages
Light area density fabrics high cover factor fabrics

include medical filter fabrics

Heavy open cloths include Geotextiles fabrics Heavy closely woven fabrics include cotton awnings.

Plain weave
90% technical fabrics have plain weave

Price: 13.40 euro / sq.m. Areal weight: 165 g / sq.m. Weaving style: Plain Width: 0.91 or 1.27 meters ARAMID FABRIC Warp: aramid fiber Kevlar 49, 5.1 ends(threads) / cm Weft: aramid fiber Kevlar 49, 5.1 ends / cm MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ARAMID FIBER USED Tensile strength (MPa): 2900 Elongation at break (%): 2.5

Price: 21.68 euro / sq.m. Areal weight: 205 g / sq.m. Weaving style: Plain Width: 1.27 meters Warp: carbon fiber, Weft: carbon fiber, MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON FIBER USED Tensile strength (MPa): 4900 Elongation at break (%): 2.1

CARBON FABRIC

Point paper diagram of a plain weave fabric.

Warp-faced plain fabrics

Generally have a much higher

warp cover factor than weft cover factor. If warp and weft yarns of similar linear density are used, a typical warp faced plain may have twice as many warp ends as picks.

Weft-faced plain fabrics

Produced by using much higher weft cover factors

than warp cover factors

Weft-faced plains are little used because they are

more difficult to weave.

Rib fabrics
The simplest modifications of plain

weave fabrics.
Produced by lifting two or more warp

threads and/or two or more picks at the same time.

It results in larger warp and/or weft

covered surface areas than in a plain weave fabric.

Matt fabrics (or hopsack)

The simplest of the matt weaves is a 2/2

where two warp ends are lifted over two picks higher cover factors and have fewer intersections.

Matt weave fabrics can be woven with

In close constructions they may have

better abrasion and better filtration properties and greater resistance to water penetration. have a greater tear resistance and bursting strength.

In more open constructions matt fabrics

Twill fabrics
A twill is a weave that repeats on three or more ends

and picks and produces diagonal lines on the face of a fabric.

Such lines generally run from selvedge to selvedge.

The direction of the diagonal lines on the surface of

the cloth are generally described as a fabric is viewed along the warp direction.

Twill fabrics

When the diagonal lines are running upwards to the right they are Z twill or twill right and when they run in the opposite direction they are S twill or twill left 3 x 3 Twill weaves. (a) 2/1 Twill with Z twill line, (b) 2/1 twill with S twill line, (c) 1/2 twill with Z twill line, (d) 1/2 twill with S twill line, (e) four repeats of (a) (2/1 twill with a Z twist line).

Twill fabrics

Twill fabrics

Twill fabrics
For any construction twills will have longer floats, fewer

intersections and a more open construction than a plain weave fabric with the same cloth particulars. extensively used for suiting and dress fabrics.

Broken twills, waved twills, herringbone twills are

The smallest repeat of a twill weave consists of 3 ends x 3

picks.

Satins and sateens in Britain

Satin
A satin is a warp-faced weave Satins normally have a much

Sateen
A sateen, frequently referred

greater number of ends than picks per centimeter.

To avoid confusion a satin is

to as a weft sateen, is a weftfaced weave . Sateens are generally woven with a much higher number of picks than ends.

frequently described as a warp satin.

Use of Satins and Sateens

Satins and sateens are widely used in uniforms,

industrial and protective clothing

Triaxial weaves
Two sets of warp yarns are generally inserted at 60 to the

weft

Triaxial weaves
The tear resistance, bursting resistance of Triaxial

fabrics is greatly superior to that of standard fabrics

They have a wide range of technical applications

including sailcloths, tyre fabrics, balloon fabrics.

Crimp

Classification of Weaving Machines

Single-phase weaving machines Machines with shuttles (looms):

Hand operated (hand looms) Non-automatic power looms (weft supply in shuttle changed by hand) Automatic weaving machines

Shuttle less weaving machines: Projectile In single phase machines, one weft thread is laid across the full width of the warp sheet followed Rapier by the beat-up and the formation of the next shed Jet machines in preparation for the insertion of the next pick. air (with or without relay nozzles) In multiphase machines, several liquid (generally water)

Multiphase weaving machines

phases of the working cycle take place at any instant so that several picks are being inserted simultaneously.

Shedding Mechanisms
Crank
Cam or tappet Dobbies Jacquards

Weft Insertion Mechanisms

Shuttle
Projectile Rapier Air jet Water jet

Projectile looms
They are used not only for weaving a vast range of

standard fabrics but also for heavy industrial fabrics of up to 8m wide, for
sailcloth, conveyor belts, tyre cord fabrics, awnings, Geotextiles,

airbags and
a wide range of filter fabrics of varying area density and

porosity.

L680W series high-efficiency fibre glass rapier cross weaving machine

Suitable for the weaving of various gridding cloth used in civil engineering, hydraulic construction, building materials, chemical engineering ann transportation areas

OMNI plus 800 air jet weaving machine

Gauze Gauze is a lightweight, open-texture fabric produced in plain weave, used for bandages, food wrapping etc. Parachute Parachute is industrial, heavy-filament, rib stop cloths made of fine nylon fibre Tyre cord Tire cord is a fabric used to reinforce the tires of vehicles

OMNI plus 800 air jet weaving machine

Umbrella cloth Umbrella cloth is usually made with a cotton warp and rayon or nylon filling, which is then treated to make it water repellent. Camping tent cloth Camping tent cloth is a fabric used for the outer covering of tents for recreational camping.

OptiMax rapier weaving machine

Conveyer belt Conveyor belt is a continuously moving strip or surface for transporting a load of objects from one place to another. Filter cloth Filter cloths are mainly made up of monofilaments and/or multifilament's.

Woven either on rapier or air-jet technology

Sail cloth Sail cloth is any heavy, plain-weave canvas fabric, usually made of cotton, linen, polyester, jute, nylon etc. that is used for sails and apparel. Seat fabrics Seat fabrics are used to cover seats in the transport industry (automotive, aviation, etc.) Air bags Airbag is a heavy denier nylon fabric for personal protection in various forms of transportation. Most airbag fabrics are woven with rapier weaving technology.

OMNIplus 800 TC
The most advanced tire cord weaving machine