Project :Standard Test Method for Specific Heat of Liquids and Solids

Millimeter or micro-sized particles VS Nano Particles

Suspensions containing micro sized particles - too large for micro system and also they settle down rapidly. Nanometrisized particle can be suspended in heat transfer fluids such as water, ethylene glycol or engine oil etc to enhance there thermal properties. The average size of nano particles used are below 50nm

Nano fluids
Nanofluids are in general engineered colloidal suspensions of nanoparticles (1-100 nm) in a base fluid. Made of chemically stable metals, metal oxides or carbon in various forms

Some unique characteristics of these fluids, includes greatly enhanced energy, momentum and mass transfer also it reduces the erosion of the containing surface

Objective
The two objectives of the project are.. To fabricate an instrument which can measure the value of specific heat with high accuracy at different temperature . To measure and compare the specific heat of water & water based nanofluid.

Various components of the fabrication

The four major parts of the project are-

1. Calorimeter
2. Tube furnace 3. Controller

4. Sample cell

1.

Calorimeter

it is the device to measure the heat of transformation of a material subjected to a temperature variation in a Controlled atmosphere. The various parts of calorimeter in the experiment are:1. Dewar flask 2.Insulator (glasswool) 3.Heater 4.Electric stirrer 5.Thermocouple 6.Retention cage 7.Outer can

Fabrication of Calorimeter..

Fabrication of calorimeter (contd..)

It consists of a rectangular wooden box in which the dewar flask is placed gently glasswool is filled around it for insulation purpose.

A retention cage and heater are mounted with the cap of calorimeter. Also 3 hole of appropriate size are drilled in cap for inserting the thermocouple, heater and stirrer.

2.Tube furnace It is designed to heat a tube that is usually 50 to 100 cm in length and from 25 to 100 mm in diameter.

Samples are placed inside the tube in ceramic or metal boats using a long push rod. The tube is surrounded by heating elements which may also incorporate a thermocouple for temperature measurement.

Fabrication of tube furnace

it consists of a high voltage coil suspended vertically around a ceramic tube. Inner surface is made of made of stainless steel
Insulation from outer cover is done with glass wool filled in between At the bottom one Teflon coated plug is used for opening and closing of heater . The furnace is mounted over the calorimeter in such a way that it can be swung rapidly from one position to the other.

Sample container may thus be dropped directly into the calorimeter with a minimum transfer of radiation from furnace to calorimeter

Tube furnace And the Controller..

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

3. Controller
It is used to accurately control process temperature.

It consists of a temperature sensor such as athermocouple etc.

It compares the actual temperature to the desired control temperature, or setpoint, and provides an output to a control element.

A PID controller is used in our experiment..

4.Sample cell
It is Made of a brass pipe with appropriate dia and length
Required boring, brazing and drilling is done for the req. holes n thread etc.

Experiment procedure and principle

A Drop-Method-of Mixtures Calorimeter is used for measuring the
heat capacity.
First the empty sample container is transferred from a constant hot zone temperature to an adiabatic calorimeter with a fixed initial temperature for the calculation of the enthalpy change Hc . Then the change in enthalpy Ht, is calculated for the container filled with sample with same temperatures of the hot zone and calorimeter. The net enthalpy change per gram of sample is then expressed as an analytical power function of the temperature differential T.

The first derivative of this function with respect to the actual temperature, Tf yields the specific heat of the sample as a function of temperature.

Steps for calculating Hc .

1. Bring the empty sample container to a constant temperature in the vertical tube furnace. 2. Monitor its temperature with the copper-constantan thermocouple that is fitted into the center well of the container. 3. While the container is equilibrating, adjust the temperature of the calorimeter by cooling or warming it as required to bring it to a temperature just below the selected initial starting point. 4. At the moment the calorimeter temperature passes through the selected starting temperature, swing the vertical furnace over the calorimeter and drop the sample container into the calorimeter. Return the furnace immediately to its rest position 5. In order to determine the exact energy equivalent of change measured during the drop of the container, it is necessary to perform a heater run.

Steps involved for calculation of Ht

1. Fill the sample container with a weighed amount of the sample. 2. Make appropriate air-buoyancy corrections in determining the weight of the sample following the principles given above for the Preparation of Apparatus. 3. Repeat the procedure described in step1 for each temperature at which it is desired to determine the value of Ht for the filled sample container. 4. The number of determinations needed will vary in accordance with the precision required in the result.

Calculations:Calculating the value of Hc for each temperature as..

1. the energy given to the calorimeter is calculated by q=v.i.t (1) where, q is he energy developed in the electrical heater 2. Then the calorimeter factor F is calculated by the equation F = q/ec (2) 3. then, calculate the total heat effect in joules (calories): Hc =F *E c (3)

4. Plot the experimental values of Hc versus the temperature in deg C.

5. The value of Ht for each data point as follows: F = q/es (4) then, Ht = F *Es (5)

6.The value of Hs per gram of sample for each data point as follows: Hs = (Ht- Hc)/W (6)
7.Then by Using the method of least squares analysis, derive an equation for Hs as a function of the temperature differential T. The form of the equation shall be: Hs = BT + CT2

where B and C are arbitrary constants given by the solutions of the following equations: i=n i=n i=n (H)T = B T2 + C T3 i=1 i=1 i=1 i=n i=n i=n 2= B T3 + C T4 (H)T i=1 i=1 i=1

8. Now

calculate specific heat by differentiating the equation for Hs with T

9. Obtain an equation for specific heat as a function of Tf by substituting for the value of T in the derivative of Hs. 10. Use this equation to determine the values of specific heat of desired temperatures within the range of temperatures covered by the experimental data

Observation :Nanoparticle sample is Al2O3 Concentration of water based nano fluid = 0.5%

Specific heat of both the samples with change in temperature

Percentage change in specific heat of fluid with nanoparticle w.r.t water

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

RESULT: 1. The specific heat measurement instrument has been fabricated. 2. Various tests are conducted at different temperature of different sample.

3. Different values of specific heat were obtained for sample at different temperature.
4. Graph has been plotted between specific heat and temperature. 5. Change in specific heat was observed for water based nano fluid.

DISCUSSION:
This test method covers the determination of the heat capacity of liquids and solids.

It is applicable to liquids and solids that are chemically compatible with brass, that have a vapour pressure less than 13.3 kPa (100 torr).
The sample should not undergo phase transformation throughout the range of test temperatures. The specific heat of materials with higher vapour pressures can be determined if their vapour pressures are known throughout the range of test temperatures. For more precise value more number of determination is required.

CONCLUSION AND SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK

1. The energy input to the calorimeter by heater for the calibration of it has small error because it doesnt provide the constant heat . This error produces Some deviation from actual energy dissipated to the water present in calorimeter

2. The tube furnace should be very precise to heat the sample cell. It should have least count of 0.1 .C. A small error in the temperature can cause a big enthalpy change,which can cause error in our result.