Introduction to

Pneumatics
2
Air Production System
Air Consumption System
3
What can Pneumatics do?

Operation of system valves for air, water or chemicals
Operation of heavy or hot doors
Unloading of hoppers in building, steel making, mining and chemical industries
Ramming and tamping in concrete and asphalt laying
Lifting and moving in slab molding machines
Crop spraying and operation of other tractor equipment
Spray painting
Holding and moving in wood working and furniture making
Holding in jigs and fixtures in assembly machinery and machine tools
Holding for gluing, heat sealing or welding plastics
Holding for brazing or welding
Forming operations of bending, drawing and flattening
Spot welding machines
Riveting
Operation of guillotine blades
Bottling and filling machines
Wood working machinery drives and feeds
Test rigs
Machine tool, work or tool feeding
Component and material conveyor transfer
Pneumatic robots
Auto gauging
Air separation and vacuum lifting of thin sheets
Dental drills
and so much more new applications are developed daily

4
Properties of compressed air
Availability

Storage

Simplicity of design and control

Choice of movement

Economy


5
Properties of compressed air
Reliability

Resistance to Environment

Environmentally clean.

Safety

6
What is Air?
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide
Argon
Nitrous Oxide
Water Vapor
In a typical cubic foot of air ---
there are over 3,000,000
particles of dust, dirt, pollen,
and other contaminants.
Industrial air may be 3 times (or more)
more polluted.
The weight of a
one square inch
column of air
(from sea level
to the outer atmosphere,
@ 68
0
F, & 36% RH)
is 14.69 pounds.
7
Temperature C 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
g/m
3
n *
(Standard)
4.98 6.99 9.86 13.76 18.99 25.94 35.12 47.19 63.03
g/m
3

(Atmospheric)
4.98 6.86 9.51 13.04 17.69 23.76 31.64 41.83 54.11
Temperature C 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
g/m
3
n
(Standard)
4.98 3.36 2.28 1.52 1.00 0.64 0.4 0.25 0.15
g/m
3

(Atmospheric)
4.98 3.42 2.37 1.61 1.08 0.7 0.45 0.29 0.18
Temperature F 32 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
g/ft
3
*
(Standard) .137 .188 .4 .78 1.48 2.65 4.53 7.44 11.81
g/ft
3

(Atmospheric) .137 .185 .375 .71 1.29 2.22 3.67 5.82 8.94
Temperature F 32 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 40
g/ft
3

(Standard) .137 .126 .083 .053 .033 .020 .012 .007 .004
g/ft
3

(Atmospheric) .137 .127 .085 .056 .036 .023 .014 .009 .005
HUMIDITY & DEWPOINT
8
Pressure and Flow
Sonic Flow
Range
Q
n
(54.44 l / min)
S = 1 mm
2
0
20 40 80 100 120
60
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
(dm /min)
3
n Q
p (bar)
Example
P1 = 6bar
A P = 1bar
P2 = 5bar
Q = 54 l/min
(1 Bar = 14.5 psi)

P1
P2
9
Air Treatment
10
Compressing Air
One cubic foot of air
7.8 cubic feet of free air
One cubic foot of
100 psig
compressed air
(at Standard conditions)
with 7.8 times the
moisture and dirt
compressor
CFM vs SCFM
psig + 1 atm
1 atm
Compression
ratio
=
Compressed air is always related at Standard conditions.
11
Relative Humidity
Compressor
1 ft
3
@100 psig
195
0
F
100% RH
57.1
grams of
H
2
0

1 ft
3
@100 psig
77
0
F
100% RH
.73
grams of H
2
0
1 ft
3
@100 psig
-20
0
F
100% RH
.01
grams of
H
2
0
1 ft
3
@100 psig
77
0
F
0.15% RH
.01
grams of
H
2
0
56.37
grams of
H
2
0
.72
grams of
H
2
0
Adsorbtion Dryer Compressor
Exit
Reservoir
Tank
Airline
Drop
12
Air Mains
Ring
Main
Dead-End
Main
13
Pressure
It should be noted that the SI unit of pressure is the Pascal (Pa)
1 Pa = 1 N/m
2
(Newton per square meter)
This unit is extremely small and so, to avoid huge numbers in
practice, an agreement has been made to use the bar as a unit
of 100,000 Pa.
100,000 Pa = 100 kPa = 1 bar

Atmospheric Pressure
=14.696 psi =1.01325 bar =1.03323 kgf/cm
2
.


14
Isothermic change (Boyles Law)
with constant temperature, the pressure of a given mass of gas is inversely
proportional to its volume
P1 x V1 = P2 x V2

P2 = P1 x V1
V2

V2 = P1 x V1
P2
Example P2 = ?
P1 = Pa (1.013bar)
V1 = 1m
V2 = .5m

P2 = 1.013 x 1
.5
= 2.026 bar

15
Isobaric change (Charles Law)
at constant pressure, a given mass of gas increases in volume by 1 of its
volume for every degree C in temperature rise. 273

V1 = T1
V2 T2

V2 = V1 x T2
T1
T2 = T1 x V2
V1



Example V2 = ?
V1 = 2m
T1 = 273K (0C)
T2 = 303K (30C)

V2 = 2 x 303
273
= 2.219m
10
16
Isochoric change Law of Gay Lussac
at constant volume, the pressure is proportional to the temperature
P1 x P2
T1 x T2
P2 = P1 x T2
T1
T2 = T1 x P2
P1
Example P2 = ?
P1 = 4bar
T1 = 273K (OC)
T2 = 298K (25C)

P2 = 4 x 298
273
= 4.366bar
17
P1 = ________bar

T1 = _______C ______K

T2 = _______C ______K
18
400
2000
20000
250
500
1000
1500
2500
4000
5000
10000
15000
25000
40000
50000
100000
25 30
32 40 50 63 80
100
125 140 160 200 250 300
10 7 5
(bar)
p :
(mm)
F


(
N
)
1250
12500
5
4
2. 5
10
15
20
25
30
40
50
100
500
1000
250
2. 5 4 6 8 10 12 20 16
(mm)
F

(
N
)
125
150
200
400
300
12.5
19
Force formula transposed

D = 4 x FE
t x P

Example
FE = 1600N
P = 6 bar.
D = 4 x 1600
3.14 x 600,000
D = 6400
1884000
D = .0583m
D = 58.3mm
A 63mm bore cylinder would be selected.
20
Load Ratio
This ratio expresses the percentage of the
required force needed from the maximum
available theoretical force at a given
pressure.

L.R.= required force x 100%
max. available theoretical force

Maximum load ratios
Horizontal.70%~ 1.5:1
Vertical.50%~ 2.0:1
21
Cyl.Dia Mass (kg) | 60 45 30

0.01
0.2
0.01
0.2
0.01
0.2
0.01
0.2
25 100 4 80
50 2.2 40
25 (87.2) (96.7) 71.5 84.9 50.9 67.4 1 20
12.5 51.8 43.6 48.3 35.7 342.5 25.4 33.7 0.5 10
32 180 - - - - - 4.4 -
90 - - - - 2.2 43.9
45 - (95.6) - 78.4 (93.1) 55.8 73.9 1.1 22
22.5 54.9 47.8 53 39.2 46.6 27.9 37 0.55 11
40 250 3.9 78
125 (99.2) 2 39
65 72.4 (86) 51.6 68.3 1 20.3
35 54.6 47.6 52.8 39 46.3 27.8 36.8 0.5 10.9
50
400 -- - - - 4 79.9
200
- _ 2
40
100 (87) (96.5) 71.3 84.8 50.8 67.3 1 20
50 50 43.5 48.3 35.7 42.4 25.4 33.6 0.5 0
63 650 4.1 81.8
300 1.9 37.8
150 (94.4) 82.3 (91.2) 67.4 80.1 48 63.6 0.9 18.9
75 47.2 41.1 45.6 33.7 40.1 24 31.8 0.5 9.4
80 1000 3.9 78.1
500 2 39
250 (97.6) 85 (94.3) 69.7 82.8 49.6 65.7 1 19.5
125 48.8 42.5 47.1 34.8 41.4 24.8 32.8 0.5 9.8
100 1600 4 79.9
800 2 40
400 (87) (96.5) 71.4 84.4 50.8 67.3 1 20
200 50 43.5 48.3 35.7 42.2 25.4 33.6 0.5 10
Table 6.16 Load Ratios for 5 bar working pressure and friction coefficients of 0.01 and 0.2
22
Speed control
The speed of a cylinder is define by the
extra force behind the piston, above the
force opposed by the load

The lower the load ratio, the better the
speed control.
23
Angle of Movement
1. If we totally neglect friction, which cylinder diameter is needed to
horizontally push a load with an 825 kg mass with a pressure of 6 bar;
speed is not important.

2. Which cylinder diameter is necessary to lift the same mass with the
same pressure of 6 bar vertically if the load ratio can not exceed 50%.

3. Same conditions as in #2 except from vertical to an angle of 30.
Assume a friction coefficient of 0.2.

4. What is the force required when the angle is increased to 45?


24
b
c d
x
A
B
h
G
y
o
o
R
a
F = G
F = G
W =m/2 v a
2
F =G (sino + cos o)
a
d
b c
Y axes, (vertical lifting force).. sino x M
X axes, (horizontal lifting force).coso x x M
Total force = Y + X
= friction coefficients
25
Example
40o
F = ________ (N)
150kg
= .01
Force Y = sin o x M = .642 x 150 = 96.3 N

Force X = cos o x x M = .766 x .01 x 150 = 1.149 N

Total Force = Y + X = 96.3 N + 1.149 N = 97.449 N
26
_____o
F = ________ (N)
______kg
= __
Force Y = sin o x M =

Force X = cos o x x M =

Total Force = Y + X =
27
Temperature C 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
g/m
3
n *
(Standard)
4.98 6.99 9.86 13.76 18.99 25.94 35.12 47.19 63.03
g/m
3

(Atmospheric)
4.98 6.86 9.51 13.04 17.69 23.76 31.64 41.83 54.11
Temperature C 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
g/m
3
n
(Standard)
4.98 3.36 2.28 1.52 1.00 0.64 0.4 0.25 0.15
g/m
3

(Atmospheric)
4.98 3.42 2.37 1.61 1.08 0.7 0.45 0.29 0.18
13
28
Relative humidity (r.h.) = actual water content X
100% saturated quantity (dew point)

Example 1

T = 25C
r.h = 65%
V = 1m
From table 3.7 air at 25C contains
23.76 g/m

23.76 g/m x .65 r.h = 15.44 g/m
13
29
Relative Humidity Example 2
V = 10m
T1= 15C
T2= 25C
P1 = 1.013bar
P2 = 6bar
r.h = 65%
? H0
will condense out
From 3.17, 15C = 13.04 g/m
13.04 g/m x 10m = 130.4 g
130.4 g x .65 r.h = 84.9 g
V2 = 1.013 x 10 = 1.44 m
6 + 1.013
From 3.17, 25C = 23.76 g/m
23.76 g/m x 1.44 m = 34.2 g
84.9 - 34.2 = 50.6 g

50.6 g of water will condense out
13
30
V = __________m
T1= __________C
T2= __________C
P1 =__________bar
P2 =__________bar
r.h =__________%
? __________H0
will condense out
31
Formulae, for when more exact values are required
Sonic flow = P1 + 1.013 > 1.896 x (P2 + 1,013)
Pneumatic systems cannot operate under sonic flow conditions

Subsonic flow = P1 + 1.013 < 1.896 x (P2 + 1,013)

The Volume flow Q for subsonic flow equals:
Q (l/min) = 22.2 x S (P2 + 1.013) x A P


16
32
Sonic / Subsonic flow
Example

P1 = 7bar
P2 = 6.3bar
S = 12mm
l/min


P1 + 1.013 ? 1.896 x (P2 + 1.013)
7 + 1.013 ? 1.896 x (6.3 + 1.013)
8.013 ? 1.896 x 7.313
8.013 < 13.86 subsonic flow.
Q = 22.2 x S x (P2 + 1.013) x AP
Q = 22.2 x 12 x (6.3 + 1.013) x .7
Q = 22.2 x 12 x 7.313 x .7
Q = 22.2 x 12 x 5.119
Q = 22.2 x 12 x 2.26
Q = 602 l/min
16,17
33
P1 = _________bar

P2 = _________bar

S = _________mm

Q = ____?_____l/min
34
Receiver sizing
Example
V = capacity of receiver
Q = compressor output l/min
Pa = atmospheric pressure
P1 = compressor output
pressure
V = Q x Pa
P1 + Pa
If
Q = 5000
P1 = 9 bar
Pa = 1.013

V = 5000 x 1.013
9 + 1.013
V = 5065
10.013
V = 505.84 liters
22
35
29
36
29
37
30
38
Sizing compressor air mains
Example
Q = 16800 l/min
P1 = 9 bar (900kPa)
AP = .3 bar (30kPa)
L = 125 m pipe length
AP = kPa/m
L
l/min x .00001667 = m/s
30 = .24 kPa/m
125
16800 x .00001667 = 0.28 m/s
chart lines on Nomogram
31
39
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Line
Pressure
(bar)
3.0
1.0
2.0
1.5
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.15
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.25
1.75
2.5
2.25
p
kPa / m
= bar /100 m
Pipe Length
2
1
0.5
0.1
3
1.5
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.01
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.015
0.15
0.025
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
15
25
35
Inner Pipe Dia. ,
mm
Reference
Line
X
4"
3"
2.5"
2"
1.5"
1.25"
1"
3/4"
1/2"
3/8"
Q (m /s
3
n
33
40
Type of Fitting Nominal pipe size (mm)
15 20 25 30 40 50 65 80 100 125
Elbow 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.8 1.1 1.4 1.8 2.4 3.2
90* Bend (long) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.2 1.5
90* Elbow 1.0 1.2 1.6 1.8 2.2 2.6 3.0 3.9 5.4 7.1
180* Bend 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.1 1.2 1.7 2.0 2.6 3.7 4.1
Globe Valve 0.8 1.1 1.4 2.0 2.4 3.4 4.0 5.2 7.3 9.4
Gate Valve 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.9 1.2
Standard Tee 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.2 1.5
Side Tee 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.4 1.6 2.1 2.7 3.7 4.1 6.4
Table 4.20 Equivalent Pipe Lengths for the main fittings
34
41
Sizing compressor air mains
Example 2
Add fittings to example 1
From table 4.20
2 elbows @ 1.4m = 2.8m
2 90 @ 0.8m = 1.6m
6 Tees @ 0.7m = 4.2m
2 valves @ 0.5m = 1.0m
Total = 9.6m
125m + 9.6 = 134.6m
=135m

30kPa = 0.22kPa/m
135m
Chart lines on Nomogram
31
42
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Line
Pressure
(bar)
3.0
1.0
2.0
1.5
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.15
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.25
1.75
2.5
2.25
p
kPa / m
= bar /100 m
Pipe Length
2
1
0.5
0.1
3
1.5
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.01
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.015
0.15
0.025
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
15
25
35
Inner Pipe Dia. ,
mm
Reference
Line
X
4"
3"
2.5"
2"
1.5"
1.25"
1"
3/4"
1/2"
3/8"
Q (m /s
3
n
33
43
Q = 20,000 l/min
P1 = 10 bar (_________kPa)
AP = .5 bar (_________kPa)
L = 200 m pipe length

AP = kPa/m
L
l/min x .00001667 = m/s
Using the ring main example on page 29 size for the
following requirements:
44
Auto
Drain
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Refrigerated
Air Dryer
Compressor
Tank
a
a
a
a
a
b
b
b
c
d
Micro Filter
Sub-micro Filter
Odor Removal Filter
Adsorbtion Air
Dryer
Aftercooler
d
a
b
c
Auto
Drain
39
45
Example
P = 7 bar (700,000 N/m)
D = 63mm (.063m)
d = 15mm (.015m)
F = t x (D -d) x P
4
F = 3.14 x (.063 - .015) x 700,000
4
F = 3.14 x (.003969 - .0.000225) x 700,000
4
F = .785 x .003744 x 700,000
F = 2057.328 N
54
46
400
2000
20000
250
500
1000
1500
2500
4000
5000
10000
15000
25000
40000
50000
100000
25 30
32 40 50 63 80
100
125 140 160 200 250 300
10 7 5
(bar)
p :
(mm)
F


(
N
)
1250
12500
5
4
2. 5
10
15
20
25
30
40
50
100
500
1000
250
2. 5 4 6 8 10 12 20 16
(mm)
F

(
N
)
125
150
200
400
300
12.5
47
Example
M = 100kg
P = 5bar
C = 32mm
= 0.2

F = t/4 x Dx P = 401.9 N

From chart 6.16
90KG = 43.9% Lo.
To find Lo for 100kg
43.9 x 100 = 48.8 % Lo.
90
Calculate remaining force
401.9 x 48.8 (.488) = 196N
100
assume a cylinder efficiency of 95%
196 x 95 = 185.7 N
100
Newtons = kg m/s , therefor
185.7 N = 185.7 kg m/s
divide mass into remaining force
m/s = 185.7 kg m/s
100kg

= 1.857 m/s
48
M = _______kg

P = _______bar

C = _______mm

= 0.2

F = t/4 x Dx P = 401.9 N
49
Air Flow and Consumption
Air consumption of a cylinder is defined as:
piston area x stroke length x number of single strokes per minute x absolute pressure in bar.

Q = D (m) x t x (P + Pa) x stroke(m) x # strokes/min x 1000
4
50
Example.

C = 80
stroke = 400mm
s/min = 12 x 2
P = 6bar.
From table 6.19... C80 at 6 bar = 3.479 (3.5)l/100mm stroke

Qt = Q x stroke(mm) x # of extend + retract strokes
100
Qt = 3.5 x 400 x 24
100
Qt = 3.5 x 4 x 24

Qt = 336 l/min.
Working Pressure in bar
Piston dia. 3 4 5 6 7
20 0.124 0.155 0.186 0.217 0.248
25 0.194 0.243 0.291 0.340 0.388
32 0.319 0.398 0.477 0.557 0.636
40 0.498 0.622 0.746 0.870 0.993
50 0.777 0.971 1.165 1.359 1.553
63 1.235 1.542 1.850 2.158 2.465
80 1.993 2.487 2.983 3.479 3.975
100 3.111 3.886 4.661 5.436 6.211
Table 6.19 Theoretical Air Consumption of double acting cylinders from 20 to 100 mm dia,
in liters per 100 mm stroke
51
Peak Flow
For sizing the valve of an individual cylinder we need to
calculate Peak flow. The peak flow depends on the
cylinders highest possible speed. The peak flow of all
simultaneously moving cylinders defines the flow to which
the FRL has to be sized.

To compensate for adiabatic change, the theoretical
volume flow has to be multiplied by a factor of 1.4. This
represents a fair average confirmed in a high number of
practical tests.
Q = 1.4 x D (m) x t x (P + Pa) x stroke(m) x # strokes/min x 1000
4

52
Working Pressure in bar
Piston dia. 3 4 5 6 7
20 0.174 0.217 0.260 0.304 0.347
25 0.272 0.340 0.408 0.476 0.543
32 0.446 0.557 0.668 0.779 0.890
40 0.697 0.870 1.044 1.218 1.391
50 1.088 1.360 1.631 1.903 2.174
63 1.729 2.159 2.590 3.021 3.451
80 2.790 3.482 4.176 4.870 5.565
100 4.355 5.440 6.525 7.611 8.696
Table 6.20 Air Consumption of double acting cylinders in liters
per 100 mm stroke corrected for losses by adiabatic change
Example.

C = 80
stroke = 400mm
s/min = 12 x 2
P = 6bar
From table 6.20... C80 at 6 bar = 4.87 (4.9)l/100mm stroke

Qt= Q x stroke(mm) x # of extend + retract strokes
100
Qt = 4.9 x 400 x 24
100
Qt = 4.9 x 4 x 24

Qt = 470.4 l/min.

53
Formulae comparison
Q = 1.4 x D (m) x t x (P + Pa) x stroke(m) x # strokes/min x 1000
4

Q = 1.4 x .08 x .785 x ( 6 + 1.013) x .4 x 24 x 1000

Q = 1.4 x .0064 x .785 x 7.013 x .4 x 24 x 1000

Q = 473.54
54
Q = 1.4 x D (m) x t x (P + Pa) x stroke(m) x # strokes/min x 1000
4


C = _______mm

stroke = _______mm

s/min = _______ x 2

P =_______bar

55
Inertia
Example 1




m = 10kg
a = 30mm
j = ___?


J= m (kg) x a (m)
12
J= 10 x .03
12
J= 10 x .0009
12
J = .00075


a
56
Inertia
Example 2




m = 9 kg
a = 10mm
b = 20mm
J = ___?

J = ma x a + mb x b
3 3
J = 3 x .01 + 6 x .02
3 3
J = 3 x .0001 + 6 x .0004
3 3
J = .0001 + .0008

J = .0009
a b
57
a b
m = ________ kg

a = _________mm

b = _________mm

J = _________?

58
Valve identification
A(4) B(2)
EA P EB
(5) (1) (3)

59
Valve Sizing
The Cv factor of 1 is a flow capacity of
one US Gallon of water per minute, with
a pressure drop of 1 psi.
The kv factor of 1 is a flow capacity of
one liter of water per minute with a
pressure drop of 1 bar.
The equivalent Flow Section S of a
valve is the flow section in mm
2
of an
orifice in a diaphragm, creating the
same relationship between pressure
and flow.

60
Q = 400 x Cv x (P2 + 1.013) x AP x 273
273 + u

Q = 27.94 x kv x (P2 + 1.013) x AP x 273
273 + u

Q = 22.2 x S x (P2 + 1.013) x AP x 273
273 + u

1 Cv = 1 kv =
1 S =
The normal flow Q
n
for other various flow capacity units is: 981.5 68.85 54.44
The Relationship between these units is as follows: 1 14.3 18
0.07 1 1.26
0.055 0.794 1
61
Flow example
S = 35
P1 = 6 bar
P2 =5.5 bar
u = 25C
Q = 22.2 x S x (P2 + 1.013) x AP x 273
273 + u

Q = 22.2 x 35 x (5.5+ 1.013) x .5 x 273
273 + 25

Q = 22.2 x 35 x 6.613 x .5 x 273
298

Q = 22.2 x 35 x 6.613 x .5 x 273
298

Q = 22.2 x 35 x 1.89 x .957

Q = 1405.383


62
Cv = ________between 1 -5

P1 = ________bar

P2 = ________5 bar

u = ________C
63
Flow capacity formulae transposed
Cv = Q
400 x (P2 + 1.013) x AP

Kv = Q
27.94 x (P2 + 1.013) x AP

S = Q
22.2 x (P2 + 1.013) x AP


64
Flow capacity example
Q = 750 l/min
P1 = 9 bar
AP = 10%
S = ?
S = Q
22.2 x (P2 + 1.013) x AP
S = 750
22.2 x (8.1 + 1.013) x .9
S = 750
22.2 x 9.113 x .9
S = 750
22.2 x 2.86
S = 750 S = 11.81
63.49
65
Q = _________ l/min

P1 = _________ bar

AP = _________%

Cv = _________ ?
66
Orifices in a series connection
S total = 1
1 + 1 + 1
S1 S2 S3

Example
S1 = 12mm
S2 = 18mm
S3 = 22mm
S total = 1
1 + 1 + 1
12 18 22
S total = 1
1 + 1 + 1
144 324 484
S total = 1 = 1
.00694 + .00309 + .00207 .0121
S total = 9.09
67
Cv = _________

Cv = _________

Cv = _________

Cv total = ________
68
Tube Length in
m
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0.1 1 5 10 0.5 0.05 0.02 0.2 2
2
9
7.5
6
4
3
S mm
69
Tube Material Length Fittings Total
Dia. 1 m 0.5 m Insert type One Touch 0.5 m tube +
(mm) straight elbow straight elbow 2 strt. fittings
4 x 2.5 N,U 1.86 3.87 1.6 1.6 1.48
5.6 4.2 3.18
6 x 4 N,U 6.12 7.78 6 6 3.72
13.1 11.4 5.96
8 x 5 U 10.65 13.41 11 (9.5) 11 6.73
18 14.9 9.23
8 x 6 N 16.64 20.28 17 (12) 16 10.00
26.1 21.6 13.65
10 x 6.5 U 20.19 24.50 35 (24) 30 12.70
29.5 25 15.88
10 x 7.5 N 28.64 33.38 30 (23) 26 19.97
41.5 35.2 22.17
12 x 8 U 33.18 39.16 35 (24) 30 20.92
46.1 39.7 25.05
12 x 9 N 43.79 51.00 45 (27) 35 29.45
58.3 50.2 32.06
Table 7.30 Equivalent Flow Section of current tube connections
70
Average piston speed in mm/s
dia. mm 50 100 150 200 250 300 400 500 750 1000
8,10 0.1 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.75 1
12,16 0.12 0.23 0.36 0.46 0.6 0.72 1 1.2 1.8 2.4
20 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.6 2 3 4
25 0.35 0.67 1 1.3 1.7 2 2.7 3.4 5 6.7
32 0.55 1.1 1.7 2.2 2.8 3.7 4.4 5.5 8.5 11
40 0.85 1.7 2.6 3.4 4.3 5 6.8 8.5 12.8 17
50 1.4 2.7 4 5.4 6.8 8.1 10.8 13.5 20.3 27
63 2.1 4.2 6.3 8.4 10.5 12.6 16.8 21 31.5 42
80 3.4 6.8 10.2 13.6 17 20.4 27.2 34 51 68
100 5.4 10.8 16.2 21.6 27 32.4 43.2 54 81 108
125 8.4 16.8 25.2 33.6 42 50.4 67.2 84 126 168
140 10.6 21.1 31.7 42.2 52.8 62 84.4 106 158 211
160 13.8 27.6 41.4 55.2 69 82.8 110 138 207 276
Equivalent Flow Section in mm
2
Table 7.31 Equivalent Section S in mm
2
for the valve and the tubing, for
6 bar working pressure and a pressure drop of 1 bar (Q
n
Conditions)

71
Flow Amplification
72
Signal Inversion
73
green
red
Selection
74
green
red
Memory Function
75
Delayed switching on
76
Delayed switching off
77
Pulse on switching on
78
Pulse on releasing a valve
79
Direct Operation and Speed Control
80
Shuttle Valve
Control from two points: OR Function
81
Safety interlock: AND Function
82
Safety interlock: AND Function
1
3
2
83
Inverse Operation: NOT Function
84
P
A B
Direct Control
85
P
A B
Holding the end positions
86

Cam valve
Semi Automatic return of a cylinder
87

Repeating Strokes
88
3
1
2
4
2 4
Sequence Control
89
Commands
Signals Start
A+ B+ A- B-
b
0
b
1
a
0
a
1
b
1
A+
B+
b
0
a
1
A- B-
a
o
start
90
Pressure
Regulator
Regulator
with relief
ISO SYMBOLS for AIR TREATMENT EQUIPMENT
Water
Separator
Filter
Auto Drain
Air Dryer
Filter /
Separator
Filter /
Separator
w. Auto Drain
Multi stage
Micro Filter
Lubricator
Air
Heater
Heat
Exchanger
Air Cooler
Basic
Symbol
Differential
Pressure
Regulator
Pressure
Gauge
FRL Unit, detailed
FRL Unit,
simplified
Refrigerated
Air Dryer
Adjustable
Setting
Spring
Air Cleaning and Drying
Pressure Regulation
Units
91
Single Acting Cylinder,
Spring retract
Single Acting Cylinder,
Spring extend
Double Acting Cylinder Double Acting Cylinder with
adjustable air cushioning
Double Acting Cylinder,
with double end rod
Rotary Actuator,
double Acting
92
Return Spring (in fact not an
operator, but a built-in element)
Mechanical (plunger):
Roller Lever: one-way Roller Lever:
Manual operators: general: Lever:
Push Button: Push-Pull Button:
Detent for mechanical and manual operators (makes a monostable valve bistable):
Air Operation is shown by drawing the (dashed) signal pressure line to the side of
the square; the direction of the signal flow can be indicated by a triangle:
Air Operation for piloted operation is shown by a rectangle with a triangle. This
symbol is usually combined with another operator.
Direct solenoid operation solenoid piloted operation
93
Manual
Operation
Closed
Input
Input
connected to
Output
Return
Spring
Air Supply
Exhaust
Manually Operated,
Normally Open 3/2 valve
(normally passing)
with Spring
Return
Manual
Operation
Closed
Input
Input
connected to
Output
Return
Spring
OR
Mechanical
Operation
Input
connected to
Output
Input closed,
Output
exhausted
Return
Spring
Air Supply Exhaust
Mechanically
Operated, normally closed 3/2
(non-passing)
Valve with Spring Return
OR
Mechanical
Operation
Input
connected to
Output
Input closed,
Output
exhausted
Return
Spring
94
Manually operated Valves
detent, must correspond with valve position
no pressure
3/2, normally closed/normally open
pressure
bistable valves: both positions possible
3/2, normally closed
no pressure pressure
3/2, normally open
monostable valves never operated
Solenoids are never operated in rest
Air operated valves may be operated in rest
Electrically and pneumatically operated Valves
pressure
no pressure
pressure
Mechanically operated Valves
No valve with index "1" is operated.
no pressure
an
1
an
1
All valves with index "0" are operated.
an
0
pressure
an
0
no pressure
95
POWER Level
LOGIC Level
SIGNAL INPUT Level
First stroke of the cycle
Start
Memories,
AND's, OR's,
Timings etc.
A
A+
A-
B
B+ B-
Last stroke of the cycle
C
C
Codes: a , a , b , b , c and c .
1 0 1 0
1
0