2.

2 Construct a Local Wired Network

MAC address of a host using ipconfig/all command (1)

MAC, Media Access Control, address is a globally unique identifier assigned to network devices, and therefore it is often referred to as hardware or physical address.
MAC addresses are 6-byte (48-bits) in length, and are written in MM:MM:MM:SS:SS:SS format.

The first 3-bytes are ID number of the manufacturer, which is assigned by an Internet standards body. The second 3-bytes are serial number assigned by the manufacturer.

MAC address of a host using ipconfig/all command (2)

MAC layer represents layer 2 of the TCP/IP (adopted from OSI Reference Model), where IP represents layer 3.
MAC address can be thought of as supporting hardware implementation whereas IP address supports software implementation. MAC addresses are permanently burned into hardware by hardware manufacturer, but IP addresses are assigned to the network devices by a network adminstrator. DHCP relies on MAC address to assign IP addresses to network devices.

2.2.1

MAC address of a host using ipconfig/all command

Practical Work!! Folow step-by-step to get MAC address of a host

Objective - Determine the MAC address of a Windows XP computer on an Ethernet network using the ipconfig / all command. - Access to the Run command.

MAC address of a host using ipconfig/all command

Step 1: Open a Windows command prompt window
a. From the Windows XP desktop, click Start then Run. b. Type cmd in the Run dialogue box then click OK.A Windows command prompt window opens.

MAC address of a host using ipconfig/all command

Step 2: Use the ipconfig /all command a. Enter the ipconfig /all command at the command prompt. b. Press Enter. (Typical results are shown in the following figure, but your computer will display different information.)

MAC address of a host using ipconfig/all command

MAC address of a host using ipconfig/all command

MAC address of a host using ipconfig/all command

Summary - How to Find a MAC Address The list below summarizes options to find a computer's MAC address:
a. Windows: ipconfig /all, or winipcfg b. Linux and some Unix: ifconfig -a c. Mac with Open Transport: TCP/IP Control Panel - Info or User Mode/Advanced d. Mac with MacTCP: TCP/IP Control Panel Ethernet icon

2.2.2

Standard IEEE 802.3 Ethernet Frame (1)

IEEE 802.3 is a collection of IEEE standards defining the Physical Layer and Data Link Layer's media access control (MAC) sub layer of wired Ethernet. This is generally a LAN technology with some WAN applications. Physical connections are made between nodes and/or infrastructure devices (hubs, switches, routers) by various types of cable. 802.3 is a technology that supports the IEEE 802.1 network architecture.

2.2.2

Standard IEEE 802.3 Ethernet Frame (1)

The maximum packet size is 1518 bytes, although to allow the Q-tag for Virtual LAN and priority data in 802.3ac it is extended to 1522 bytes.

If the upper layer protocol submits a protocol data unit (PDU) less than 64 bytes, 802.3 will pad the data field to achieve the minimum 64 bytes. The minimum Frame size will then always be of 64 bytes.

ETHERNET FRAME
Ethernet frames consist of 4 portions: preamble, header, payload, and trailer.

PREAMBLE
(7 bytes)

Start Frame Delimiter (1 byte)

Destination Address (6 bytes)

Source Address (6 bytes)

Length (2 bytes)

DATA & PADDING

(46 to 1500 bytes)

FCS
(4 bytes)

FRAME HEADER (15 bytes)

preamble

header

payload

trailer

Ethernet FrameCont
Preambleused for synchronizing receiver to transmitter. (mengandungi bit yang membolehkan penghantar dan penerima
menyelaraskan perhubungan/komunikasi mereka)

Header Start Frame Delimiter8-bit sequence (10101011). Destination AddressDestination MAC address. Source AddressSource MAC address. LengthIndicates the length of data field (number of LLC data bytes). (menunjukkan panjang bagi segmen data)
Logical Link Control (LLC)Governs the assembly of data at the data link (Layer 2) level. (Mengatur pengumpulan data pada peringkat data link
(lapisan 2))

Ethernet FrameCont
Payload DataPayload contained in a field between 46 bytes to just over 1500 bytes in length. (ruang
mengandungi muatan data antara 46 bait hingga 1500 bait)

Pad0 bits added to the data field if there are fewer than 46 bytes of data in that field. (0 bit ditambah
ke medan data jika ia kurang dari 46 bait data di ruangan itu)

Ethernet FrameCont
Trailer Frame Check Sequence (FCS)the extra checksum characters added to a frame in a communication protocol for error detection and correction. Detects transmission errors and provides quality of service at receiving end(receiver). (karakter checksum
tambahan yang ditambah ke sebuah frame dalam komunikasi untuk mengesan kesalahan dan pembetulan. Mengesan kesalahan penghantaran dan menyediakan kualiti perkhidmatan pada menerima akhir(receiver))

Cyclical Redundancy Check (CRC)an algorthm to ensure the integrity of data and error detection in a data that to be transmitted or stored. (algoritma untuk

memastikan integriti data dan mengesan kesalahan pada suatu data yang akan dihantar atau disimpan)

2.2.3

Indicate logical address of a computer

A logical address is the address at which an item (memory cell, storage element, network host) appears to reside from the perspective of an executing application program. A logical address may be different from the physical address due to the operation of an address translator or mapping function. Such mapping functions may be, in the case of a computer memory architecture, a memory management unit (MMU) between the CPU and the memory bus, or an address translation layer, For example, the Data Link Layer, between the hardware and the internetworking protocols (Internet Protocol) in a computer networking system.

2.2.4

Prepare IP address of a computer

Internet Protocol Address (or IP Address) is an unique address that computing devices use to identify itself and communicate with other devices in the Internet Protocol network.

Any device connected to the IP network must have an unique IP address within its network.
An IP address is analogous to a street address or telephone number in that it is used to uniquely identify a network device to deliver mail message, or call ("view") a website.

Dotted Decimals
The traditional IP Addresses (IPv4) uses a 32-bit number to represent an IP address, and it defines both network and host address. Due to IPv4 addresses running out, a new version of the IP protocol (IPv6) has been invented to offer virtually limitless number of unique addresses. An IP address is written in "dotted decimal" notation, which is 4 sets of numbers separated by period each set representing 8-bit number ranging from (0-255). An example of IPv4 address is 216.3.128.12, which is the IP address assigned to topwebhosts.org.

Dotted Decimals (2)

An IPv4 address is divided into two parts: network and host address. The network address determines how many of the 32 bits are used for the network address, and remaining bits for the host address. The host address can further divided into subnetwork and host number. Class A, B, C and CIDR networks Traditionally IP network is classified as A, B or C network. The computers identified the class by the first 3 bits (A=000, B=100, C=110), while humans identify the class by first octet(8-bit) number.

TCP/IP Classes
Class type class A
class B class C class D class E

Address range 1 to 126

128 to 191 192 to 223 224 to 239. 240 to 255.

Class A first bit must start with 0. Class B 2 initial bit must start with 10. Class C 3 initial bit must start with 110. Class D 4 initial bit must start with 1110. Class E 4 initial bit must start with 1111.

Class A
The first bit must be 0 refers to the eight bits in w. So, the bits starting from 00000000 to 01111111. (Bit
yang pertama mesti 0 merujuk kepada 8 bit pada w. Maka nilai bit bermula dari 00000000 sehingga 01111111)

IP class A from 0 to 127 BUT the value 0 is the network number and can not be used and the value 127 is local loop back (used to perform tests on themselves, such as using the ping command on its own IP address), also can not be used. So IP class A from 1 to 126. (IP kelas A bermula dari 0 hingga 127 TETAPI nilai 0 merupakan

network number dan tidak boleh digunakan dan 127 merupakan local loop back (digunakan untuk melakukan ujian terhadap diri sendiri seperti menggunakan arahan ping pada alamat IP sendiri), juga tidak boleh digunakan. Oleh itu IP kelas A bermula dari 1 sehingga 126)

Exp:1.10.134.8, 13.233.222.32

Class B
2 initial bits is 10 (from right), referring to the eight bits in w. So, the bits starting from 10000000 to 10111111. (2 bit permulaan mestilah 10 (dari sebelah kanan), merujuk kepada 8 bit
pada w. Maka nilai bit bermula dari 10000000 sehingga 10111111)

class B IP address range starting from 128 to 191. (julat

alamat IP kelas B bermula dari 128 sehingga 191)

Exp: 155.76.76.8

Class C
3 initial bits is 110 (from right), referring to the eight bits in w. So, the bits starting from 11000000 to 11011111. (23bit permulaan mestilah 110 (dari sebelah kanan), merujuk kepada 8
bit pada w. Maka nilai bit bermula dari 10000000 sehingga 11011111)

class C IP address range starting from 192 to 223. (julat

alamat IP kelas C bermula dari 128 sehingga 191)

Exp: 200.56.17.8

Class D
4 initial bits is 1110 (from right), referring to the eight bits in w. So, the bits starting from 11100000 to 11101111. (4 bit permulaan mestilah 1110 (dari sebelah kanan), merujuk
kepada 8 bit pada w. Maka nilai bit bermula dari 11100000 sehingga 11101111)

class D IP address range starting from 224 to 239. (julat

alamat IP kelas D bermula dari 128 sehingga 191)

Exp: 230.76.76.8

Class E
4 initial bits is 1111 (from right), referring to the eight bits in w. So, the bits starting from 11110000 to 11111111. (4 bit permulaan mestilah 10 (dari sebelah kanan), merujuk kepada
8 bit pada w. Maka nilai bit bermula dari 11110000 sehingga 11111111)

class E IP address range starting from 240 to 255. (julat

alamat IP kelas E bermula dari 128 sehingga 191)

Exp: 243.76.76.8

TCP/IP ClassesCont