INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR AND PERSONALITY Prepared By: Ramesh Raman Rajhan A.N Rohan. S.

Koipallil Rinju Thomas Kameshwar Swamy Noor Mohammad Ratanlal Gorain Roshan. P. Jacob

INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR ABILITY

HOW MUCH EVER MOTIVATED WE ALL MAY BE, WE MAY NOT

ACT AS WELL AS SHAH RUKH KHAN / HRITHIK ROSHAN, BAT AS WELL AS SACHIN TENDULKAR, WRITE AS WELL AS J.K.ROWLING, OR PLAY GUITAR AS WELL AS JIMI HENDRIX. EVERYONE HAS CERTAIN STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES IN TERMS OF ABILITY, THAT MAKE HIM/HER SUPERIOR/INFERIOR TO OTHERS IN PERFORMING CERTAIN TASKS OR ACTIVITIES. THE MANAGEMENTS ROLE IN AN ORGANISATION IS TO KNOW HOW PEOPLE DIFFER IN THEIR ABILITIES AND USING THIS KNOWLEDGE TO IMPROVE THE EMPLOYEES PERFORMANCE. INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR IS MAJORLY MEASURED BY ONES ABILITY.

INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR ABILITY

Ability means an individuals capacity to do the

various tasks in a job. Its a current assessment of what one can do. Ability is basically of two types a)Intellectual for mental activities like thinking, reasoning and problem-solving. b)Physical for physical activties.

INTELLECTUAL ABILITY
Numerical Aptitude Do speedy and accurate arithmetic (Eg.: Accountant computing Sales Tax on a set of items) Verbal Comprehension Understand what is read/heard and the relation between two or more words ( Eg. : Plant Manager following / implementing corporate policies) Perceptual Speed Identify visual similarities quickly & accurately( Eg.: Fire/Accident Investigators while identifying clues at the site of the fire/accident) Inductive Reasoning Identify logical sequence in a problem ( Eg.: Market Researcher to forecast future demand for a product ) Deductive Reasoning Use logic and assess the implications of an argument ( Eg.: Plant Supervisor choosing among different suggestion given by employees ) Spatial Visualization Imagine how an object would look, if its spatial orientation were changed ( Eg.: Interior Decorator, CAD Designer ) Memory Retain and recall past experiences ( Eg.: Salespersons remembering customer names, product list and specifications etc.)

PHYSICAL ABILITY
Dynamic Strength Exert muscular force repeatedly over a period of time ( Eg.: Daily Wage Labourers ). Trunk Strength Exert muscular strength using the trunk, particularly the abdominal muscles ( Eg.: Professional body-builders). Static Strength Exert force against external objects ( Eg.: Home re-locating assistants ). Explosive Strength Expend maximum energy in one or a few explosive acts.( Eg.: Professional Wrestlers ) Extent Flexibility Move the trunk and back muscles as far as possible ( Eg.: Yoga Experts ). Dynamic Flexibility Make rapid, repeated flexing movements ( Eg.: Dancers) Body C0-ordination Coordinate actions of different parts of the body ( Eg.: Circus Jugglers ). Balance Maintain equilibrium despite action of disruptive external forces.(Eg.: Tightrope walkers ) Stamina Exert prolonged effort over a period of time.(Eg.: Long distance runners/cyclists )

PERSONALITY

Mrs.Indira Nooyi, CEO and chairperson of PepsiCo. (worldwide), scores very highly on all aspects of personality. She is described as Sociable, Agreeable, Emotionally Stable, Conscientious and open to experiences, which helps her to be highly successful and well-performing at her job. She joined the company in 1994, as Senior Vice-President, Strategy & Development and was promoted to President & CFO, before moving into the top post at PepsiCo.

PERSONALITY
Why are some people quiet and passive, while others are aggressive? Are certain personality types better suited for some jobs rather than others?
It is a well known fact that our personalities shape our

behaviours.
A better understanding of ones personalities can help

to understand their behaviour

PERSONALITY
Dynamic concept describing the growth and

development of a persons psychological system. Gordon Allport Personality is the dynamic organisation within the individual, o those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustments to his environment. Sum Total of all the ways in which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.

PERSONALITY
Ways to measure personality: a)Self-Report Surveys: These are undertaken by the individual himself/herself. He/She is expected to give honest and conscientious answers. The drawback of this is that the person may not give a true picture or fake good to create a good impression on the management. Also, he/she may also have been in a good/bad mood while giving the survey, affecting the surveys accuracy. b)Observer Rating Surveys: Instead of the person himself/herself taking the survey, another un-biased person, like a co-worker, is asked to take the survey. One drawback is that the person may not know so much about the subject of the survey to comment on him. Moreover, if the subjects close friend/enemy takes the survey, he may again fake good / fake bad.

TYPES OF PERSONALITY
JUNGS TYPOLOGY

KRETSCHMERS TYPOLOGY
SHELDONS TYPOLOGY SPRENGERS TYPOLOGY

JUNGS TYPOLOGY
Envisaged by Carl Gustav Jung, a Swiss psychiatrist. He theorised that there were basically two types of personalities Introverts & Extroverts.

Introverts tend to be more reserved and less outspoken in large groups. They often take pleasure in solitary activities such as reading, writing, music, drawing, tinkering, playing video games, watching movies and plays, and using computers, along with some more reserved outdoor activities such as fishing. The archetypal artist, writer, sculptor, engineer, composer, and inventor are all highly introverted. An introvert is likely to enjoy time spent alone and find less reward in time spent with large groups of people, though he or she may enjoy interactions with close friends. Trust is usually an issue of significance: a virtue of utmost importance to an introvert choosing a worthy companion. They prefer to concentrate on a single activity at a time and like to observe situations before they participate, especially observed in developing children and adolescents. Extraverts tend to enjoy human interactions and to be enthusiastic, talkative, assertive, and gregarious. They take pleasure in activities that involve large social gatherings, such as parties, community activities, public demonstrations, and business or political groups. Politics, teaching, sales, managing and brokering are fields that favor extraversion. An extraverted person is likely to enjoy time spent with people and find less reward in time spent alone. They tend to be energized when around other people, and they are more prone to boredom when they are by themselves. Ambiversion is a term used to describe people who fall more or less directly in the middle and exhibit tendencies of both groups. An ambivert is normally comfortable with groups and enjoys social interaction, but also relishes time alone and away from the crowd.

KRETSCHMERS TYPOLOGY
Envisaged by Ernst Kretschmer, a German psychiatrist. Kretschmer divided personality into two "constitutional groups":

Schizoid and Cycloid The Schizoids consist of the Asthenic and the Cycloids consist of the Atheletic & Pycnic types of personality. Persons with Asthenic Personality will have chronic weakness, easy fatigability, sense of vulnerability, little ambition or aggression. Persons with Pycnic Personality will have chronic obesity, perpetual laziness and resist from any physical activity/exercise. Persons with Athletic Personality are neither too thin nor obese. They have a fit /trim body and undertake regular physical activity and are always healthy.

SHELDONS TYPOLOGY
Envisaged by William Herbert Sheldon, an American

Psychologist. Sheldon assigned people into three categories Endomorphic, Mesomorphic, and Ectomorphic. Ectomorphic: characterized by long and thin muscles/limbs and low fat storage; usually referred to as slim. Ectomorphs are not predisposed to store fat or build muscle. Mesomorphic: characterized by medium bones, solid torso, low fat levels, wide shoulders with a narrow waist; usually referred to as muscular. Mesomorphs are predisposed to build muscle but not store fat. Endomorphic: characterized by increased fat storage, a wide waist and a large bone structure, usually referred to as fat. Endomorphs are predisposed to storing fat.

SPRENGERS TYPOLOGY
There are 5 types of Sprenger personalities Theoretical, Economic, Aesthetic, Political, Social & Religious. Economic personalities are very money-minded. All they think about is MONEY how to make more & more money. Stock-brokers are an example of this type. Theoretical personalities are always theory/fact oriented. All they think about are FACTS/THEORIES. They are inquisitive by nature and try to always learn new things. Scientists are an example of this type. Aesthetic personalities are always beauty-oriented. All they think about is BEAUTY. Painters are an example of this type. Political personalities are always politics-oriented. All they think about is POLITICS. They always take part in political rallies/demonstrations and show keen interest in the political scenario of their country/the world. Social personalities are always society-oriented. All they think about is SOCIETY. They always take part in issues concerning the social development and always think of the benefit of the society at large. Anna Hazare is an example of such a person. Religious personalities are always religion-oriented. All they think about is RELIGION. They always take part in religious rallies and want to learn more about other religions.

MYERS-BRIGGS TYPE INDICATOR (MBTI)

Psychometric questionnaire designed to measure psychological

preferences in how people perceive the world and make decisions. Originally developed by Katharine Cook Briggs and her daughter, Isabel Briggs Myers, during World War II. MBTI sorts some of these psychological differences into four opposite pairs, namely: 1.Extraverted(E) Vs Introverted (I) 2.Sensing(S) Vs Intuitive (N) 3.Thinking(T) Vs Feeling(F) 4.Judging(J) Vs Perceiving(P)

MBTI

People who prefer extraversion draw energy from action: they tend to act, then reflect, then act further. If they are inactive, their motivation tends to decline. To rebuild their energy, extraverts need breaks from time spent in reflection. Conversely, those who prefer introversion expend energy through action: they prefer to reflect, then act, then reflect again. To rebuild their energy, introverts need quiet time alone, away from activity. The Individuals who prefer sensing are more likely to trust information that is in the present, tangible and concrete: that is, information that can be understood by the five senses. They tend to distrust hunches, which seem to come "out of nowhere. They prefer to look for details and facts. On the other hand, those who prefer intuition tend to trust information that is more abstract or theoretical, that can be associated with other information (either remembered or discovered by seeking a wider context or pattern). They may be more interested in future possibilities. They tend to trust those flashes of insight that seem to bubble up from the unconscious mind. Those who prefer thinking tend to decide things from a more detached standpoint, measuring the decision by what seems reasonable, logical, causal, consistent and matching a given set of rules. Those who prefer feeling tend to come to decisions by associating or empathizing with the situation, looking at it 'from the inside' and weighing the situation to achieve, on balance, the greatest harmony, consensus and fit, considering the needs of the people involved. Judging personalities want control and prefer their world to be ordered and structured.Perceiving types are flexible and spontaneous.

BIG FIVE PERSONALITY TRAITS

Five broad domains or dimensions of human personality. The Big five factors are Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion,

Agreeableness, and Neuroticism (OCEAN) Openness Appreciation for art, emotion, adventure, unusual ideas, curiosity, and variety of experience. Conscientiousness Tendency to show self-discipline, act dutifully, and aim for achievement; planned rather than spontaneous behaviour. Extraversion - Tendency to seek stimulation in the company of others. Agreeableness Tendency to be compassionate and cooperative rather than suspicious and antagonistic towards others. Neuroticism Tendency to experience unpleasant emotions easily, such as anger, anxiety, depression, or vulnerability.

OTHER MISC.PERSONALITY TYPES

Machiavellianism
Narcissm Self-Monitoring

Risk-Taking
Type A & Type B Pro-Active High-Flyers

MISC. PERSONALITY TYPES

Machiavellianism - Used to describe a person's tendency to deceive

and manipulate other people for their personal gain. Narcissism - Willingness to exploit others, and an inflated sense of self-importance and selfishness. Self-Monitoring - Tendency to closely monitor oneself in order to ensure appropriate or desired public appearances. Risk-Taking Willingness to take chances, fully aware of the consequences. Such people take quick decisions. Pro-Active - Anticipatory, change-oriented and self-initiated behavior in the work place. Proactive behaviour involves acting in advance of a future situation, rather than just reacting. It means taking control and making things happen rather than just adjusting to a situation or waiting for something to happen. High-Flyers People with executive potential. They may take up critical leadership positions/roles.

TYPE A & TYPE B PERSONALITIES

Type A individuals are ambitious, aggressive, business-like,

controlling, highly competitive, impatient, preoccupied with his or her status and time-conscious. People with Type A personalities are often high-achieving "workaholics" who multi-task, push themselves with deadlines, and hate both delays and ambivalence,which causes stress and an achievement-driven mentality. Type B individuals are a perfect contrast to those with Type A personalities. People with Type B personalities are generally patient, relaxed, easy-going, and at times lacking a sense of urgency.

DETERMINANTS OF PERSONALITY
DETERMINANTS OF PERSONALITY

BIOLOGICAL OR INNATE

SOCIAL OR ENVIRONMENTAL

BIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS

Heredity Brain Physical features Glands( Thyroid, Adrenal, Pituitary, Pineal etc.) Non hereditary biological factors: Food deprivation Drugs

SOCIAL DETERMINANTS
I.

II.
III. IV.

V.
VI.

First five years of life Home influence Neighbourhood School Economic factor Cultural factors

CONCLUSION
We have thus seen the various types of personalities.
We have realised the importance of the management

making a correct assessment of an employees personality type. Correct identification of the personality type will lead to both individual and organisational growth.