DENSE WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (DWDM)

BY AKASH BHARTI EC-09 0901431007

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Introduction
Configurations of DWDM Systems Components of DWDM DWDM Design Considerations Summary

Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) is a fiber-optic transmission technique that employs multiple light wavelengths to transmit in parallel through a single fiber.

4 Ch p-2-p system
WDM

TM 16 TM
16 TM 16 TM 16
8 2

STM-16 STM-16 STM-16

4 * STM-16 = 10 Gb/s

TM 16 TM 16 TM 16 TM 16

WDM

STM-16

WDM

TM 16
TM 16 TM 16

STM-16

8 Ch range extended by OA
8 * STM-16 = 20 Gb/s

STM-16 STM-16

ILA

8 * STM-16 = 20 Gb/s

TM 16
WDM TM 16 TM 16

2 1

32 2

WDM

TM 16 TM 16 TM 16

32 Ch system with 80Gbps capacity and OAD feature

STM-16

TM 16 TM 16 TM 16

32 2 1

WDM

32 * STM-16 = 80 Gb/s

32 * STM-16 = 80 Gb/s

STM-16 STM-16

OAD

 STM-1 frame
1 2 1 9 10 11 270

RSOH
4

AU-n pointers

MSOH
9

P O H

STM-1 PAYLOAD

C-4
AU-4 VC-4
125s

Early WDM (late 80s)

Two widely separated wavelengths (1310, 1550nm)

Second generation WDM (early 90s)

Two to eight channels in 1550 nm window 400+ GHz spacing

DWDM systems (mid 90s)

16 to 40 channels in 1550 nm window 100 to 200 GHz spacing

Next generation DWDM systems

64 to 160 channels in 1550 nm window 50 and 25 GHz spacing
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Time Division Multiplexing(TDM)

SDH is the standardized TDM based hierarchial model where the following transmission rates are defined:
STM-1: 155 Mbps STM-4: 622 Mbps STM-16: 2.5 Gbps STM-64: 10 Gbps STM-256: 40 Gbps

So
combining many wavelength onto a single fiber using:

Wavelength Division Multiplexing(WDM)

number of wavelength channels > 16

Dense WDM DWDM

Why WDM?
Capacity upgrade- using existing fiber networks
(without adding new fibers).

Transparency- DWDM optical channels can carry

any transmission format, supporting TDM (SDH/SONET)

different asynchronous formats, ATM, Gigabit Ethernet, ESCON, etc.

Low initial cost- Set up with minimum configuration

Wavelength routing and switching- Wavelength is
used as another dimension to time and space.
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WDM Features
Fully utilizes fiber bandwidth resource Super-long-transmission distances (EDFA technology) Support hybrid of transmission formats Easy upgrade/expansion Saving fiber resources (more ls) Utilizing TDM technology(SDH) Forming full Optical networks (OADM & OXC)
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Types of WDM System

WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing)

Used two wavelengths ; one in 1310 nm window and other in 1550 nm window, in the initial wavelength division multiplexing case.

Coarse WDM (CWDM)

The CWDM technology refers to the WDM technology with large interval (usually greater than 20 nm) between adjacent wavelengths. Usually, its wavelength quantity is 4 or 8 (16 at most). It uses 1270nm-1610 nm windows.

Dense WDM (DWDM)

DWDM spaces the wavelengths more closely. Therefore, DWDM has a greater overall capacity. DWDM common spacing may be 200, 100, 50, or 25 GHz with a channel count reaching upto 160 channels at distances of several thousand kilometers, with amplification and regeneration along such a route. 11

Variants of DWDM System

Two Variants of DWDM:

Long Haul DWDM Basically P2P system for Long-Haul application. Metro DWDM (Short Haul)

For Metro area application. Can be configure into a ring network complete with protection mechanism.

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Short-haul Solutions
D2 TRP

. . . .
D2 TRP

MUX

100 km

DEMUX

. . . .

AUX-alarms

Low cost Tx transponders or SDH integrated transmitters Low loss Mux/Demux

Metro DWDM is an emerging market for next generation DWDM equipment The value proposition is very different from the long haul Rapid-service provisioning Protocol/bit-rate transparency
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Long-haul Systems
D10 TRP

. . . .
D10 TRP

Rx TRP

. . . . . . . . . 640km

. . . .
Rx TRP

OSC Network Management

OSC

OSC Network Management

Longhaul Tx transponders or integrated transmitters Booster and preamp allows low cost mux/demux Remote management (OSC). Optical layer performance supervision may be included 14

l1 850/1310 15xx l2 l3 l1...n

Transponder Optical Multiplexer

l1 l2 l3 l1...n

l1 l2 l3

Optical De-multiplexer Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer (OADM) 15

Optical Amplifier (EDFA)

Optical Attenuator Variable Optical Attenuator

Dispersion Compensator (DCM / DCU)

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DWDM Network Elements

Transponder at Transmit side Transponder at Receive side

?? ??
MUX
OADM EDFA EDFA

??
DEMUX

??

?n
Optical Add-Drop Multiplexer (OADM)

?n

A transponder-convert a wavelength to another wavelength The wavelength converted be used by the DWDM system
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Transponder
A transponder is basically a module that can convert a wavelength to another wavelength which can be used by the DWDM system. It also does the 3R or 2R function.
The 3Rs Regeneration Reshaping Retiming

l1

3R/2R

l2

Transmit Transponder emits one specific

wavelength perform 3Rs Relatively high cost

Receive Transponder
accept any wavelength perform 2Rs (generally) Relatively lower cost 18

Isolator

Coupler

Coupler Erbium-Doped Fiber (1050m)

Isolator

Pump Laser

Pump Laser (980/1480 nm)

Pump Laser

Simple device consisting of four parts: Erbium-doped fiber - unstable Erbium ions release energy Two optical pumps (1480/980nm) to stimulate erbium atoms to release stored energy at 1550nm. A coupler to combines signal light and pump light An isolator to suppress reflections for stable working

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Optical Add-Drop Multiplexer (OADM)

Similar to SDH ADM,except only optical wavelength are added and dropped with no O-E conversion. Allow adding and dropping of channels at station.
Demultiplexer Multiplexer

Multi- l in Single Fiber

l1 l2 l3 l4

l1 l2 l3 l4

Multi- l out Single Fiber

ln

ln
Transponder
Dropped ls Adding ls

Local ports

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Non DWDM Laser Fabry Perot

Power lc

DWDM Laser Distributed Feedback (DFB)

Power lc

Spectrally broad Uses LED with mirrors Unstable center/peak wavelength Low cost, used at client end of TRP

Dominant single laser line(50khz) Stable wavelength Higher power, used in DWDM

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 Transmission

Challenges

Unidirectional
Protection

vs. Bidirectional

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Attenuation:
Reduction of power level with distance

Dispersion and nonlinear effects:

Erodes clarity with distance and speed

Noise and Jitter:

Leading to a blurred image

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(Jitter: Random shift in correct timing of a bit)

DWDM systems can be implemented in two different ways

Uni-directional:
wavelengths for one direction travel within one fiber two fibers needed for full-duplex system
l1 l3 l5 l7 l2 l4 l6 l8

Fiber

l2 l4 l6 l8

l1 l3 l5 l7

Fiber

Uni -directional

Bi-directional:
a group of wavelengths for each direction single fiber operation for fullduplex system
Fiber
l5 l6 l7 l8 l1 l2 l3 l4

Bi -directional

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Uni-directional 32 channels system

Full band

32 ch full duplex

32 l 32 l Channel Spacing 100 GHz

Full band

Bi-directional 32 channels system

Blue-band

16 ch full duplex

16 l 16 l 16 l

16 l Channel Spacing 100 GHz

Red-band

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Network survivability => ability of a network to

continue to provide a service even after a failure

occurrence within the network

Failures in networks are bound to happen

Fiber cuts or breaks Node failure e.g. total power failure Wavelength channel outage e.g. faulty

transmitter Human error e.g. incorrect configuration or wrong unit

DWDM provides hundreds of Gbps of scalable transmission capacity today Better use of existing fiber bandwidth Allows fast expansion of capacity on existing routes 32Channels@ 10Gbit/s 320 Gbit/s on a single fiber pair Allows multiple clients to be carried directly and in parallel on the same fiber Saves time & cost of laying new fibers System upgrade can maximize existing investment protection High reliability and flexibility of networking Compatible all-optical exchange 27

Application codes
Max number of spans Max Bit rate e.g STM-16
Fibre types; 2: G652, Standard SM Fibre 3: G653 Dispersion shifted fibre 5:G655 Dispersion Flattened fibre

n W X - y, z
Number of optical channels L (Long Haul) = 22dB span or V (Very Long Haul) = 33dB span

e.g.
=

32 L 4 -16,2
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32 channels, 22dB span att., 4 spans, STM-16, Standard Fibre

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