By, Rakesh Das B.P.E-4th yr. Roll No.

-000811501005 19th August 2011

A relay is automatic device which senses as abnormal condition in an electric condition in an electric circuit and close its contacts. These contacts in turn close the circuit breaker trip coil circuit, thereby it opens the circuit breaker and the faulty part of the electric circuit is disconnected from the rest of the healthy circuit.

The capital investment involved in a power system for the generation, transmission and distribution of electrical power is so great that proper precautions must be taken to ensure that the equipment not only operates as nearly as possible to peak efficiency, but also that it is protected from accidents.

1. Primary relaying equipment

It is the first line of defence for protecting the equipments .

2. Back-up relaying equipment

It works only when the primary relaying equipment fails which means back-up relaying is inherently slow in action. The second job of the back-up relays is to act as primary protection in case the primary protection equipment is taken out for repair and maintenance.

Primary relaying may fail because of failure of Protective relay, Circuit breaker , D.C. tripping voltage supply, Current or voltage supply to the relay.

Transformers are a critical and expensive component of the power system. Due to the long lead time for repair of and replacement of transformers, a major goal of transformer protection is limiting the damage to a faulted transformer. Transformer Failures :

Failures in transformers can be classified into winding failures due to short circuits (turn-turn faults, phase-phase faults, phase-ground, open winding) core faults (core insulation failure, shorted laminations) terminal failures (open leads, loose connections, short circuits) on-load tap changer failures (mechanical, electrical, short circuit, overheating) abnormal operating conditions (overfluxing, overloading, overvoltage) external faults etc.

The DTP-B is a digital relay that provides high-speed differential and backup instantaneous differential three phase protection functions for power transformers. Different models of the DTP are available for protecting and monitoring transformers with two, three or four windings. Protection & Control: Current differential protection 2, 3 or 4 windings Dual-slope percentage restraint 2nd & 5th harmonic cross-restrained Internal phase shift compensation 7 configurable digital inputs 4 trip contacts User Interface: 20 key keypad Alphanumeric 2-line LCD 16 LED indicators RS232, plastic or glass fiber optic
DTP-B

Relays are an important integral part of any power system. As generating stations are the first element in the power system chain, the requirement of protection starts right from the generator. Generator is one of the costliest equipment in the power house. Its damage causes innumerable financial loss as well as deficit of power in the system. Hence, from the very beginning of the history of power generation, relays have been developed for protection of generator.

Generator Failure
Stator Faults(phase to phase faults , phase to ground faults , inter turn fault. Rotor Faults(Shorts between the turns of the field winding) Abnormal running condition(unbalance loading , over loading , over speed, failure of prime mover, Loss of excitation)

Built on the industry-leading UR platform, the G60 offers superior protection for medium and large generators, including large steam and combustion turbines, combined cycle generators and multi-circuit hydro units. The G60 may also be used on pumped storage generators without the need of switching the CT secondary circuitry. The G60 provides advanced communication with a integrated, fully managed Ethernet switch reducing network installation costs while supporting industry standard communication protocols.

G60

Application:
Medium to large generators typically driven by steam, gas or hydraulic turbines Pumped Storage generators used as pumping motors for reservoir storage Stand-alone protection or component in automated substation control system Standard protection product offering on new General Electric generator installations.

Key Features:
Metering - current, voltage, power, energy, frequency Oscillography analog and digital parameters at 64 samples/cycle Event Recorder - 1024 time tagged events with 0.5ms scan of digital inputs Data Logger - 16 channels with sampling rate up to 1 sample / cycle Advanced relay health diagnostics Synchronised measurement of voltage & current and sequence component phasors - 1 to 60 phasors/sec

The protection scheme for a power system should cover the whole system against all probable types of fault. Unrestricted forms of line protection, such as overcurrent and distance systems, meet this requirement, although faults in the busbar zone are cleared only after some time delay.

BUSBAR FAULTS:
The majority of bus faults involve one phase and earth , but faults arise from many causes and a significant number are interphase clear of earth. In fact, a large proportion of bus-bar faults result from human error rather than the failure of switchgear components. With fully phase-segregated metalclad gear, only earth faults are possible, and a protection scheme need have earth fault sensitivity only. In other cases, an ability to respond to phase faults clear of earth is an advantage, although the phase fault sensitivity need not be very high.

 The BUS 1000/2000 is a solid state, high speed protection system for the detection of phase-to-phase and phase-to-ground faults on bus bar installations. It can be used to protect high voltage bus bar installations of any voltage. BUS 2000 models add to the functionality of the BUS 1000 through the metering, monitoring, event recording, waveform capture, and IRIG-B time synchronization capabilities of the DMS metering and monitoring module. Application:
Protection of HV bus bar installations Single or multiple bus bar Protection Differential overcurrent with percentage restraint Stabilizing resistors Very sensitive differential overcurrent function Optional breaker failure function Optional overcurrent supervision

BUS 1000/2000

User Interface: Test points for ease of installation Optional test system Two RS232 communication ports

 In the modern power plant such as device are used which are most costly, that can be damage any time. So without out protection we cant run those equipment. That protective device is called the Relay. Here I want to discuss about the relays of modern power plant & the types of relay use in the modern power plant with suitable picture.

TEXT BOOK OF ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM ( C.L.

WADHWA) WIKIPEDIA.COM ASK.COM SCHNEIDER ELECTRIC INDUSTRIS Prof. GARGI KONAR