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SNT TC-1A CURRENT EDITION ( REF TRAINING STANDARD) ASNT AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING TC TECHNICAL COUNCIL 1A VERSION OF DOCUMENT CURRENT EDITION ( 2001 ) TILL NOW
LIMITED CERTIFICATION
RADIOGRAPHY TESTING FILM RADIOGRAPHY XEROX RADIOGRAPHY MICROFOCUS RADIOGRAPHY STEREO RADIOGRAPHY X-RAY CRAWLER REAL TIME RADIOGRAPHY
LIMITED CERTIFICATION
ULTRASONIC TESTING
PULSE ECHO TECHNIQUE IMMERSION TECHNIQUE THROUGH TRANSMISSION TECHNIQUE
LIMITED CERTIFICATION
MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING
CIRCULAR MAGNETIZATION HEAD SHOT TECHNIQUE PROD TECHNIQUE CENTRAL CONDUCTOR TECHNIQUE LONGITUDINAL MAGNETIZATION YOKE TECHNIQUE COIL TECHNIQUE
LIMITED CERTIFICATION
PENETRANT TESTING
WATER WASHABLE SOLVENT REMOVABLE POST EMULSIFICATION Note : classified based on removal of excess penetrant
LIMITED CERTIFICATION
VISUAL TESTING BOROSCOPE FIBEROSCOPE TEM/SEM HOLOGRAPHY
LIMITED CERTIFICATION
EDDY CURRENT TESTING
IMPEDANCE ANALYSIS METER DISPLAY PHASE ANALYSIS CRT DISPLAY MODULATION ANALYSIS STRIP CHART RECORDER
1. 2. 3. 4.
LEVEL- I
FUNCTION AS A NDT OPERATOR/TECHNICIAN PERFORM SPECIFIC CALIBRATIONS CARRY OUT TESTING IN PRESENCE OF LEVELII/III NOT AUTHORIZED TO SIGN THE INTERPRETATION SHEET
1. PREPARED WRITTEN PROCEDURES 2. FUNCTION AS NDT INSPECTOR 3. PERFORM SPECIFIC CALIBRATIONS & VERIFY THE RESULTS 4. AUTHORIZED TO SIGN THE INTERPRETATION SHEET
1. 2. 3. 4.
LEVEL-III
APPROVE THE WRITTEN PROCEDURES ESTABLISH THE TECHNIQUES TRAIN LEVEL I /II OVER ALL INCHARGE OF NDT JOBS
MODE OF EXAMINATION
LEVEL-I/II
GENERAL 40 QUESTIONS 1 HR 100 MARKS ( CLOSED BOOK ) PASSING PERCENTAGE -70%
SPECIFIC 20 QUESTIONS 1 HR 100 MARKS ( OPEN BOOK ) PASSING PERCENTAGE 70% PRACTICAL 10 QUESTIONS 2 HRS 100 MARKS ( 10 SAMPLES ) PASSING PERCENTAGE 70%
MODE OF EXAMINATION
LEVEL-III BASIC ( MANDATORY PAPER ) -135 QUE- 4 HRS METHOD ( ANY OF 12 METHODS ) ALL 135 QUE 4 HRS ALL 80 QUE 2 HRS
ASME SECTIONS
SECTION-1 RULES FOR CONSTRUCTION OF POWER BOILERS SECTION-2 MATERIALS PART A FERROUS MATERIAL PART B NON-FERROUS MATERIAL PART C SPECIFICATION OF WELDING RODS , ELECTRODES & FILLER METALS PART D PROPERTIES SECTION-3 RULES FOR CONSTRUCTION OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT COMPONENTS SECTION-4 RULES FOR CONSTRUCTION OF HEATING BOILERS
ASME SECTIONS
SECTION -5 NON-DESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION ARTICLE-2 RADIOGRAPHY TESTING ARTICLE-5- ULTRASONIC TESTING ARTICLE-6- PENETRANT TESTING ARTICLE-7- MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING ARTICLE-8- EDDY CURRENT TESTING ARTICLE-9-VISUAL TESTING ARTICLE-10 LEAK TESTING
ASME SECTIONS
SECTION-6 CARE & OPERATION OF POWER BOILERS SECTION-7- CARE & OPERATION OF HEATING BOILERS SECTION-8 BOILERS & PRESSURE VESSEL CODE SECTION-9 WELDING & BRAZING QUALIFICATION SECTION-10- RULES FOR CONSTRUCTION OF FRP VESSELS SECTION-11 RULES FOR INSERVICE INSPECTION OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT COMPONENTS SECTION-12- RULES FOR TRANSPORT OF STORAGE TANKS
ASME SEC-II (PART-C ) SPECIFICATION OF WELDING RODS , ELECTRODES & FILLER METALS
VISUAL TESTING
ONLY FOR SURFACE DISCONTINUTIES FOR ANY TYPE OF MATERIALS FOR ANY TYPE OF MANUFACTURING PROCESS TEMPERATURE IS NOT A CONSTRAINT BASIC TESTING ADVANCE EQUIPMENTS ARE MORE EXPENSIVE.
PENETRANT TESTING
ONLY FOR DISCONTINUTIES WHICH ARE OPEN TO SURFACE FOR NON-POROUS MATERIALS TEMPERATURE ( 10 DEG CENTIGRADE TO 50 DEG CENTIGRADE ) . HIGH TEMPERATURE PENETRANTS ( 200 DEG CENTIGRADE) SPECIAL TYPE OF MATERIALS AVAILIABLE. LESS EXPENSIVE & BETTER FOR FIELD USE PORTABLE CANS ARE AVAILIABLE TIME CONSUMING
RADIOGRAPHY TESTING
FOR SURFACE/NEAR SURFACE/ SUBSURFACE FOR ANY TYPE OF MATERIAL SAFETY RULES & REGULATIONS SHALL BE FOLLOWED MORE EXPENSIVE & TIME CONSUMING RADIATION IS DANGEROUS IF SAFETY IS NOT FOLLOWED LOCATION OF DISCONTINUITY DIRECT INDICATION
ULTRASONIC TESTING
FOR ANY TYPE OF DISCONTINUITY FOR ANY TYPE OF MATERIAL EXCEPT COARSE GRAINED MATERIAL ( EX:SS, CU) DEPTH OF DISCONTINUITY IMMEDIATE SIGNAL TESTING UNDER NORMAL TEMPERATURE SKILL IS REQUIRED INDIRECT INDICATION
Outline
Introduction to NDT Overview of Six Most Common NDT Methods Selected Applications
Definition of NDT
The use of noninvasive techniques to determine the integrity of a material, component or structure or quantitatively measure some characteristic of an object.
i.e. Inspect or measure without doing harm.
Methods of NDT
Visual
Leak Detection
Location Determination Dimensional Measurements
Fluorescent penetrant indication
Visual Inspection
Most basic and common inspection method. Tools include fiberscopes, borescopes, magnifying glasses and mirrors. Portable video inspection unit with zoom allows inspection of large tanks and vessels, railroad tank cars, sewer lines. Robotic crawlers permit observation in hazardous or tight areas, such as air ducts, reactors, pipelines.
Radiography
The radiation used in radiography testing is a higher energy (shorter wavelength) version of the electromagnetic waves that we see as visible light. The radiation can come from an X-ray generator or a radioactive source.
High Electrical Potential Electrons + -
Film Radiography
The part is placed between the radiation source and a piece of film. The part will stop some of the radiation. Thicker and more dense area will stop more of the radiation. The film darkness (density) will vary with the amount of radiation reaching the film through the test object. = less exposure
X-ray film
= more exposure
Top view of developed film
Radiographic Images
Coil
crack echo
crack
0 2 4 6 8 10
plate
Ultrasonic Imaging
High resolution images can be produced by plotting signal strength or time-of-flight using a computercontrolled scanning system.
Gray scale image produced using the sound reflected from the front surface of the coin
Gray scale image produced using the sound reflected from the back surface of the coin (inspected from heads side)
Probe
Signals produced by various amounts of corrosion thinning.
Aircraft Inspection
Nondestructive testing is used extensively during the manufacturing of aircraft. NDT is also used to find cracks and corrosion damage during operation of the aircraft. A fatigue crack that started at the site of a lightning strike is shown below.
Crash of United Flight 232 Sioux City, Iowa, July 19, 1989
A defect that went undetected in an engine disk was responsible for the crash of United Flight 232.
Rail Inspection
Special cars are used to inspect thousands of miles of rail to find cracks that could lead to a derailment.
Bridge Inspection
The US has 578,000 highway bridges. Corrosion, cracking and other damage can all affect a bridges performance. The collapse of the Silver Bridge in 1967 resulted in loss of 47 lives. Bridges get a visual inspection about every 2 years.
Some bridges are fitted with acoustic emission sensors that listen for sounds of cracks growing.
Pipeline Inspection
NDT is used to inspect pipelines to prevent leaks that could damage the environment. Visual inspection, radiography and electromagnetic testing are some of the NDT methods used.
Magnetic flux leakage inspection. This device, known as a pig, is placed in the pipeline and collects data on the condition of the pipe as it is pushed along by whatever is being transported.
Special Measurements
Boeing employees in Philadelphia were given the privilege of evaluating the Liberty Bell for damage using NDT techniques. Eddy current methods were used to measure the electrical conductivity of the Bell's bronze casing at a various points to evaluate its uniformity.