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Early Photoelectric Sensors

Early sensors used an incandescent bulb as the light source

Optical Device Response

Ultraviolet Visible Light Infrared

Sunlight

Photocell Response Green Blue LED LED

Phototransistor Response

Red LED Infrared LED

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

Wavelength (nanometers)

A Modulated (Pulsed) Light Source

Pulse Modulated Light

Emitter

Receiver

Advantages of LEDs
Solid State Reliability

Long Life

Vibration Resistant
Ability to Modulate

on off

Photoelectric Keys to Success:

Excess Gain

Excess Gain Formula

Excess Gain (E.G.) =

Light on Receiver Element Receivers Threshold

Guidelines For Excess Gain Values

1.5X 5X 10X 50X

Clean Air Slightly Dirty Moderately Dirty Very Dirty

Excess Gain Chart

Photoelectric Keys To Success:

Excess Gain
Contrast

Contrast
Light Level at Receiver in Light Condition Light Level at Receiver in Dark Condition

Contrast =

Contrast Values And Corresponding Guidelines

1.2 : 1 Unreliable for traditional photoelectrics, consider D12E or D11E or Less 1.2 : 1 Poor contrast, consider sensors with ac-coupled amplification to 2:1 2:1 to 3:1
Low contrast, sensing environment must remain clean and all other sensing variables must remain stable

Contrast Values And Corresponding Guidelines

3:1 to 10 : 1
Good contrast, minor sensing system variables will not affect sensing reliability

10 : 1
or Greater

Excellent contrast, sensing should remain reliable as long as the sensing system has enough excess gain for operation

Photoelectric Keys To Success:

Excess Gain
Contrast Effective Beam

Effective Beam Of Opposed Mode Sensors

Radiation Pattern Emitter Receiver

Effective Beam

Field-of-View

Effective Beam For Retroreflective Mode Sensor

Retroreflective Radiation Pattern and Field-of-View Target

Effective Beam

Retroreflective Sensor

Effective Beam Diffuse Sensing

Effective Beam

Object

Effective Beam is the Sensor Radiation Pattern

Effective Beam Convergent Sensing

Sensing Depth-of-Field

Area of Maximum Signal

Photoelectric Keys To Success:

Excess Gain
Contrast Effective Beam

Sensing Modes

Opposed Mode

Advantages
Most Reliable Sensing Mode Highest Excess Gain and Longest Range

Great Contrast When Sensing an Opaque Object

Concerns

May not Work with Transparent or Translucent Objects

Opposed Sensing Mode

Receiver

Emitter

Object

Excess Gain Chart

Typical Opposed Mode Beam Pattern

Opposed Mode Without Apertures

Proper Alignment
Radiation Pattern
Receiver

Field of View
Emitter

Effective Beam

Highest Optical Gain!

Opposed Mode With Apertures

Proper Alignment
Radiation Pattern
Receiver

Field-of-View
Emitter

Effective Beam

Narrow Beam Pattern

Opposed Mode Without Apertures

Misalignment
Radiation Pattern
Receiver

Field of View
Emitter

Effective Beam

Less Tolerant Of Misalignment

Aperture Examples
WORLD-BEAM

Aperture Application Example

Receiver

Emitter

Improperly Placed Bottle Cap Breaks Beam

Effective Beam With Unequal Lens Diameters

Receiver/Emitter with Large Lens

Emitter/Receiver with Aperture

Effective Beam is Cone-shaped Emitter/Receiver with Small Lens

Receiver/Emitter with Large Lens

Light Operate vs. Dark Operate Opposed Mode System

Light Operate Dark Operate

Output Energized when Beam is Unblocked, the Receiver Sees Light

Output Energized when Beam is Blocked, the Receiver Sees Dark

Retroreflective Mode

Advantages
Good Excess Gain and Range Great Contrast when Sensing an Opaque Object Only Need to Apply Power to One Side

Concerns

Not as Good as Opposed Mode in a Dirty Environment

Retroreflective Sensing Mode

Retro Target

QS18

Object

Retroreflective Blind Spot

Retroreflective Sensors with Separate Emitter and Receiver Lenses Have a Blind Spot at Very Close Range
Emitter Lens
Retro Target

Receiver Lens Retro Sensor Target Lens

Excess Gain Chart

Typical Beam Pattern Retroreflective Sensors

Extended Retroreflective Range

The Range of Most Retroreflective Sensors may be Extended by using Additional Retroreflective Target Area

Beam Size

Cluster of BRT-3 Retroreflectors Retroreflective Sensor

Use Of Skew Angle To Avoid Proxing

Conveyor Boxes with Shiny Vinyl Wrap
>10

Retroreflective Target
Skew Angle

Retroreflective Sensor

Reflected Light

Polarized Light
Retroreflector Retroreflector Light Reflected 90 by Corner-Cube Reflector will Pass thru Receive Filter

Shiny Object

Light Reflected in Phase by Shiny Object and Blocked by Receiver Filter

Emitted Light is Linearly Polarized

Excess Gain Chart

Light Operate vs. Dark Operate For A Retroreflective Mode Sensor

Retro Sensor Retro Target

Retro Target

Opaque Object

Opaque Object

Light Operate
The output is energized when the beam is unblocked, the sensor sees light

Dark Operate
The output is energized when an object blocks the light from reaching the retroreflective target. The sensor sees dark

Retroreflective Mode Alignment

Move Target Up-Down, Left-Right
Retro Target

Up Right Left Down

QS18LV

Diffuse Sensing Modes

Diffuse Mode

Advantages
Moderate Excess Gain and Range Good Contrast

No Need for Power or Reflector on Opposite Side

Concerns

Contrast and Sensing Distance Depends on Object Color and Reflectivity

Diffuse Sensing Mode

Object

Emitted Light

Received Light

Effective Beam Diffuse Sensing

Effective Beam

Object

Effective Beam is the Sensor Radiation Pattern

Relative Reflectivity Table

Material Kodak white test card White paper Masking tape Beer foam Clear plastic Reflectivity (%) 90% Excess Gain Reqd 1

80% 75% 70% 40%

1.1 1.2 1.3 2.3

Relative Reflectivity Table

Material Black anodized aluminum Reflectivity (%) 50% Excess Gain Reqd 1.8

Rough wood pallet

Natural aluminum, unfinished Stainless Steel, micro finish

20%
140%

4.5
0.6

400%

0.2

Relative Reflectivity Table

Material Black neoprene Black rubber tire Clear plastic bottle Reflectivity (%) 4% 1.5% 40% Excess Gain Reqd 22.5 60 2.3

For Materials with Shiny or Glossy Surfaces, the Reflectivity Figure Represents the Maximum Light Return, with the Sensor Beam Exactly Perpendicular to Material Surface

Excess Gain Chart

Typical Beam Pattern Diffuse Mode Sensors

Diffuse Sensing Of Shiny Surface Sensor Parallel For Reliable Detection

Reliable

Unreliable

Divergent Proximity Sensing Mode

Object

QS18

Minimum Distance To Reflective Background Surface For A Diffuse Mode Sensor

QS18VP6D Web Travel

Floor

3X min.
X = Distance From Sensor to Web
3X = Minimum Distance from Web to Floor

Fixed-Field Sensing Mode

Fixed-Field Sensing Mode

Receivers
Object A Lenses Object B

R1 R2
Emitter

E
Sensing Field
Object is Sensed if Amount of Light at R1 is Greater Than the Amount of Light at R2

Fill Level Application

Filler
Fixed-Field Sensor Emitter Coffee Can

Direction

Receiver

Light Operate vs Dark Operate

For a Proximity Mode Sensor (diffuse, divergent, convergent, and background suppression)

Reflective Object

Reflective Object

Light Operate
The output is energized when light is reflected directly from an object surface. The sensor sees light.

Dark Operate
The output is energized when no object is present in front of the sensor to return the emitted light. The sensor sees dark.

Convergent Sensing Mode

Convergent Mode

Advantages
Better Excess Gain and Contrast than Diffuse Mode Sensing No Need for Power or Reflector on Opposite Side

Concerns

Limited Range and Sensing Angle is More Critical on Shiny Objects

Convergent Beam Sensing Mode

Object

Sensing

Depth-of-Field

QS18

Focus

Excess Gain Chart

Beam Pattern

Convergent Beam Bottle Counting

Product Flow

Convergent Sensor

QS18

web

Register Mark Detection

SM312CV

Register Mark Label Convergent Spot Direction

NOTE SENSOR ANGLE

Fiber Optic Sensing Mode

Fiber Optic Sensing Mode

Custom Assemblies for Special Mounting Needs

Hazardous Locations Moves Light Signal in/out of Remote Locations

Withstands Shock and Vibration

Inherent Noise Immunity

Restricted Sensing Locations Smaller Size than Self-Contained Sensors

Glass Fiber Optic Construction

Stainless Steel Ferrule (Typical) Stainless Steel Interlock Sheathing

Optical Epoxy

Polished Surface

Individual Glass Strands

Packing Fraction
Individual Glass Strand Packing Fraction

~ 30% Signal Loss

Typical Individual Fiber Optic Assembly

Used for Opposed, Mechanical Convergent, Specular and Long Range Diffuse Sensing Modes

Typical Bifurcated Fiber Optic Assembly

Used for Diffuse and Retroreflective Sensing Two Branches are Randomly Mixed into One

Glass Fiber Optic Advantages

Extreme Temperature Applications -600F, 900 F all Metal Designs

Standard Temperatures -200 F to 480 F, -40 F to 220 F PVC, Phenolic Parts 400 F Maximum

Corrosive/Wet Environments
Profile Matching of Parts Possible Logic Functions Possible with Multi-Branched Models

Fiber Optic Concerns

System Cost
Loss of Excess Gain

Glass Fiber Optic Notes

Repeated Flexing Causes Fiber Breakage

Radiation will Darken Glass Fibers can not be Modified for Length

Plastic Fiber Optic Construction

Bare Monofilament Optical Fiber Polished Surface

Epoxy

Polyethylene Jacketed Optical Fiber Nickel Plated Brass Threaded Tip

Dummy Insert

Plastic Fiber Optic Advantages

Less Cost than Glass Fibers

Flexible-Coiled Models Less Signal Attenuation than Glass

Field Modifiable Length

Cutters Supplied with Each Cable Assembly

Plastic Fiber Optic Notes

IR Light not Transmitted well Through Plastic

Visible LEDs are Used Visible LEDs Have Less Optical Power than Infrared LEDs

Single Filament on Relatively Large Scale Glass .05 mm versus Plastic .25 mm, .50 mm, 1.0 mm, or .1.5 mm

Bend Radius of Cable Affects Transmission

Application Considerations

Environmental
Mechanical Mode

Interface
Logic Response Time

Environmental Considerations

Temperature
Shock & Vibration Chemicals or Radiation

Electrical Noise
Hazardous Gases, Liquids, Filings Dirt, Dust, Smoke, Spray, Washdown

Hazardous Area Sensing

Types Of Sensors For Hazardous Areas

Explosion Proof
Intrinsically Safe Namur

NEMA Ratings

NEMA 4 Hosedown
Stream of water 1 inch in diameter, at a rate of 65 gallons per minute, at a range of 12 feet, for a minimum 5 minutes

NEMA 4x Hosedown and Corrosion Same test as NEMA 4, and shall not rust when subjected to a salt spray (fog) test for 200 hours

NEMA Ratings

NEMA 6 Occasional Submersion

Submerge six feet under water for 30 minutes (includes NEMA 4)

NEMA 6P Prolonged Submersion Submerge Six feet under water for 24 hours (includes NEMA 4X)

Mechanical Considerations

Size
Angle Wiring Runs

Accessibility
Indicators

Sensing Mode Considerations

Opacity of the Target

Effective Beam Size Range

Contrast

Interfacing Considerations

Voltage to Power Sensor

Voltage Required for Load Current Draw of Load

Response Time of Load

Digital or Analog

Current Sinking Output

+V dc output dc common Load

To +V dc

To dc Common

Switching Element (NPN) Transistor

Current Sourcing Output

+V dc output dc common Load

To +V dc To dc Common

Switching Element (PNP) Transistor

Example Of A Solid-State Bipolar Output

+
+V dc

Out

Sensing Circuit
Out

Current Sourcing Output Current Sinking Output dc Common

Example Of Bi-Modal Output

Current Sourcing (PNP) Configuration
Sourcing Output ON

36V
Current Sense And Output Select Load Circuit Sinking Output OFF

Blue

Brown

Load Output

10-30V dc Supply Voltage

Example Of Solid-State Complementary Output

+
+V dc

NC

Sensing Circuit
NO

Normally Closed Output Normally Open Output dc Common

Logic Considerations

L/O or D/O
Single Sensor or Multiple Sensors Timing Delays or Holds

Response Time of Load

Common Timing Logic

One-Shot
ON-Delay OFF-Delay

One-Shot Logic

Signal

Output

ON-Delay Logic

Input

Output
Delay

OFF-Delay Logic

Input

Output
Hold Hold

Response Time Considerations

Width of Part
Linear Velocity Tr = W/V

Tr = Required Response Time

W = Width of Part V = Speed of Part

Calculating Response Time For Small Objects

Required Response Time

Equals
Width of Object Diameter of Effective Beam
Speed of the Object

Application Example
.55 Inch Diameter Pin
.5 Inch Diameter Effective Beam
100"/Sec. Pin

Emitter

Effective Beam

Receiver

Application Example
Required Sensor Response Time is Eased by Use of Apertures
Aperture Pin 100"/sec. Aperture

Emitter

.1" Effective Beam

Receiver

Required Sensor Response Time

Time of Dark Condition

Equals
Pin Diameter Effective Beam Diameter

Speed of the Pin through the Beam

Equals .55" - .1" = .45 inch 100 in./sec. =

100 in./sec.

4.5 Milliseconds

Measurement Arrays

Scan Analysis Modes

FBB First Beam Blocked

LBB Last Beam Blocked TBB Total Beams Blocked

CBB Contiguous Beams Blocked

FBM First Beam Made TBM Last Beam Made CBM Total Beams Made ALL All Data

VHS Vehicle Separation

Log Profiling

Hole-In-Web Application

Edge-Guiding

Paint Booth Profiling Applications

Laser Photoelectrics

Family

WORLD-BEAM Q12

WORLD-BEAM QS18

WORLD-BEAM QS30

LT7

LT3

Ultrasonic Sensors

U-GAGE T30U

Pump-In Application (switch #1 off)

Sensor

High Level (Near Limit)

Initial Level

2 2 Flow

Low Level (Far Limit)

Pump Control
1 2 3

Initial Tank Level Outputs are INACTIVE

Level Drops Below Far Limit Outputs ACTIVE Level Rises Above Near Limit Outputs DEACTIVATE
NOTE: If no echo is received by the sensor, the target is assumed to be beyond the far window limit.

Pump-Out Application (switch #1 on)

Sensor

2 2

High Level (Near Limit)

1 1

Initial Level

3 Flow

Low Level (Far Limit)

Pump Control
1

Initial Tank Level Outputs are INACTIVE Level Rises Above Near Limit Outputs ACTIVE

2
3

Level Drops Below Far Limit Outputs DEACTIVATE

NOTE: If no echo is received by the sensor, the target is assumed to be beyond the far window limit.

QT50U

QT50U Application
Pallet Load

QT50U Universal Supply Voltage Target Applications

Tank Level Detection or Measurement

Q45UR

Q45UR Has Automatic Windowing

Follows Same HOLD, CLICK, CLICK, Routine as other Banner Products

1. Set Window Size with DIP Switches 2. Set up Good Condition 3. Hold, Click, Click to TEACH the Nominal Good Distance

2 mm

1, 2, 3, or 4 mm Windows

Good

Bad

Bad

Q45UR And M18

Web Thickness

M18
Roll Diameter

S18U Applications

Minimum and Maximum Limits with Analog Model to Control a Clear Object Loop Retrosonic Sensing Presence of Objects Regardless of Part Shape or Orientation

QS18 Ultrasonic