Aggregates

Bituminous (asphalt) or Portland cement concrete pavement Good quality (AASHTO standard or Item 7-3 of DPWH)
The aggregates shall consist of hard durable particles or fragments of crushed stone, crushed slag, or crushed rock or natural gravel

Aggregates

How to test for good quality:

1. Test for strength 2. Test for soundness 3. Test for affinity and swell 4. Test for shape and texture. 5. Test for resistant to polishing 6. Degradation Test

Aggregates

1.) TEST OF STRENGTH

Rattler test
1. Cylinder is rotated 500 revolutions at speed of 30 to 33 rounds per minute. 2. After testing the sample will pass on to No. 12 sieve. 3. The FHWA recommended that aggregates for a dense graded mixture shall have 50 or less coefficient of wear. 4. For open graded mixture, the requirement is 40 or less.

Aggregates

2.)TEST FOR SOUNDNESS

Soundness - resistance of materials to deterioration

from the effect of action (ex: freezing and thawing)

The common test for soundness is the application with

sodium or magnesium sulfate.

Aggregates

3.)TEST FOR AFFINITY AND SWELL

Strong and durable pavement must have binder that

adhere or stick firmly to the aggregate particles. Or else

The pavement will disintegrate under traffic Pavement is to pit when aggregates are pulled off by running wheels

Hydrophilic - when the aggregate has greater affinity for

water than asphalt.

Aggregates

4.)TEST FOR SHAPE AND TEXTURE

Concrete: rounded, smooth surface Pavement: angular, cubical, rough surface

(!) Avoid thin or elongated piece of dirt

Note: AASHTO Standard Specification for asphalt pavement aggregate has no specific stipulation as to the control of the shape or surface texture.

Aggregates

5.)TEST FOR RESISTANCE TO POLISHING

high coefficient of friction between the tire and the road surface.
A good asphalt or concrete road design is when the rubber

tire is in direct contact with the aggregate and not with the binder

Aggregates

6.)TEST FOR DEGRADATION

Measured through mechanical agitation in water under

designation test T-210 of AASHTO.

Aggregates

7.)PARTICLE SIZE
1. Dense graded pavement ranges from coarse to dust. 2. Open graded pavement one or more layer of the coarse rock is uniform in size 3. Sheet asphalt carefully graded sand and mineral dust.

Aggregate for Bituminous Pavement

88% to 96% by weight or more than 75% by volume.
AASHTO standard specifications provides: The aggregates shall consist of hard, durable particles of fragments of stone or gravel and sand or other fine mineral particles free from vegetable matter and lumps or balls of clay and of such nature that it can be compacted readily to form a firm, stable layer.

Aggregate for Bituminous Pavement

1. Coarse aggregate material retained on 2.00mm No. 10 sieve shall have a mass percent of wear by not more than 45. 2. When crushed aggregate is specified, not less than 50 mass percent of the particles retained on the 4.75mm (No. 4) sieve shall have at least one fractured face.

3. The fraction passing the 0.75mm (No.200) sieve should not be greater than 2/3 of the fraction passing the 0.425mm (No.40) sieve. 4. The fraction passing the 0.75mm (No.40) sieve shall have a liquid limit not greater than 35 and a plasticity index range of 4 to 9 when tested by AASHTO T-89 and T-90.

- DPWH

Aggregate for Portland Cement Concrete Pavement

High quality concrete
Pass tests for strength, soundness, wear or the combination of these three.
1.

The presence of organic impurities may cause slow or non-hardening of the concrete.

AASHTO T-21 standard test:

Aggregate + mixture of sodium hydrochloride solution = when the treated aggregate turns dark = presence of organic materials

Aggregate for Portland Cement Concrete Pavement

2. The strength is measured by the compression tests of sand-cement mortar. 3. Soundness is measured by the resistance to deterioration under the action of Sodium or Magnesium Sulfate (5 cycles). AASHTO specification of maximum loss: 10%.

4. For Coarse aggregate the requirement consists of crushed stone, gravel blast furnace, slag, or approved inert materials of similar characteristics or combination thereof having hard, strong durable pieces free from adherent coatings.

Aggregate for Portland Cement Concrete Pavement

The DPWH Standard Specifications classify aggregate under item 703 and specifically provides that:
1.

Aggregate shall consist of hard, durable particles or fragments of crushed stone, crush slug or natural gravel. Coarse Aggregate material retained on the 2.00 mm (No. 10) sieve and shall have a percentage of water not more than 50 for sub-base and not more than 45 for base and surface courses (AASHTO designation test T96).

2.

Aggregate for Portland Cement Concrete Pavement

3. Fine aggregate material passing the No. 10 sieve consisting of natural crushed sand and fine mineral particles. The fraction passing the 0.075mm (N0.200) sieve should not be greater than 0.66 (2/3) of the fraction passing the 0.425mm (No. 40) sieve. 4. Base Course the fraction passing the 0.425mm (No. 40) sieve shall have a liquid limit of not more than 25 and a plastic index not greater than 6. For sub-base course, the liquid limit should not be greater than 35, and plastic index not greater than 12.

5. Surface Coarse - the fraction passing the 0.425mm (No. 40) sieve shall have a liquid limit not more than 35 and plasticity index not less than 4 nor exceed 9.

Mineral Filler
Graded mixture + dust additives = increase in the strength of road pavement
Dust additives (mineral filler) reduces the void contents

in the mixture
Classifications: 1. Finely powdered limestone 2. Slag 3. Hydrated Lime 4. Portland Cement 5. Trap rock dust 6. Fly ash

Mineral Filler
DPWH Standard Specifications:
Mineral filler shall consist of finely divided mineral matter

such as rock dust, slag dust, hydrated lime, hydraulic cement, fly ash or other suitable mineral matter. It shall be free from organic impurities and at the time of use shall be sufficiently dry to flow freely and shall be essentially free from agglomerations

AASHTO M-17 (Percentage passing): No. 30 (0.66mm) sieve 50 No. 50 (0.30mm) sieve 95-100 No. 200 (0.075mm) sieve 70-100

Bituminous Material
- is a viscous liquid used as binder for aggregates in road

construction
1. Bituminous material is in liquid form when mixed or combined with aggregates.
Produced by: heating the hard asphalt, by dissolving in solvent or by emulsifying in water

Bituminous Material
2. Asphalt binder

(action) depends on its type and the aggregate it is combined with (purpose) to resist the abrasive force brought about by heavy traffic.
3. Road pavement Coarse particles and asphalt - heavy binder is needed requiring more asphalts. Fine particles - cohesion will be developed by surface tension in the thin asphalt film; less viscous asphalt is required.

Bituminous Binders
Asphalt cement
- binder for almost all high types of bituminous pavement - is a semi-solid hydrocarbon retained after fuel and lubricating oils are removed from petroleum Softest grade: 200-300 penetration Hardest grade: 60-70 penetrations
Penetration - consistencies of asphalt cement (AASHTO-

T49). Grading procedure: Viscosity Test > Penetration Test

Bituminous Binders
CUTBACK OR LIQUID ASPHALT
1. Liquid asphalt - petroleum product consisting of asphalt cement with a liquid distillate (diesel, kerosene or gasoline)
Disadvantages of cutback:
A. It is a usable fuel B. It is an air pollutant

3. Classifications:
A. Slow curing (SC) road soil B. Medium curing (MC) cutback asphalt C. Rapid Curing (RC) cutback asphalt

Bituminous Binders
Emulsified Asphalt
- A kind of mixture wherein the minute globules of

asphalt disperses in water

- Asphalt content: 55%-70% by weight - Emulsion: applied or mixed at normal temperature

Characteristics:
1. Excellent with wet aggregate 2. Alternate to cutback asphalt 3. The Cationic Emulsion 4. Rejuvenating Agent

Bituminous Binders
Bitumen Rubber Mixture
1929, Holland: experimentation of bitumen rubber

mixture for road pavement Concept was adopted in US and European countries (1947)
An appraisal of the real economic value of the addition of rubber to asphalt must wait on further observation of the behavior of experimental pavements under the influence of age, weather and traffic.

Bituminous Binders
Epoxy Resin as Binders
produced in a clear, dark, rigid and flexible form for

application to either concrete or asphalt pavement Hardening: resin + catalyst hardener = thermosetting
* It will not soften under the influence of heat or the action of solvent like water or petroleum products

Bituminous Binders
Test for Bituminous Binders
1. Test of consistency is subdivided into:
A. Kinematics Viscosity test AASHTO T-202 B. Saybolt-Fural test AASHTO T-72 C. Engler specific gravity test AASHTO T-54 D. The float test AASHTO T-50 E. Penetration test AASHTO T-49 F. Softening point test AASHTO T-53

Bituminous Binders
Test for Bituminous Binders 2. Test for durability AASHTO T-52 3. Test for solubility AASHTO T-44 4. Distillation test AASHTO T-78 5. Thin film oven test AASHTO T-179 6. Flashpoint AASHTO T-48-79 7. Test for homogeneity of petroleum asphalt AASHTO 102

Bituminous Binders Test for Bituminous Binders

8. Special test for Emulsion asphalt AASHTO T-59
A. Test for demulsibility B. Test for settlement C. Sieve test D. Cement mixing test E. Particle charge and PH tests F. Miscibility and freezing test

John Anzel S. Buena

4 CE- D